BASRAH HERITAGE

Books and manuscripts inquiry has witnessed marked
development at the beginning of the 20th Century with
the spread of private printing houses. As a result, a good
number of books inquiries began to contribute noticeably
to this field. The present paper seeks to shed light on the
book inquirer Shaker Al-Aashour (born in Basra in 1947).
Mr. Al-Aashour has all the requirements of the proficient
inquirer. In his works, he could express his critical views and
comments at a time where one can observe some extrinsic
persons intruding into this field of knowledge.

Banu Al-Adawiyya tribeis a subdivision of Tameem.The tribe is traced back ao Al-Adawiyya, deemed to be their moter. The tribe people lived first in Najd, When Islam appeared, some of them joined the new religion. Then, they all embraced Islam in the 9th year of Hijra. They moved to Basra with Utba ibn Ghazwan and took part in conquering the city in the 14th Century of Hijra. They settled in Basra and gathered in a specific area.
They participated in the Islamic occupations at that time. During the Umayyad period, they took a hostile stand, and thus tgey took part in most of the revolutions that broke out at that time. Moreover, they contributed to the cultural history of Basra where many poets, relaters, interlocutors and ascetics appeared

The research seeks to identify the personality of Bilal bin AbiBurda and study his biography and his approach to managing the state, which is the same approach that the Umayyads followed in their political behavior, which is to bring together morally and ideologically deviant personalities, for the purpose of separating Sharia from life, and creating an authoritarian political environment, based on silencing mouths The persecution of freedoms, and the transformation of people into slaves. Bilal was one of those tyrannical personalities who applied the Umayyad method of deviation through its unjust rulings that did not conform to the provisions of Sharia. This research dealt with the life of Bilal bin AbiBurda in terms of lineage, birth, upbringing, family and their role in the political and social theater. Perhaps the need to study the personalities gives us complete knowledge of the political and social role these personalities played in the scene of events and how they worked to manage their affairs

The subject of 'synonymy' in the Qura'nic texts has been controversial for both old and modern scholars. I Some scholars maintain that synonymy does exist in the Holy Qura'n as it is a well known linguistic phenomenon in Arabic. Others, on the other hand, go to the belief that synonymy should not exist in the Qura'nic texts. The latter scholars assert that that the inimitable style of the Holy Qura'n dictates the absence of identification in meaning of the terms used in the Qura'nic texts, though different these terms are. Dr.Zuhair Ghazi Zahed, a modern scholar, has his own point of view in this respect. The study therefore focuses on reviewing his outlooks and discussing his justifications. The study is based on the hypothesis of verifying the availability of 'synonymy' in the Holy Qura'n, and whether

احمد الحسيني, [29/10/2023 08:39 ص]
ABSTRCT The research seeks to identify the personality of Bilal bin AbiBurda and study his biography and his approach to managing the state, which is the same approach that the Umayyads followed in their political behavior, which is to bring together morally and ideologically deviant personalities, for the purpose of separating Sharia from life, and creating an authoritarian political environment, based on silencing mouths The persecution of freedoms, and the transformation of people into slaves. Bilal was one of those tyrannical personalities who applied the Umayyad method of deviation through its unjust rulings that did not conform to the provisions of Sharia. This research dealt with the life of Bilal bin AbiBurda in terms of lineage, birth, upbringing, family and their role in the political and social theater. Perhaps the need to study the personalities gives us complete knowledge of the political and social role these personalities played in the scene of events and how they worked to manage their affairs.

Shaikh Mofleh bin Hassan bin Rasheed bin Salah Al- Saimary Al-Bahrany is considered to be one of the leading scholarly figures in the Nineth Century of Hijra. He is of a Basri origin from Al-Saimara township in Basra. He has been highly glorified and appreciated by scholars for the rich heritage he has left, most of which is still unexplored. The study deals with one of his theological treatises that tackles a controversial subject for Al-Immami theologians- -the religious rules on the flaws of ablution. Shaikh Al- Saimary studied this case in detail reviewing the points of view of explicators and savants. He sought to disambiguate unclear points and put forward his own point of view.

This study tackles some aspects of the intellectual and doctrinal structures of some of Basra people, and the attitude of Ahlul Bayt (family members of Prophet Mohammad) towards them. The study covers the period starting with Imam Hassan (40-41 of Hijra)to the period of Imam Hujja bin Al-Hassan. By the way, the relationship between the people of Basra and Imam Ali(35-40 of Hijra) has already been investigated. Reviewing the recounts, texts, and Prophet's sayings (traditions/hadith) on these conditions, it has been it has concluded that there were some perversions that prevailed in some circles in Basra. The Imams (PBUT) sought to correct these strayings and bring back faulty persons into real Islam. To achieve this, they have resorted to correspondence, debates, discussions, guidance, etc. સ Some examples of these perversions were misinterpreting of the Holy Qura'n, denying the Imamate, adopting ideas such as embodiment, destiny, atheism, falsification of the Prophet's hadith, etc. The study is rounded off with a number of conclusions, endnotes, and bibliography.

Yahya bin Mu'ammar (129 of Hijra) is considered to be one of the pioneering figures of Arabic language. He has his own points of view on language, grammar, and Qur'anic studies. The present paper seeks to deal with his opinions as well as his efforts in establishing Arabic grammar together with other scholars such as Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'aly, Abu Issaq Al-Hadhramy, Nasr bin Aasem, and many others. The study also hints at the opinions of other scholars about Yahya bin Mu'ammar especially his efforts of writing the Holy Qur'an. There is focus on his eloquence and high language. His own writingsI reflect rigorous vocabulary stemming from the Arabic bedouin environment which is devoid of solecism and foreign accents that entered Arabic as a result of embracing of Islam by non-Arabs

The present study aims to shed light on the biography of Shaikh Hassan bin Hussain bin Matar Al-Asady Al-Jaza'ery, known as Ibn Matar Al-Asady. This scholar lived in the nineth Century of Hijra and had important scholarly works. The study deals with the descent of Shaikh Ibn Matar Al- Asady, his career, travels, tutors, and students. It tackles also his works and remarks on the outstanding Shiite sources. The study recommends publishing the works of this scholar due to the rich material they have.

Arab historians give different opinions of the meaning of the denomination and descent of Al-Ameyyoun. The present paper thus seeks to shed light on this specific family especially their name and lineage. There is also an attempt to show their political role in the Islamic state, together with their scholarly contributions to the Islamic heritage through some of their men who have worked as narrators, book compilers, etc. The paper deals also with their intellectual inclinations which have been rather vague. The researchers have come with some conclusions that highlight their thoughts and achievements.

The Afrasiyab Emirate was established by Afrasiyab in about 1597 in Basra. The city of Basra under his rule flourished economically; security and stability prevailed due to Afrasiyab achievements guided by his wisdom and character. In 1603, Ali Pasha, his son, succeeded him. During his rule, the economic and security conditions improved as he proved to be a loyal and capable ruler who carried out many economic and social achievements. His relationships with the Ottoman, Persian, Portuguese and other governments were excellent. Hussain Pasha succeeded his father Ali Pasha in 1645 and ruled Basra up to 1652. He was ill-natured and despotic, yet he paid due attention to the economic and security conditions in the city. He then announced independence from the Ottoman rule. As a result, he fought the Ottoman army three times where he won a war but was defeated in the other two wars. He was then able to govern Basra and the districts following it, and Al-Ahsaa' independently for a limited time. During Hussain Pasha's epoch, the Ottoman state launched two military campaigns against him, but they failed. In 1653, the Ottomans waged a major war against Hussain Pasha led by Murtadha Pasha. In this battle, Hussain Pasha was defeated and fled to Al-Huwaiza and then headed for Bahbahan in Persia. When Basra people revolted against the Ottoman occupying forces, they asked Hussain Pasha to come back. He returned and became the emir (prince) of the city again, while the Ottoman troops with their leader fled to Baghdad. The second military campaign was launched in 1665 under the leadership of Ibrahim Pasha. Hussain Pasha and his followers were besieged in Basra for about three months after which the Ottomans were forced to conclude peace with him under specific conditions. Hussain Pasha accepted these conditions, and as a result remained as the emir of Basra. The main campaign and the decisive battle was led by the Minister Qara Mustafa Pasha, the wali (ruler) of Baghdad in 1667. The war was launched when Hussain Pasha encroached the conditions and covenants of the peace settlement between the two sides. As Hussain Pasha was hated by the people of Basra due to his oppressive deeds, they did not support him. Unable to resist the Ottoman troops, he fled to Iran, then to India where the Monarch there treated him hospitably and appointed him as the ruler of Bajeer city. He ruled the city until he was killed with his son in his wars there, which heralded the decline of the Afrasiyab dynasty.