Journal of University of Babylon

The structural behavior of composite castellated steel concrete beams subjected to impact load ‎presented in this study. In which fabrication of composite castellated steel self-compacting concrete beams ‎which connected to self-compacting concrete by means of stud shear connectors. Four composite ‎castellated beams were performed with different degrees of castellation, they were 0%, 25%, 33.8% and ‎‎50%. These specimens were subjected to an impact load produced from free falling of steel ball. The ‎experiments required fabrication of special rig which connected with different sensors and programmed by ‎Lab VIEW 2016 program. Different parameters were recorded and discussed which involved force-time ‎history and displacement history for the tested beams. It is founded that the increase of the degrees of ‎castellation for the adopted specimens will increase the maximum impact load by about 16.13%, ‎compared with non-castellated composite specimen. The amplitudes of vibration represented by ‎displacement have decreased with the increasing of degrees of castellation by about 3.51%, 14.04% and ‎‎20.18% for the degrees of castellation 25%, 33.8%, and 50% respectively.‎

A Mathematical model that has been developed for direct simulation the spatial and temporal temperature ‎profile within the photovoltaic(PV) panel by resolving the unsteady state heat equation in three dimensions, utilizing ‎the method of explicit finite difference to minimize the errors of solution. This model includes the materials ‎composition of PV panel, by affecting their optical and thermal properties when irradiated directly to sunlight. The ‎different temperature across the top and back of panel cell is found a 24.091 oC. The PV adequacy of solar cell is ‎inversely proportional to its temperature of operating at the rear surface of PV cell. This powering temperature is ‎disciple onto desegregates conditions of atmospheric, impacts of panel materials behavior and mounting structure. ‎The coefficient of a free convection heat loss at the rear surface of the cell is as well specified. This analysis indicates ‎the convection heat loss coefficient effect on operating temperature of PV panel, and its efficiency. ‎

Oil sludge is one of the most significant wastes generated in the petroleum industry. A potentially ‎contaminating waste product, with a high content of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. This study is to evaluate the ‎effect of petroleum crude oil contaminated soil and groundwater using MODFLOW Flex software. Existing landfills ‎are non-conforming to the environmental conditions. Despite the fact that there are various techniques used for waste ‎disposal, landfill is the most common mode for the disposal of waste in Iraq. landfill site selection criteria are quite ‎complex process and it depends on several regulation and factors. In this study landfill site selection is performed ‎using Geographic Information System (GIS) for (TOR). Existing landfills in (TOR) are non-conforming to the ‎environmental conditions. In order to determine landfill site, several criteria were examined such as urban centers, ‎land use, airports, pipes, power lines, railways, roads, slope, streams, surface water, industrial areas, oil pipes, liquid ‎gas pipes, soil types are prepared. Each map layer was prepared using GIS and the final suitable map was created by ‎overlay analyses of each criterion map. According to the results, a suitable landfill site was obtained in the study area. ‎

Experimental investigation of high performance and low emission colorless combustion in a micro ‎gas turbine tubular combustor with multi-line of fuel injection located in secondary zone carried out at the ‎atmospheric conditions, colorless oxidation reaction is characterized by dispersed homogenies flame and ‎high uniformity of average temperature inside the combustion chamber. System performance, emission ‎gases, the flame capturing photo, measurements of temperature, inlet air mass flow rate and gas fuel LPG ‎flow rate for variable of fuel lines mass fraction F2/F1 are recorded at low emission colorless combustion ‎condition. for 3.2 g/s of fuel flow rate with 6 holes and 1mm main injector holes diameter and 8 holes with ‎‎0.8mm diameter for secondary line of fuel injection, concluded that maximal air mass flow rate, with ‎choked fuel flow in the main injector for each cases promotes the formation of colorless distributed pal ‎blue flame combustion, with great effects for the equivalence ratio on the average temperature to limiting ‎cooled flame quenching generation, desirable pattern factor < 0.28, increasing in combustion efficiency up ‎to 99.68%, and decreasing in specific fuel consumption with rising of power generation. ‎

The topic of (Heritage) and its use has been produced widely in cultural and intellectual aspects, ‎in different temporal stages. It has been produced in architecture in the aspects of conservation, ‎preservation, and rehabilitation of the existing historical or traditional architecture. Then the concept ‎of (Heritage Employment) came in architectural design with the widespread of post-modern thoughts, ‎and the criticism of modernism. And the reactions on modern architecture (International Style) ‎disconnection with historical and traditional values. ‎
Research problem is determined as the need to explore and show the concept, and the ‎techniques of architectural heritage employment through historical stages of architectural movements.‎
The research aims to provide knowledge about (Heritage Employment) concept within ‎architecture, besides exploring its employing styles in architectural design. As the research assumes the ‎existence of (Heritage Employment) thoughts and applications in the revival movements of ‎architecture, despite it had not been called with this term until the sixties of the twentieth century. The ‎research explores the historical background of heritage employment since the historical revival of ‎European renaissance, until the contemporary concepts of regionalism and post-modern architecture. ‎In the Arabic region, to present a procedural definition, which shows the different styles of employing ‎the architectural heritage through the historical path of architecture.‎

The aim of this research is to study the behavior of carbon epoxy composite curve pipe under ‎internal pressure and bending moment. Two specimens made from woven roving (Mat) carbon fiber ‎composite pipes /epoxy composite with 50% volume fraction are used for manufacturing curved pipe. ‎The experimental work included manufacturing pipe specimens by vacuum bag technique. Pipe ‎specimens were having 100mm inner diameter, 490 mm length of curvature outer arc and 409 mm ‎inner arc of curve pipe with (43 degree) and wall thickness is (4 and 3 mm). The test rig was designed ‎and performed to study the effect of internal pressure and bending moment on the composite pipes. ‎Also, the tensile test of the samples was done. The analytical expression solution has been ‎accomplished to determine the strain, stress, for hoop and longitudinal direction. It is evident that the ‎hoop stress and strain for woven roving carbon composite pipe was more than longitudinal stress and ‎strain by almost (13%) and (18%) respectively. The maximum internal pressure in the case of internal ‎pressure only was more than compared to the internal pressure with bending moment with almost ‎‎(52%). The most critical region for stresses is found in the inner arc of the curved pipe (intrude) area ‎while the least area for stresses was in the outer arc of the curved pipe (extrude) area.‎

The kinematics singularity of a manipulator is a central problem in robot control and trajectory ‎tracking since the jacobian matrix rank is decreased. The robot in this paper consists of three links with ‎revolute joints and spherical wrist (six degree of freedom). Danivat Hartenberg convention is used to ‎predicate the forward kinematics position and orientation of the robot end effector. Both geometrical ‎and analytical jacobian are presented to identify and analyze the robot singularities in order to avoid ‎them in trajectory planning and control problems. The investigation shows that the manipulator has ‎three type of singularity (elbow singularity when θ3=0,π, Shoulder singularity occurs at the condition‎ ‎ and Wrist singularity when θ5=0,π).The calculated singular configurations have been ‎verified and simulated with Peter Corke robotics toolbox of MATLAB. The presented approaches can ‎be applied to analyze the singularity of other similar kinds of robot manipulators in order to achieve a ‎suitable solution for tracking trajectories.‎

Biodiesel is one of the promising substitution fuels that are used in cars, gas turbine and ‎furnace. In this study, the experiments liquid fuels used during the tests are biodiesel and its blends ‎‎(biodiesel-diesel (Bx) and biodiesel-kerosene (Bkx)) in a furnace have been studied experimentally. An ‎airblast atomizer was used to investigate the combustion properties. During the experiments, the heat ‎rate is (12.2kW), the atomization-air to liquid fuel ratio (ALR = 1) and the constant air temperature is ‎‎(301K) were maintained. For the range of equivalence ratio from 0.6 to 1.4, the characteristics of ‎emission factors such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ‎unburned hydrocarbons (UbH) were measured experimentally. The results observed that the main ‎pollutants such as CO2, CO, UbH were decreased with an increase in SME, while NOx emissions also ‎decreased .Biodiesel could be a promising fuel for furnaces instead of fossil fuels.‎

The thermal initiation time of samples affected by thermal load applied on both faces of the ‎samples was studied numerically using ANSYS-14 during the unsteady heat transfer. Three samples of ‎different lengths (10, 20 and 30) cm were selected, with a constant height of 2.5 cm. Three materials ‎with different thermal properties were selected (high thermal diffusivity (α), medium thermal ‎diffusivity and a low thermal diffusivity) and applied to all three samples. The three samples were ‎subjected to a constant thermal load of 100 °C on one face and the other face to a thermal load of 25 ‎‎°C. The thermal initiation time of samples was adopted when the temperature of the selected points ‎reached 26 °C, which is 1°C higher than the initial conditions, which can be adopted as a measure of ‎conductivity, and represents the material's response to the heat on it. The aim of this study is to know ‎the thermal initiation time of samples of different lengths, and materials with different thermal ‎properties at a number of points along the samples at the beginning , the middle and the end as a first ‎study .The second study focused on the adoption of a fixed distance(x) from the hot face for all ‎lengths of samples at a number of points with x = (1, 3, 6 and 9)cm. The results of the first study ‎showed that the thermal initiation time of samples increases with the increase of distance from the hot ‎face and the relationship between them was an exponential positive relationship when fixed the ‎thermal diffusivity. The study also showed that the relationship between the thermal initiation time of ‎samples and the thermal diffusivity was an exponential inverse relationship when the distance from ‎the hot face was fixed. The thermal initiation time of the chromium material with the highest ‎diffusivity at 26 °C ranged from (0.0465 - 207.28) seconds and the low-diffusivity cellular glass ‎material ranged between (3.348 - 21762) seconds to the nearest and farthest point from the hot face. ‎The result of the second study showed that the length of the sample has no effect on the thermal ‎initiation time of sample at the equivalent points located on a fixed distance from the hot face.‎

Numerous methods have been proposed to interpolate and extrapolate of missing temporal data ‎series such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, runoff storms…etc. Whereas there are many of other ‎method for estimating spatial missing data such as groundwater levels and topography. On the other ‎hand,many methods were developed to evaluate their efficiencies,but the uncertainty of results is rarely ‎calculated. In this study, three interpolation methods have been compared to estimate missing spatial ‎topographical data in the ancient Babylon City. The model domain was discretized into a number of ‎horizontal (19) cells and vertical (23) cells. Five observed elevation remarks were used to estimate the ‎unknown elevations of 257 remarks. The new method namely Nearest Tri-Point Interpolation (NTPI) was ‎compared with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and surfer techniques. The efficiency of these ‎techniques was calculated by the Average Error (AE) and Standard of Deviation (SD). The (NTPI) ‎technique offers results of less AE and SD as well as more accuracy in ground surface elevations ‎distribution ‎

This paper focused mainly on the behavior buckling for the rectangular laminated plates made ‎from three types of composite materials of a zig-zag model such as E-glass fiber / polyester (GFRP), ‎carbon fiber / polyester (CFRP) and hybrid fibers / polyester (HFRP), under static buckling load and at ‎room temperature (25Co). All the effects of plate determinants on the buckling load were studied for ‎one type of a boundary condition, which was fixed on both sides, is clamped-clamped and free-free in ‎other sides. The buckling analysis of these plates has been studied numerically and experimentally ‎with different aspect ratio and constant thickness ratio. The experimental part is including the ‎manufacture of composite materials laminated plates of a zig-zag model and determine the ‎mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and Poisson's ‎ratio by tensile test for three types of composite materials such as GFRP, CFRP, and HFRP. The ‎experiments of shear stress test was used to determine whether the layers would be the plates is ‎delaminate layers during buckling test or not into the three types of composite materials samples. ‎Experiments were also used to find the critical buckling load and maximum buckling deflection for ‎clamped-clamped rectangular laminated plates of three types of composite materials for a zig-zag ‎model with the effect of aspect ratios under uniformly distributed static compression load.‎
Numerical analysis of critical buckling load and maximum buckling deflection are calculated ‎for three types of composite materials thin plates for a zig-zag model with the effect of aspect ratios ‎under uniformly distributed static buckling load, the finite elements method was used in ANSYS ‎program version (15.0).‎
The main conclusion of this research is that the presence of zig-zag fibers in the plate can ‎improve the mechanical properties and increase the critical buckling load. The maximum percentage ‎errors between the experimental and numerical results are 29.23%, 30.20%, and 46.71% at aspect ‎ratio (a/b=1) for GFRP, CFRP, and HFRP, respectively. The maximum deflection value is increased ‎when the aspect ratio is increased under constant thickness ratio; also, the maximum deflection in ‎GFRP composite materials rectangular laminated plates is greater than that in CFRP and HFRP.‎
A good agreement is achieved between the two experimental ways for determining the critical ‎buckling load and maximum buckling deflection results, the maximum absolute percentage error rates ‎are about 1% and 1.1%, respectively.‎

In this paper, ANSYS-14(APDL) program was used to study the effect of the temperature ‎difference between two faces of samples (∆T) exposed to transient heat transfer on the time required ‎to reach to steady state (S.S.time). Four materials with different thermal properties were ‎chosen.Sample used as a rectangular shape with dimension (1*15) cm. One face of the sample was ‎exposed to three various temperatures (75,125 and 175oC), while the other face was exposed to ‎convection thermal load at 25 °C. The study showed that the real relationship between the time ‎required to reach the steady state (S.S.time) and the temperature difference between two face of ‎sample is an inverse exponential relationship, which was derived based on the equivalent time. And the ‎result of the relationship between the temperature at the steady state (S.S.Temp.) and (∆T) was a ‎positive linear relationship. While the relationship between (S.S.time) with the thermal diffusivity (α) is ‎an inverse exponential, and the relationship between (S.S.Temp.) and (α) was a positive logarithmic. ‎The results of the study also indicate that the thermal diffusivity (α) effect on (S.S.time) and ‎‎(S.S.Temp.) will decreased with approaching the heating source, at the same time the effect of the ‎temperature difference (∆T) on (S.S.time) and (S.S.Temp.) also decreases with approaching the ‎heating source.‎

When designing and setting up an electric power station, we must take into consideration the ‎type of loads, load of future expansions and also study the effect of ambient conditions especially ‎temperatures so that the power station is able to feed those loads,thus making it more stable ,so in this ‎paper we study the effect of environment condition, especially the temperature degree , so if any ‎increase or decrease in temp degree its mean increase in electric loads, therefore we need to increase ‎the electric power generated from power station to match the incremental in the load .Therefore we ‎design control devise depending on “Arduino technique” to control the number of units generators in ‎power station that must work and connected to network to share the remain power unit with electric ‎power generated when an increase or decrease in temperature degree to remain the electric power ‎station with more stability in work.‎

The satellite radar survey and monitoring system for the mapping of water bodies in Slovenia ‎and its border states was carried out by satellite radars (Sentinel-1). Algorithms automatically detect ‎new archived data, retrieve and analyze data, and publish and transmit results to a website. New ‎surveys were available every six days, but this time the time will be halved, when Sentinel-1 starts ‎sending data.‎

Some of the essential geometrical properties of the lens, like bore diameter, air gap length, half-‎half width, magnetic flux density, projector focal length, focusing power, magnification, and spherical ‎aberration are studied in the present work. Computational results are obtained for the geometrical ‎properties and spherical aberration in doublet magnetic lenses by using computer programs based on ‎the theoretical methods. In this work, increasing the distance between the lens and screen caused a ‎linear increase in the magnification. The effective length, half-half width, and the minimum projector ‎focal length increased the slope when the air gap width and the diameter of the lens are growing. The ‎increase in the bore and air gap width of lens resulted in an exponential decreasing in the magnetic flux ‎density, the maximum value of the focusing power, and the, but the most significant values of the ‎diameter and air gap length caused a minimal effect on these properties. The increase of ampere-turns ‎resulted in a linear increase in the magnetic flux density. Finally, the increasing in the air gap length and ‎the diameter of the lens caused a ramp increase in the spherical aberration coefficient.‎

Previous research on the development of normal air cooler has been conducted into a ‎proposed four-door air cooler. The results indicated that the effectiveness of the proposed air cooler ‎‎(75.4% - 30.3%) was higher than the effectiveness of the normal air cooler (70.4% - 15.2%) at ‎temperatures of (42oC - 33oC) but the effectiveness of both air coolers corresponded to the high ‎temperature (42oC - 43oC). As well as the relative humidity of the air coming out of the proposed air ‎cooler was higher than the normal air cooler at times of high temperature degrees (42oC - 33oC). ‎However, the case is reversed at times of temperature degrees higher than (42oC). This means that the ‎relative humidity of the air coming out of the proposed air cooler was lower. Therefore, it was ‎necessary to study the effect of water flow on the cooling effectiveness in the proposed air cooler.‎
A four-door air cooler with variable flow rate was designed and manufactured. A practical ‎study and test was carried out and the optimal flow of water in the air cooler was determined to be ‎‎1800 L/hr. Another practical study and test was carried out to compare the performance of the normal ‎air cooler against the proposed one with optimum water flow. The results showed that the proposed air ‎cooler with the optimal water flow was the most effective and the most reduction of the temperature ‎of the air inside the air cooler at various times of the day. It was noticeable that the difference between ‎them increased in hot weather hours. The air coming out of the proposed air cooler with optimal water ‎flow was more humid than the normal air cooler at different times of the day. The results indicate that ‎the performance of the proposed air cooler with optimal flow is better than normal air cooler ‎performance in most weather conditions in Iraq.‎

There are different pollution sources, which affect soil including transportation, especially in ‎highways. These effects can be assessed by Environmental Impact Assessment. In this study, seven ‎sampling stations were selected in different distances (0, 10, 20, 50, 100 meter) along Tehran- Karaj ‎highway. Samples were collected and their concentrations of Pb were measured using a FAAS after dry ‎acid digestion. It was observed that the highway had a negative impact on the peripheral soil. These ‎impacts were higher in Tehran with average lead concentrations, and declined by moving toward Karaj. ‎Moreover, the average concentration of lead in soil significantly decreased by increasing distance from the ‎roadside.‎
Highest lead concentration was in station (E) in the middle of the road with an average of 160.50 ‎mg/kg. The highest average concentrations were observed in soils of the roadside with an average of ‎‎115.25 mg/kg. The highest concentration was also observed in station (B) and in the roadside, with a ‎concentration of 302 mg/kg, which was above the international allowable limits. Tehran- Karaj highway is ‎in the list of the most polluted roads in the world and it must be concerned for its lead pollution, especially ‎in the roadside. Essential steps for controlling the negative impacts must be taken including the expansion ‎of green-space along the highway.‎

This investigation is an attempt to increase the sensibility of sustainability in the construction ‎industry through studying the influence of the replacement part of cement (C) or silica fume (SF) ‎content with a Grinded Debris of Concrete (GDC) on the compressive strength (fcu) of Reactive ‎Powder Concrete (RPC). Reference RPC mix without GDC and other six RPC mixes with GDC are ‎designed, mixed, molded and tested. Three mixes are designed to show the effects of replacement 5%, ‎‎10% and 15% of C with GDC. While, the other three are designed to show the effects of replacement ‎‎10%, 20% and 30% of SF with GDC. ‎
The results exhibited that high (fcu) can be achieved by involving the GDC in the mixes of RPC. ‎However, a very little negative effect on (fcu) can be noticed. This effect differs according to the type ‎of the replaced material, percentage of replacement and the age of concrete. The impact of replacing a ‎part of C with GDC is clearer than that of replacing a part of SF with GDC. Increasing the percentage ‎of replacement leads to decrease the values of (fcu). GDC has a very close action as SF especially at ‎later ages.‎

In this study, water samples were collected from six stations in January 2013 and April 2013 with ‎the aim of determining the water quality of Shatt Al-Arab River, physical and chemical parameters (pH, ‎dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sulphate, chloride, total ‎dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and alkalinity) were evaluated. The parameters were analyzed ‎and evaluated separately according to its suitability for drinking water as recommended by World Health ‎Organization (WHO). The mean value of electrical conductivity is about 6800 µS/cm and exceeds 2000 ‎‎µS/cm recommended by WHO. The concentration of sulfates is almost above 250 mg/L (recommended ‎by WHO) in all the stations. The result of this evaluation showed that the water quality of Shatt Al-Arab ‎River is not suitable for drinking. The comparison of the obtained and the WHO standards were indicated ‎before using it in agricultural purposes. ‎

The influences of adding pure ethanol 99.9% (0E, 10E, 20E, 30E, 40E, 50E,) to gasoline 750 ‎blends on the performance of the engine and characteristic emission of spark ignition (SI) engine are ‎conducted in the present study. The Internal combustion engine that employed in the experiment has ‎specifications of a (singl – cylinder) and 4- stroke (SI). Performance tests are carried out for brake ‎power (Bp), brake specific fuel consumption (Bsfc), brake thermal efficiency (ηBth), for carbon dioxide ‎‎(CO2), carbon-monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon born (HC) emissions. The measurements are recorded ‎under several engine speeds from (1500-2500rpm) for two cases, the first with load and the second ‎case without load. The experimental result showed that ethanol- gasoline750 blends fuel increases the ‎‎(Bp), and (ηBth) about 2.61% and 30.9%, respectively for all engine speeds. Also, the (Bsfc) a bit ‎decreases about 4.97%. By increasing the ethanol- gasoline750 blend fuel decreases the CO, HC ‎emissions about 4.67% and 6.4%, respectively, where the CO2 concentration increases about 6.1%. It ‎was detected that the temperature of exhaust gas increases about 33.60%, as engine speed increases ‎

This research presents the effect of fatigue life behavior of aluminum alloy AA 7075 under ‎constant loading amplitude conditions and tested at different temperatures. The prediction of fatigue ‎life using conventional experimental procedures makes the analysis of behavior is real and gives ‎accurate results. The stress-life curves at different temperatures (25, 75, 125, 175 and 225 oC) were ‎estimated. The results for fatigue life at ambient temperature and at elevated temperatures were ‎discussed by the Basquin's relation, and a decrease in fatigue life cycles was found when increasing the ‎testing temperature. Good agreement has been obtained when comparing the current study results with ‎other available experimental data by other studies. A general proposed model (mathematical ‎expression) was formulated to calculate the fatigue life for aluminum alloy AA 7075 at different ‎temperatures. The proposed mathematical model obtained in this study can be used for decreasing the ‎cost and time of the experimental procedures. Also, the Fatigue Life Reduction Factor (FLRF) was ‎increased with increased of the testing temperature at maximum value of (43.963%) occurred at ‎temperature of 225 °C compared with room temperature when applied stress be equal to 540 MPa.‎

Permeable paving has been vastly utilized as an alternate to traditional impervious ‎hard surfaces, such as street, parking lots, sidewalk and pedestrian areas. This leads to ‎several rain water management and environmental advantage. Therefore, this study has ‎focused on brief the wide-range of permeable pavement systems. These types of permeable ‎pavements have been reviewed in addition to the usefulness of each kind. The results ‎indicated the potential of using such kind in different locations in Iraq is more likely such as ‎Al-Najaf city. Several points of soil investigations have been conducted by previous studies ‎within Al-Najaf city (boundary of Al-Najaf Municipal) prove that Al-Najfa soil is sandy soil. ‎These tested points also demonstrate that the soil characteristics of the city are so suitable ‎for such type of pavement. ‎

Free space optic (FSO) is a new modern communication system where free space acts as a medium between ‎transverse and they should be in Line Of Sight (LOS) for successful transmission of optical beam. Due to free space ‎medium , it suffer of various interference like [Rain , Fog/Haze , Snow] that can effect on signal performance and ‎lead to reduce the availability and reliability of the communication link .Because of Iraqi desert climate ,it exposed ‎to dusty storm in most time of year more than other regions , so it is important to study the effect of Fog/Haze and ‎find suitable method to reduce this atmospheric effect on the laser beam when it travel to its final point .Spectral ‎Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA) has become a major area of research in ‎optical communication system . OCDMA allows multiple user to access the system without any contention; Multi ‎Diagonal (MD) code used in system to support large number of user with high data rate .Optical amplifier is added ‎to the system to provide more enhancement and permit to send the laser beam in longer distance and decrease the ‎interference on it. The result of the study shows that the performance of the proposed system is better than the ‎system without amplifier. It can be seen that the BER with minimum visibility (strong Haze storm) reach to ‎‎8 ×〖10〗^(-12), BER of medium visibility between (1×〖10〗^(-137) & 8×〖10〗^(-137)), BER with high ‎visibility (1×〖10〗^(-138)) at 1.85 Km as a transmission distance and 1Gbps as a transmission data.‎

This study dealt with the process of coating (immersion) and the factors affecting this process ‎stability of the solution and change the time and temperature of immersion. In this study, aluminum alloy ‎‎(2024-T4) was applied with a solution consisting of zinc oxide and sodium hydroxide (81 g/l NaOH+81 g/l ‎ZnO). Thus, zinc sulphate formed by immersing the sample with nitric acid solution (50 % ‎HNO3+50%water). Then immersed in distilled water. The immersion process was carried out at a different ‎temperature between (25, 55 and 65) °C and different time periods. The results showed an increase in the ‎growth of the deposition layer with increasing duration of the sample and the electrical resistance of the ‎samples and for the same periods. A correlation was drawn between time change and oxide layer growth. ‎Curvature growth was shown with increasing time period for sample exposure to air. The correlation ‎between electrical resistance and time period change was also determined. Simulation between the ‎experimental results and theoretical calculated by using ANSYS version 15. Finally, to confirm the ‎formation and growth of the oxide layer draw by using MATLAB version 15A, Topographic test was ‎examined and XRD.‎

This paper presents the influence of free and forced vibrations on thin the plate of (50cm ‎length, 30 cm width, 0.5 mm thickness), made from steel 37 with two types of supports, firstly when it ‎is fixed from two sides and other sides are free (CFCF) and secondly when one end of the plates is ‎fixed and the other three sides are free (CFFF). As well as, this work studies the mode shapes and ‎natural frequency of the plate. When the frequency is applied on the plate with different magnitudes ‎‎(4,6,8,10) Hz, the amplitude of vibration decreased more than free vibration and when the frequency ‎increased, the amplitude of the vibration increased or decreased but still less then at free vibration ‎depending on the type of support. Ansys and MATLAB software were used to find the natural ‎frequency and to enter the boundary conditions of the plate for comparison purposes.‎

In this research, focused on the environmental pollution from fuel combustions of ‎automobiles, the study compared the maximum allowable limits for Iraqi emissions standard ‎specification with the European emissions standard specification. Whereas many different between ‎the Iraqi specification and European specification. The first one is limited unlike the second ‎specification, which is dealt with all polluting gases, as well as differences in the measuring units ‎between them. The Iraqi specification measures the emissions in ideal conditions while the ‎European depends on the measurement on different operational conditions.‎
This study was conducted on 35 automobiles, the emissions data was obtained by using an ‎exhaust gas analyzer and represented by using a qualitative control tool (X ̅- control charts); Minitab ‎software version 2016 was used to generate quality control charts.‎
Process capability index applied to measure the degree to which emissions meets the standard ‎specifications. ‎
The results by control charts showed that about 30% of the automobiles emissions exceed the ‎limits of the Iraqi standard specifications. This in turn affects negatively to the Iraqi environment, ‎because emissions affect directly and indirectly to the environment and human health. ‎
Quality assurance requires continuous monitoring and Periodic inspections of automobiles to ‎minimize and reduces harmful emissions from fuel combustion; therefore must be updated ‎specification, as appropriate with the Iraqi environment.‎

The technical and economic problems that arise from transportation industry cement waste ‎outside the cement plant ,as well as the sever pollution of the surrounding environment by this waste ‎‎,make the subject matter worth studies .This study was thus conducted to examine the feasibility of ‎using industry cement waste in concrete and mortar mixes as partial replacement for sand. The ‎percentage of industry cement waste replacement used from 5% and 30% in mortar and concrete ‎respectively .The presence of industry cement waste as sand partial replacement increases the ‎compressive strength of relatively lean mixes, especially at early age ,while adversely effects the ‎strength of rich mixes .The inclusion of 25% of industry cement waste by weight of sand in lean mixes, ‎improvement in compressive strength by about 30% and 20% in concrete and mortar for 7 days ‎respectively. The effect of replacing industry cement waste (ICW ) as a sand partial on the ‎compressive strength of concrete and mortar mixes of resistance Portland cement higher than ordinary ‎Portland cement where discussed by several authors. Other concrete properties including modulus of ‎rupture and density show trend similar to that observed in compressive strength.‎