Journal of University of Babylon

Contractual justice relates to the intended benefit of the contract in order to achieve proportionality between performances and to reconcile the will and the law in establishing the effects of the contract .
contractual justice which is the source of the law with the will of the two parties , has become the binding force of the contract . this effects contract security from the conclusion of the contract until its execution.

When Iraqi civil legislator Department of things to movables and real estate according to the persistence of whether or not there is a range of things are given an exception to this origin, they are already drugs being in a fixed moment in the ground and treated as property in both rulings, but movables will become of the outcome in the near future meaning that its owner is the intention that these things be fixed in the ground movables because of vested with Kalosmar after pounds, and construction after demolition Vhven examples both longer drug Valosmar example, construction is movables according doomed in the future is here assuming the legislature that these properties inherently going to be transferred, according to fate presumably to specific targets

The responsibility of accomplishing the security and safety in the society is borne by the police man and he is the first responsible of that burden, due to this huge responsibility , therefore duties of interior security have been divided into up to the specialties of interior forces represented in public police, civil defense, nationality section and traffic police ..etc, the policeman who is authorized to apply the traffic rules has three duties which are : organizing the passengers and traffic, issuing registering vehicles licenses and driving licenses, all these documents are related with organizing all those who use roads either passengers, passersby or drivers, protecting people life and properties come first that make it the most important duty.
According to what is mentioned above , we have searched in this subject up to a plan included a preliminary aim in the growth of the traffic law and importance and three sections, first one is applied for organizing the passersby and traffic, second one is for issuing vehicles registering while the third one is for issuing driving licenses, plus the epilogue includes most important outcomes and suggestions and then list of references and an abstract in both versions English and Arabic.

The trip has many aims in Islam if its causes were varied, so some scientist went asking for science and some other asked to do the duty of pilgrimage and others to make trade and others went for official mission by their princes and successors. Scientific trip is one of these trips which is done by noble scientists, who asked science and trans-ferred from country to another and faced many difficulties, they bearded all these difficulties and granting themselves for science. The scientific trips one of the main sources of the narrators of Kufa in the Biography of the Prophet, where tomorrow send messengers screwed trip or waiting for the meeting in the pilgrimage season and the other to search for Biography is a tradition known to the narrators of Kufa and is afraid that the companions who lived in Kufa stayed where what Aah and save it from the Messenger of Allah ( pbuh) and the language or if it was something his students when other fact-experience and is shown to him, has been offering followers in Kufa generation step wider and deeper in the novel biography trip exten-sive and spare remote Mufaoz vast research and make sure the novel

Quran karim Language has characteristics that distant it for purpose of delivery of message of other speechs and this distinction in application word for saying meaning , replace of any word in its place and that connection with another parts of sentences appearance – Quran karim for say meaning effectively in speaker's brain , enjoy from picture explanation .
So , thoughts and meaning present to speakers like art pictures . The science of reasons consider the connection between meaning and word , this science from there many of past linguistic considered it , is old science and from there its methods and Foundation is written in first years of century twenty , is a new science . This science has a useful part in understand Quran Ayeh , and to show speech miracle and together religious order . because external consideration and combination cause to misunderstand of Quran language . Baghareh sura like other suras has special manifestation and art characteristic . That Ayeh arrange beautiful style and special ways , that in this ways are different groups like plus , infidel , hypocritical . This research consider the reason of nominal sentence in Baghareh sura in consider of deny / proring / emphasis / predicate / subjects . This search is a kind of quantitative search on the basis of content analysis and a after extraction of nominal sentences the reasons of those are consider . The present search show Quran karim for say meaning in this sura , use kinds of nominal sentences with proportionate combination and this work cause to connection between word and eaning . also use reason of presentation / delay / mention / delete / definition / that accompanied by reasons like effort / favour / allocation / emphasis , that all of them shape in case of various figure in element : " Subject and predicate " .

Talking about the function of literature leads to talk about the task of the writer and his relationship with human beings and change the function of literature in every social era, function of literature produced by the nature of any use it, as well as the difference in function of the era to another, function of research literature in the value first and the curriculum leading to extract appropriate corrective provisions, and dating to the beginning of the transformation of literary theory in 1917 when he published the Russian formalist Hkulovski his article (Art Ksnah) even literary theory experienced during the past two decades a proliferation remarkable for attention, he wrote Aristotle's book (the Art of poetry) and ended the fact that different from the philosophy, history of literature, and research in the function of literature is interested in identifying the evolving relationship between the literary work style and his audience any clarification of its impact on one who reads and received, and divide the functions of literature to (cleansing, the report, interest, interestingness), and linked to the function of cleansing the theory simulation because the basis of the literature cleanses the emotions of the reader, and the associated jobs report is the theory of expression because the basis of expression self and focus on the individual writer and fingers and the feelings and his own creative imagination, and the associated interest function theory of reflection because the basis of literature reflection of social relations is a phenomenon affecting and affected by social reality and are linked to the function of interestingness theory of creation, because the basis of the literature entertains the reader and have a sense of pure pleasure or beauty pure Valqare mere recipients for work .

The study is entitled: The novel of O Mary, a read the deconstruction, which is in the introduction and the preface and the first and second research and conclusion and sources and references either a preliminary was entitled the concept of dismantling the introduction of the definition, disassembly in the language and terminology, and the concept of disassembly of the roots of Dreda and the roots of disassembly Philosophically first section: The second is: the strategy of deconstruction in the narrative text; secondly: what is the disassembly of the narrative text, then the conclusion of the research, a list of sources and references and a summary in Arabic and English.

This study dealt with the commentator Tarfa bin al-Abd, a stylistic study at three levels: musical, syntactic and semantic. This study analyzed the outstanding to the above mentioned levels. It also revealed the stylistic features in it through the poet's speech in this comment, and because the comment is ignorant,In particular, the period in which the organization was organized is governed by special social conditions, namely, the period of dispute between the poet and his cousin (Malik), which was formulated by the poet, an artistic formulation of the court. The study of the study reveals the aesthetics of this linguistic, semantic and syntactic text.

Approach represents a Stylistic approach to revealing many of the aspects of the miracle of language and produced connotations depending on the viewing angles underpinning .
In this research is trying to shed light on the methodology benefit from seeing stylistic same way directed is that each text capillary pattern dyslexia imposed by the nature of the poem to be studied , which in this research '' Hanging Hareth bin Halza Ichikri '' , where we will stand on the most important structures function and try to be interpreted in accordance with the overall construction of the poem , so the search was on three levels as a whole formed an active presence in the poem and a sovereign subject of the study , namely :-
• Rhythmic level
• Compositional level
• The semantic level

the group of administrative songs of school wrote when eye Alrsafy professor to teach the Arabic languase in school house teachers in the city of geru salem At the request of the directonr of the house at the time ( Khalil to tah) and this means that our poet great not de stination starting quill creativity his usual so we see after study free in most, of intent targeted for Kids and ten dernss and from the selection weighted the appropriate being a came to speak to be suitable to abooK (Known Al Rsafy its effects in ctas and literature) by(the terat of court, snew ) and rhyme.

In recent times, the traditional interaction structures of English both language classrooms and roles of teachers and students are gradually changing. This marks the shift from the teacher-centered classrooms to student-centered classrooms; moving towards ‘student-centered learning’ and‘collaborative working modes’. The contemporary educational world views teachers and students as communicators. In such situations students get more opportunity to ‘participate’, ‘observe’, ‘reflect on’ and ‘practice social ways’. These opportunities expose the students to a more ‘meaning-making’ and ‘knowledge construction processes’. The shift from traditional teaching and learning process to the contemporary one has posed great challenges for teachers, who are always working under pressure to complete the syllabus designed for the academic year. In such a situation it is very important to ascertain if this idea of student-centered classroom is present in the recent classroom. Educationally oriented research into classroom interaction makes it essential for further studies into the classroom interaction in the modern classroom. Hence, this study aims to observe the interaction process that takes place in English classrooms of four government schools in Hilla (Centre of Babylon Governorate). This paper also suggests measures to improve classroom interaction and language learning in the English classes. The main findings from the study are as follows: (a) the classroom interaction is teacher-centered, (b) teachers partially facilitate learning, the classrooms are controlled by teachers (c) the ratio of the teacher-talk is more than student-talk

This paper is mainly concerned with feminism and how women can have their rights as opposed to the previous centuries when women were under man's power, male-dominant. The paper will be shown so many issues related to the oscillation of women from liberal feminism to backlash in the Allison Pearson’s novel I Don’t know How She Does it. Allison tries to convey a very important message to the reader, which is the phenomenon of working women and the dilemma they face in their life because of that. Many questions will be answered in this paper such as: what should be sacrificed and why? Is it possible to " have it all "?
Another important term is used throughout this paper which is Liberal feminism, which means is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women’s ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.

Les personnages d’Abdelkader DEJMAÎ dans Gare du nord effectuent un périple clandestin en France et s’installent à Paris. Ce faisant, ils ont pour objet de s’intégrer à la société et à la culture française pour améliorer leur vie, mais ils n’y parviennent pas. Alors, ils sentent de la nostalgie et tentent de retourner chez eux, en Algérie.
Par ailleurs Makine dans Le Testament français trace le parcours de sa propre vie et sa parfaite aptitude à effectuer une intégration culturelle aussi bien que sociale à la société française. Il vise, grâce à sa connaissance profonde de l’histoire et française et russe à conjuguer les deux cultures. Dans cette recherche, nous analysons ces deux romans en vue de poser la question de l’identité de ces écrits francophones de Makine et DEJMAÎ. Étant donné qu’ils écrivent en français alors qu’ils sont d’origine non française, cela veut dire que leurs œuvres sont-elles forcément des écrits rattachées à la littérature française ? Autrement dit, sont-elles considérées comme annexes à la littérature française ou font-elle partie de la littérature nationale ?

It was the length of during which the French Algeria lasted a clear impact on the diversity and different political methods used by France since 1830 . To extend its control over Algeria, incloding the integration policy which made Algeria on integral part of France . organized and follow the central government in Paris , forgetting that the essential difference between the two peoples , was the fate of that policy failure in spite of the magnitude of the efforts made between 1830-1900.

Ottoman embassy played an important role in the transfer of the manifestations of Western civilization to the Ottoman Empire, where some of the ideas of reform affected the Western civilized appeared, and despite the lack of comprehensiveness of those ideas unless they have contributed and another in the development of new reform concepts affected state institutions.
Active movement of the Ottoman embassies in European countries, starts by depth and dimension to the concept of the alienation of state, ambassadors, and played an influential role Ottomans reports contributed to the transfer of the manifestations of Western civilization to the state at the time.
It is the depth of the idea of the direction of the West and transport him is that quite a few politicians Ottomans have been affected by Western civilization manifestations and style of European social life, which is a product of the Renaissance, they took up new ideas were orbiting Westernization, highlighted the differences in the social lifestyle and manifestations of Western civilization Ottoman Empire, drew attention to the appearance of sophistication without substance and deepened the men of the Ottoman Empire the idea of taking these manifestations of Western civilization.

The Church of Sofia's famous name for the strangest building in the world, Emperor Justinian began building this church in 532 m, and it took about five years to build it as officially inaugurated in 537 m, the first was not to build a church in a fashionable style in its time but was always inclined to invent a new one. The architects of the Melodor and Anthymos Altarini were tasked with building this huge religious edifice. They are both from small Asia and this is a clear demonstration of the progress of the small Asian construction students under the first Justinian era so that there is no reason to call engineers from Rome for the construction of Byzantine buildings, as it was a sign and a symbol of pomp that has been named over the ages, to be a religious centre and the highest peak in the art of Byzantine architecture.

Italy was progressed as other enropean states to obtain on Important regions in African horn especially (somalia,arteria and Ethobia) because they are important sites to contral on costal roads which were important in this area ,So Itally was progressed to control on area in somalia ,and was Asab Menia important region to somalia so Itally can sell this area by pashing material to local geriaderic ,Inaddition to regulatatc with occapiecl states espeashly France and British .
After Itally obtainiug on important area a somali ,she constract erteria colony accordiay to Itally King decission in 1890 furter to take it as basic to release to ward east A frica sueh as Ethiopia and Zingpar .

Food is the most important component of life on earth, from which the human being derives the nutrients necessary for his growth and the continuation of his life in addition to the sense of pleasure that man feels while eating food of various kinds and images of various preparations, and this makes the person always cares to diversify his food and invent new.
Vegetable crops are one of the important daily health food groups. They play an important role in human nutrition. They provide the essential nutrients they need. They work to balance the acids produced during digestion. They are rich in minerals such as the iron and calcium that the body needs. It is also a source of vitamins. Green and yellow is an important source of vitamin (ABC) and contains a large amount of water up to (95%) of its weight, which helps in the process of digestion of concentrated foods.
The search include three questions, the first topic focused on the importance of food and economic crops of vegetables ، the second topic dealt with the study of geographical factors ( natural and human ) affecting the cultivation of vegetable crops in the district of mahaweel ، while the third topic include a study of the realy of growing vegetables in the region.

The meaning of life, subjective state of boredom, indifference and vacuum loss, as you feel personal with pessimism and doubt in human motives, and the question most of the activities of life value and a sense of value in life, according to this vision me research study the loss of meaning in the texts of Ghazi example of the play, as it included chapter the first research problem identified the following question: how to reflect the loss of meaning as the subject of psychological educational in the theatrical text of Iraq in that it is the subject of educational theater helps the recipient (the reader) to overcome the loss of meaning, suffering and pain felt by, and purified by theater, represented Recipients with dramatic personalities suffering from the loss of meaning and change its behavior and its practices function sublimated behavior, the aim of the research is the identification of the loss of meaning in the texts of Ghazi example the play, the boundaries of research stage has been included from (1990 - 2001), and concluded chapter identifying terminology. The second chapter included three admonishing me the first section examining the concept of meaning in life philosophically, while me the second topic to study the psychological motives that cause the meaning of life for the loss, while the third section me to study the loss of meaning in the personal dramas and previous studies, and identified the effects resulting from the frame Theoretical. The third chapter included the research procedures, namely, the research community, the research sample, the research tool, the research methodology. The fourth chapter contains the following results:
1 - It was clear loss of meaning in the personality through feelings of emptiness and emptiness, boredom and boredom, and helplessness to no avail.
2 - Payment of the loss of meaning in the personality to a sense of extreme loneliness and alienation and lack of value and aim in vain and lack of motivation and the desire to commit suicide.
3- Personal sought to achieve meaning in her life through the sublimation of self and overcome them and come up with an act or work achieved by themselves and be effective and creative in the social and natural surroundings.
Accordingly, the research findings:
1. played a personal educational and influential role in changing and modifying the recipient's behavior (the reader) and his education theatrically as caused by the emotional effect, was a moral incentive for the recipient and pushed him to overcome boredom and weariness in which he lives and doing some utilitarian work and volunteer work.
2 - felt personal lack of meaning to her life tried to annihilate itself and achieve the lack of sincere, and then came out with some recommendations and suggestions

Basketball is one of the games in which players are affected physically and skillfully by the accumulation of lactic acid and then affected by the level and the result, that taking into account the quantity, type and time in the training loads during the application of modules and training courses are the ones that determine and lead to increase the functional efficiency of the player, The training on the body of the player the exact criterion in terms of the impact during and after the performance of the player for the exercises and that the training curricula based on those lines of general science is to develop the player and improve in terms of performance and in terms of outcome. Through the experience of the field researcher as a player, coach and teacher of the game of basketball not to rely on the curriculum and that many of the curricula are subject to personal interpretations of some of the non-academic instructors who did not observe the bases and physiological rules when training training loads, so the researcher decided to contribute to the foundation of the basis of correct To train beginners in the basketball game to develop a training curriculum for the development of anaerobic capabilities for basketball players, hoping that this study will help the trainers in developing training curricula for their teams and be a positive step towards drawing the vote Of proper scientific training for trainers and junior class service both sports movement and the game of basketball. The research aims to:
1- The number of special exercises to develop the anaerobic capacity of Nacia basketball.

TQM is one of the most important and modern administrative and management systems. It has played a pivotal role in helping all institutions compete with each other to find the best that satisfies the beneficiary of the service or the commodity. In order to follow the philosophy of excellence and continuous improvement, through a comprehensive scientific and practical methodology. Today, the University seeks to achieve its desired goals, which it has drawn in the light of global capabilities, technologies and specifications.

The mosque is one of the most important social institutions entrusted with the primary responsibility for safeguarding security and in general intellectual security, But; is the mosque, in its current organization capatle of the carrying out the task of protecting the intellectual security in the light of the to advance the goal of intellectual property protection under the multiple multipal channels from which the youth draw out their ideas and creeds?
the research shows how the social organization of the mosque of the contributes to achieving the intellectual security for the young people? the means and methods that must be employed in the context of achieving this task is Using the descriptive approach.

One of the most important problems facing developed and developing countries is the problem of weakness or decline in the level of educational outputs and the various stages of education, as it is one of the basic educational problems in the educational system and a negative phenomenon that threatens the existence and development of societies, especially when this problem is at the level of university education . All the factors that contributed to this need to be identified to identify the weaknesses in them. Any decline, delay or incompleteness in the quality of the performance of university education will negatively affect the achievement of the objectives of the university in particular and society in general. Such as the economic, social, cultural and family factors, or may be a result of the weakness of the educational situation in various components including the university professor, the teaching methods prevalent in the university, or the weakness of courses and curriculum, or reasons due to the same student .
The current research aims to identify factors that contribute to the low quality of performance in university education by answering the following questions:
1-What are the factors that lead to poor quality of the performance level of university education from the point of view of members of the Authority teaching of the Faculty of Education Safi al-Din ornaments - University of Babylon?
The researcher used the descriptive approach to achieve the research objectives. The current research community includes the members of the teaching staff in the departments of the Faculty of Education Safi al-Din Al-Hali / University of Babylon for the academic year (2010-2011). The number of (147) male and female teachers distributed in (5) (30%). The study sample was distributed to (33) female teachers and (11) female teachers. The researcher used a questionnaire to collect data related to the opinions of the sample members of the sample. members of the body was teaching about the factors that claim to poor quality The researcher included five areas that represent the factors (university professor, university student, syllabus, university courses, university administration, family and society), according to which the paragraphs were identified for each factor. The researcher used the face validity, The researcher used the questionnaire of the research on a random sample of 30 studies outside the original sample of the research. The researcher used many statistical means to achieve the research objectives and the researcher reached The paragraph (non-pre-preparation of the university professor) ranked first in the first field (university professor) and the paragraph (twice the level of scientific students in the previous grades) ranked first in the second field (university student) (The lack of availability of comfortable teaching environment for many of the classrooms) ranked first for the fourth area of the university administration) and the researcher recommended many recommendations, as well as He claimed many of the proposals

The research aims to know the effect of cognitive apprenticeship strategy in achievement and holistic thinking when second grade students at the medium and to achieve the goal of research researcher hypotheses formulated following cases:
1. There are no differences statistically significant at the level (0.05) between the average level students the experimental group that is studying cognitive apprenticeship strategy according to the average score of the control group students taught the usual way in the collection of neighborhoods substance.
2. There are no differences statistically significant at the level (0.05) between the average level students the experimental group that is studying cognitive apprenticeship strategy according to the average score of the control group students taught the usual way in the totalitarian thinking.
Adopted researcher experimental design with a partial adjustment of the two randomized groups (experimental and control group) for the research procedures as the experimental group taught according to cognitive apprenticeship strategy while the group is studying the control according to the method routine, corrupted the research community of students in the second grade average in middle and high schools for girls (morning study) in Babel province, the sample consisted research (81 students) and by (40) students in the experimental group and 41 students in the control group Kavit researcher two sets of search variables (chronological age, previous achievement in the subject of the principles of biology, intelligence, holistic thinking) Kmaholt researcher adjust some extraneous variables that may affect the safety of the experiment and the accuracy of the results.
The search tools have prepared a researcher achievement test corrupted the ultimate picture of (38) items of multiple choice was confirmed sincerity and persistence, and adopted the researcher tested the totalitarian thinking of the study (Hamoud, 2008) because of its reliability and validity of prohibitively high, consisted test holistic thinking (36) paragraph of the kind of choice of the three multi-ever alternatives have been confirmed sincerity and persistence, adopted researcher statistical methods (Altaia test equation, an equation difficult equation discrimination, equivalent effectiveness false alternatives, Pearson correlation coefficient, the equation Spearman - Brown, Kiodr Richardson equation -20) after the application of the two tools of research and statistical data processing has been reached to search results is higher than the students in the experimental group students in the control group achievement test and test totalitarian thinking. In light of this, the researcher came up with a number of conclusions and recommendations and proposals.

The study seeks to identify the obstacles of the capital elements of knowledge towards its investment in national development, which is represented by patents, doctoral dissertations and master thesis. The survey method was used and a questionnaire was prepared for the purpose of collecting data and information about the study variables. The study population was divided into three types And the third was chosen as a whole to add to the results of the sample calculation, which included the sample (15%) of the main society. Food-(913) teaching aid.
The most important results were the following :
1. The high cost of research requires various materials and techniques, which causes the disruption of innovations and their failure and the reluctance of innovators to innovate.
2. Lack of legal texts that support the Iraqi creative researcher and his innovation.
The most important recommendations were as follows :
1. Work to activate an appropriate strategy for the University of Babylon and adopt the principle of the university produced within its objectives and education in light of this to be parallel to its diligence to obtain the ISO International Certificate.
2. To support the owners of innovations more than it is now of the exchange of rewards rewarding them and be the level of scientific achievements.

Cohesion is considered one of the terms that recently appear in linguistics. It units and elements of a text through using the cohesive links. It gives a great importance for a literary text on the level of a sentence, paragraph, a paragraph in relation to other paragraphs, or a whole text. A text cannot be a cohesive text without such contextual links. Thus , a text is regarded as a disconnected or detached text without these links which function as tools connecting parts of a text to each other making a great achievement in discourse. These links give a text a harmonic tone of infinitive bells that are connected to each other. The hearer or the speaker, as an effective element that cannot be neglected in producing a text, can organize the connection of the elements and parts of a text through sentences, sentences are regard as motives helping in making a text more cohesive. This makes cohesion an important and a necessary thing that a text cannot be structured without it. As such, it is said that without cohesion, there will not be a text.
In the present study, two devices of the cohesive links will be discussed. They are repetition and demonstrative pronouns which have effective roles in connecting a text first and for their importance in the poet Salih Al-Kwaz,s text, second. They are so prominent and enticing. Al-Kwaz uses them knowingly and intentionally in discourse that makes researchers choose them for the present study.
The study contains a theoretical background about cohesion and its importance in modern linguistic studies, and its role in understanding a text and its connection. The first chapter deals with repetition and its implications in Al-Kwaz,s text. The second chapter deals with the demonstrative pronouns, its concepts, and implications. Furthermore, bibliography for references is included in this chapter.
Finally, we ask God his blessing in this work making it significant for folks prophecy house. Also, we ask him to make us from their followers and supportersto the last day that we may meet him..

The problem of this search lurks in the way of the choice of the leadership behavior types , to be suitable for the circumstances of each organization , And the effect that the leading types causes on the functional to research the circumstances importance of this research comes from the importance of the subject that discusses it , and the one that handles the leading types and it is relation with the functional performance , this research also seeks the understanding of the command type.
Research hypotheses :
1. what are the dominant leading types by the Al-Sajad for hands factory .
2. what is the extent of the effectiveness of the workers by the Al-sajad for hands factory .
3. what is the dominant leading type s relation with the functional performance of the workers in factory

The problem of research shows the problems experienced by educational supervision of the weakness of the relationship between educational supervisors and teachers as a result of behavioral attitudes practiced by educational supervisors during their visits to schools, this is what the researcher noted through the field of her work as a teacher of science in primary schools. This research also discusses the importance of educational supervision for supervision process improvement and evaluation to achieve its objectives in improving the educational process through the identification of the required ways to change the education systems, environments, behaviors and the development of those involved, as well as, the research aims to identify the performance of educational supervisors from the perspective of science teachers in the primary schools. The second chapter deals with the theoretical background of the research while third chapter deals with procedures, community, samples, tools, and statistical methods that used through this research implementation. The sample was randomly selected and consisted of (180) teachers taken from primary schools. The fourth chapter contains the results after analyzing the responses of the sample members at an average and acceptable level. There are differences of significant statistical significance according to the gender variable. There are no differences of statistical significance for the variation of the scientific qualification and there were differences in the years of service. The researcher listed a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals for the studied problem.

local materials for clay and salt. The clay body mixture was formulated with the additives (flint, feldspar sodium, calcium carbonate, firecrackers and borax) in the form of vases using gypsum mold In the shape of a hemisphere, and a special furnace was built for the purpose of the process of salting, a system of current down, for the purpose of maximum utilization of heat and salt and salt as long as possible, as well as the use of liquid gas as fuel for the process of burning.
Color pigments were used instead of oxides, specifically the blue dye to show the color effects resulting from dye mixing with salt, the possibility of color adhesion on the pottery body by combining with the salt vapor. Three sample samples were also activated. The sample model (2)( 3) with feldspar sodium while leaving the sample (1) without activation and the purpose is to compare it in terms of color, texture, glaze layer and luster, the process of glazing through heartburn and pride and glaze cone that the salt glaze is essentially glaze of one burn. During the period of time (8) hours of pride and salinity, and mixed (40 grams) of the blue color with (2 kg) of salt moisturized water and was introduced into the oven by the temperature of (1130 m) and the rate of (200 grams) in each process of salt separated by time periods Ranging from (10-15) minutes. The results showed that the addition of steroids to the potter surface such as flint and feldspar sodium has a clear effect in terms of texture and layer of glaze as well as color value as well as gloss.

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the flipped classroom on developing geometrical skills and concepts regarding basic fourth grade female, to achieve this goal the researcher used a semi –experimental approach, and used instructional systemic design (ADDIE). The study sample consisted from two groups. Experimental group (35 student) studied by using flipped classroom, while control group (40 students) used traditional method, checklist and conceptual geometrical test were applied on both groups. The results showed a statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups on the two study tools favorite to experimental group. Also the study proved the effectiveness of flipped classroom in developing geometrical concepts regarding essential fourth grade female students, and the Black gain ratio was (1.398). Inadition, the study declear that flipped classroom strategy has a very great effect on giometric skilles development, that eta squer was (0.83).

The present study sheds light on comment clauses in English and Arabic. In English, comment clauses refer to those clauses which comment either on the content of the main clause or the attitude of the speaker towards the way of speaking. Arabic comment clauses are non- functional clauses which occur either between two parts of the same speech or two independent speeches connected by meaning in order to illustrate, emphasize or improve certain meanings that the speaker wants to convey.
This study is divided into three sections. The first section tackles comment clauses in English with reference to definition, structure, position, types and pragmatic functions. Following the same way, the second section deals with comment clauses in Arabic. The third section concentrates on the similarities and differences in both languages: English and Arabic.
The study aims to investigate comment clauses in English and Arabic, and to draw a comparison in order to show the similarities and differences between them. The analysis shows that English comment clauses can take the finite or non-finite forms whereas Arabic clauses can take the form of nominal, verbal, interrogative or conditional sentence starting with one of the particles such as Waw الواو or Fa'a الفاء which are considered as the widely used particles in comment clauses. Also, both English and Arabic comment clauses lack a syntactic connection with the main clause

This research seeks to reveal the manifestations of the hated in the drawings of the primary schoolgirls by building a subjective tool through which these drawings are analyzed. The researcher has found that the characteristics of the drawings are gathered in three key axes which are:
1) the character of the hated
2) creation elements
3) drawing background .
The total numbers of the key items are 11 items and 88 sub-items. After achieving the validity by using Cooper equation and reliability by using Scoot equation, the agreement of experts was 90% . The researcher has used the descriptive approach. She has selected AL-AQEELAH Primary School for girls (with 683 schoolgirls) in Babil Province Center as a sample. The most significant conclusions are:
1- The manifestations of the hated in children's drawings appeared in patterns that are consistent with the environmental conditions of each schoolgirl and according to the schoolgirl's attitudes that reflect the negative side so that the schoolgirl (child) has a sense of hatred towards the causer of the position.
2- The character of the hated appeared moveable by 73% to cause harm for all the characters. The character of the hated appeared in most drawings in a human form to represent in one scene showing the harm that causes hatred.
3- The current social and political reality and the crises created by the war have an impact on the child's nature as he is a real participant in this war. There are variables in the child's concept of art and painting, so he draws the scenes of killing and slaughtering, expressing what is called ISIS.
The most important recommendations are:
1- Focus on the role of educational institutions in helping schoolboys and girls by including them with appropriate care and help them in forming social relations with colleagues.
2- The researcher recommends the need to have a social advisor in each primary school, the researcher has noted, during the drawing test, the reluctance of some schoolgirls to draw the subject because they fear to reveal what they hate.
3- The researcher recommends to use the current research tool in other researches with the introduction of some variables, such as (the image of the opposite sex, reflection of the psychological components, and the reflection of the social components).

Intention is one of the elements of legal possession, without which it cannot exist and achieve its effects. This element require certain conditions to exist and in the absence of which the intention will not exist, and consequently the legal possession itself will not exist. There are two theories concerning possession namely: the subjective and the objective theories, differ with regard to the intention element in possession and the extent it is required to have legal possession. Consequently the different civil codes differ as to the conditions of intention element and the extent it is required for legal possession. Among these are the Iraqi and the Egyptian civil codes. This has resulted in differences in the range of rights that can be possessed and the extent of their legal protection.

The research consists of four chapters. It includes the first chapter which contains the Methodological framework of the research. The research problem stationed in the following question: What is the consensus in the musical effects between the recipient and director. While the importance of the research consisted in defining the concept of compatibility for musical stimuli and determine the nature of exchange and harmony between them and between the recipient and director in theatrical show. As for the aim of the research, the research aims to detect the effect of compatibility structure for musical influences between the recipient and director. Whereas research limits, the research was limited to students of fourth stage (year 4) / Theatrical arts department/ College of fine arts/ Babylon University. Their numbers are twenty (20) students (male and female) for the school year 2016 to 2017. The chapter had been concluded defines the terminology and definition. While chapter two includes three sections. The first section is about the musical effects in the theatre, the second section is about receive concept, expectation distance. The third section is the director relationship with the musical effects in the theatrical show. Then the chapter is concluded with the indicators resulting from the theoretical framework. Whereas chapter three involves the research procedures from its community which consist of the Fine Arts College students/ Babylon University/ theatrical arts department including all branches/ year 4. The researcher chose 20 students between male and female as a research sample which has been used in a simple random way. The researcher depended on the measurement tool form in her instrument which was distributed to the experts. Chapter four displays the results and its discussions and also the conclusions reached by the researcher. In the first model, the first paragraph is coincidence (the actor with music) by (62%) where the movement, rhythm, harmony, interconnection, cohesion, and expression came, close to the actor’s movement but a few. Because of not hearing to music in advance and their incompatibility with the scenes of gestural movement in a high rate. While the second model, the first paragraph is coincidence by 41%. This is because that the music was quiet and heavy, it did not correspond with the actor’s movements. In the third model there is a compatible between music and movement by 84% because it formed an escalating conflict with the event. Finally, the chapter has been concluded with some recommendations and proposals.