Journal of University of Babylon

In industrial applications, requiring variable speed and load characteristics, the DC motor is the ‎attractive piece of equipment; due to its ease of controllability. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) or ‎duty-cycle variation methods are commonly used in speed control of DC motors. A simple, low cost, ‎and efficient design for a control circuit uses the PWM to adjust the average voltage fed the DC motor ‎is proposed in this paper. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how the DC motor's speed could be ‎controlled using a 555 timer. This timer works like a changeable pulse width generator. The pulse width ‎can be changed via relays to add or remove resistors in the timer circuit. Using relays enable the ‎proposed circuit to drive higher-power motors. The designed circuit controls the speed of a Permanent ‎Magnet PM DC motor by means of the parallel port of a PC; therefore, the user will be able to control ‎the speed of the DC motor. C++ computer program is used to run the motor at four levels of speed. An ‎interface circuit is used to connect the motor to the parallel port. PC based control software is chosen ‎to get simplicity and ease of implementation.‎

This research is set out to review of “optimum the water complex resources system by using ‎dynamic programming DP and Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming DDDP, Beside a solution ‎of formulated DP optimization model, the model of simulation was adopt for achieve the operation as ‎close to optimum operation as possible, with the keep level of storage and releases within their targets”. ‎In aiming at the optimal solution of the reservoir – operation problem, (DP) represents a numerical ‎method which is used to determine the optimal sequential decisions, taking into consideration an ‎effective constraints associated with problem. DDDP is the solution procedure of many problems ‎which already formulated as dynamic – programming ones. It is reduce the memory requirements and ‎save computational time.‎
The Optimization model was applied for “two operations hypothetical represented by the cases ‎of extreme, namely consecutive to the relatively of two wet years and two consecutive the relatively of ‎dry years”. ‎
The data to the historical inflow for “(240) months are (from Oct. 1988 to Sep. 2005) was form ‎to the data input to a model of optimization for found rule curves (lower, average and upper)”. A ‎flooding state within Al_Edhaim Resevoir has been fully avoided. “The policy to the optimization of ‎operation is shown a deficiency in satisfying downstream Al-Edhaim Dam demands”. “The ‎optimization of the operation for two consecutive wet years would be full capable controlling expected ‎floods, so as to the deficiency would be from 9.3–59.1 cumecs total of 34.2% of demand, then the ‎optimization of the operation for two consecutive dry years would be from 11.8 – 81.2 cumecs total of ‎‎57.3 % of the whole demand".‎

‎ The performance of vapor compression refrigeration (domestic refrigerator) charged with ‎‎(R600a) and (R134a) was experimentally studied. A new Alternative refrigerant(R600a) suggested of ‎the conventional (R134a).Various parameters were investigated such as refrigeration effect , pressure ‎ratio , condenser heat rejection , evaporator capacity, RE and FE compartments temperatures .It is ‎observed that replacing (R134a) with (R600a) was acceptable value specially by comparing ‎conditions closely results .The minimum and maximum deviation in pressure ratio was about (8% to ‎‎23%), respectively, and the COP of (R600a) was less than the COP of (R134a) about (12%) .In spite ‎of that, this reduction was considered acceptable due to ODP of (R600a) were zero and negligible by ‎GWP. ‎

The process of increasing the speed of the internet in the present time is of great interest to ‎researchers. In this paper we reviewed the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology, which is the future of ‎communications that will provide solutions to the problems of bottlenecks. This technology has the ability ‎to transfer data rate at very high speed of up to 100 times faster than Wi-Fi technology The focus of this ‎paper is on the definition of Li-Fi and the applications, benefits, disadvantages of Li-Fi technology and the ‎future uses of this technology as compared to the existing ones such as Wi-Fi technology, where the ‎abundance of technology for Wi-Fi offers a larger package ,a better work efficiency and a greater security ‎of data transfer technologies Currently exist.‎

In the science of materials, the term Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) which could be recognized ‎by the gradual changes in structure and composition leading to variation in the characterization of ‎materials. (FGMs) is considered one of the recent development of composite materials to enhance the ‎strengths and reduce the weaknesses of these materials. (FGMs) were used for the first ti‎
Me in Japan in 1984 via an airplane project because these materials could be used and ‎designed for many roles and applications. The reasons that make (FGMs) are multi-function materials ‎due to the variation in the chemical composition, microstructure and design features depending on the ‎requirements. In this review, the functionally graded materials are studied on many different sides such ‎as the application (the field of implementation) of this new technology and the reason of each use. ‎Moreover, discuss the manufacturing processes for functionally graded materials and discuss the ‎reason of choosing each process. On the other hands, discuss the limitation of the using functionally ‎graded materials were taking in the consideration. ‎

Present dissertation work has attempted to optimize the various significant cutting conditions ‎for turning process by Taguchi method and design of experiments. The response variable is surface ‎roughness (Ra). The stainless steel AISI 316 SS has been used as a workpiece material. The various ‎cutting conditions selected for the study were cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius. A ‎standard L18 orthogonal array was selected for design of experiments. The results obtained from the ‎experimental runs were analyzed using Minitab16 software. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Signal-‎to-noise (S/N) ratio was done to find the most contributing cutting conditions affecting the Ra. The ‎corresponding values of the response parameter were also calculated using mathematical formulae ‎and confirmed by performing validation experimentation. From the present experimental study, it is ‎observed that Ra in turning process is mainly affected by all input parameters. Feed rate was the most ‎significant factor affecting the Ra followed by cutting speed, nose radius and depth of cut.‎

This work presents the experimental investigation carried out for preheated air with multi-line of ‎fuel injection in a tubular combustor of micro gas turbine to produce high performance, Low emission and ‎distributed flameless combustion, flameless combustion characterized by dispersed and homogeneous ‎flame and temperature uniformity under the conditions of preheated air and adequate amount of ‎recirculation of products gases. System performance, emissions gases and temperature measured at ‎variable inlet air mass flow rate and gas fuel LPG flow rate for variable flow of secondary fuel radial ‎inward 90º injection in secondary zone F2 with respect main fuel injector flow rate F1. concluded that ‎maximal preheated air mass flow rate, with distributed fuel injection with high speed of fuel flow in the ‎main and secondary injectors for each cases promotes the formation of distributed dark pal blue flame ‎combustion, for 3.2 g/s of fuel flow rate with 1mm main injector holes diameter and 8 radial inward 90º ‎holes with 1cm depth of injection ports concluded, lower carbon monoxide CO emissions and decreasing in ‎unburned hydro carbon UHC emissions from 60 to 20 ppmv with increasing in power generation from 2.7 ‎to 5.2 kW and decreasing in specific fuel consumption (S.F.C) from 4 to 2.8 kg/kWh. ‎

Re-attachment the separation of boundary layer using suction method is one of the important ‎techniques, which improve the flow over bodies. This study focused on the design of fuzzy logic ‎controller to control on the separation of the boundary layer, using suction delayed separation ‎technique from the surface of NACA 0015 airfoil. The airfoil was designed and fabricated depending ‎on the airfoil tool with (300x300) mm chord and span length respectively. The upper surface was ‎developed with five holes 6mm diameter to suck the delayed boundary layer along the span of the ‎airfoil about 75% from leading edge . Also there are four BMP180 Piezoelectric pressure sensors ‎distributed with constant pitch on upper surface of model used to sense the pressure difference. Sub ‎sonic wind tunnel with (300x300x 600) mm work section is used. (1.354, 1.915, 2.345, 2.708 and ‎‎3.028 x 105) Reynolds numbers and (0o, 3o, 6o, 9o, 12o, 15o, 16o and 17o) are the angles of attack were ‎used as a conditions boundary of the experimental work. The model was tested without applying ‎suction to determine the stall condition. Pneumatic vacuum cleaner with (0.00737 to 0.01329) ‎discharge coefficient range was used to perform the suction experiment. Pressure difference and angle ‎of attack were input of fuzzy logic controller which programmed by using commercial Matlab softwar. ‎The results of applying suction showed an increase of 14.72% in the lift coefficient and increase the ‎stall angle from 15o to more than 17o. Also lift/drag ratio increased when angle of attack increased. ‎Fuzzy logic rules gave steady enhancement at range of suction coefficient CQ universally acceptable.‎

The optimization of Safety stock considered an important element in the supply chain of ‎beverage industries. In this paper, dynamic fuzzy logic was used as an advanced approach to identify ‎the safety stock level in the beverage industries with the objective of minimizing total cost and meet ‎with customer requirements. The problem of shortage occurred in these organizations due to poor ‎inventory strategies which considered negative storage driver, so provide advanced safety stock ‎identification strategy will lead to overcome this problem especially for organizations work under ‎make to stock policy. ‎
Three main steps are included here to identify safety stock level firstly, building of fuzzy sets ‎for each variable, secondly, identifying max values to represent universe of discourse of variables and ‎identify monthly input values of the variables, finally, execution of the proposed model in fuzzy logic ‎tool embedded in Matlab software. In order to demonstrate the validity of proposed model, real data ‎soft drink supply chain problem was presented. Reduction in stock-out of drinks about 99.9% was ‎obtained by applying this model where the shortage was decreased from (53,423 package) to only ‎‎(154 package). The obtained results of the research demonstrated the need to adopt advanced ‎methodologies such as soft computing to identify safety stock level. ‎

In this study natural coagulant is used in addition to alum. The natural coagulant used in this ‎study is schanginia, which is considered as available and low cost material. The experiments are ‎performed in three stages at the same operating conditions. The first stage involves using alum alone, the ‎second one is carried out using natural coagulant (schanginia), and third stage involves using a mixture ‎alum and natural coagulant (schanginia) with the same quantity for each one. The optimum doses of ‎alum, schanginia and mixture of alum and schanginia are (40, 50 and 60) mg/l, which have ‎accomplished turbidity removal of (91.92, 73.74 and 76.77) %, respectively. According to these results, ‎schanginia can be used as a coagulant alternative to alum or can be used with alum in water purification, ‎because it gives satisfactory results in turbidity removal. In addition, it is a low cost material and it can be ‎considered as an effective coagulant, taking into account the value of pH, dosage of coagulant, rapid and ‎slow mixing time. The results indicate that the removal efficiency is affected by doses of coagulant. ‎However, the experimental results at the same operating conditions, reveal that the removal efficiency of ‎turbidity is higher for alum alone compared to natural coagulant (schanginia) and a mixture of alum and ‎schanginia. ‎

The previously studies of enzymes were focused only on the extraction and purification of enzyme ‎and increase the toxic effect of drugs and supplement of free radical scavenging. So, the aim of the study ‎was to extend purified peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa application and to abundant new ‎enzymatic drug of free radicals scavenging with low side effect. Peroxidase is categorized as oxido-‎reductases, which were used for catalyzing various oxidative reactions that protect cells from the harm ‎effect of free radicals .Peroxidase was tested as antioxidant and test their toxicity on human cells to ‎overcome the problem of the side effect of drug and supplement that used as an antioxidant. The enzyme ‎was applied as H2O2 scavenging activity antioxidant by used three concentration of enzyme and triplicate ‎‎(10, 40, 60 µg/ml). The enzyme was show higher activity at 60 µg/ml reached to 40% activity. The ‎cytotoxicity of peroxidase was tested on whole healthy human blood by C.B.C by using equal amount ‎‎5µg of (enzyme substrate, only substrate and enzyme without substrate). The result showed that the ‎enzyme only had no effect on human blood as compare with H2O2 and enzyme with H2O2. The ‎characterization of enzyme was done by using more than one temperature and pH value and the result ‎were shown that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity and stability rang (40-45°C) and the optimal ‎pH for enzyme stability and activity were 7. ‎

Experimental and numerical investigations are carried out on the use of water injection in a ‎humidification process of air traveling steadily through the divergent part of a wind tunnel. This work aims ‎to study the optimum positioning of the water injector fixed at a divergent portion and to evaluate its ‎impact on the liquid-gas mixing in an air humidification process. Experiments are conducted in a 50 cm ‎square wind tunnel includes a gradually enlarged portion to 63 cm square having an air stream flowing at ‎mean velocity of 5 m/s agrees with Reynolds number of 1.5X105‎‏ .‏This study adopts a mass flow ratio in a ‎range of 300 to 600, and ambient temperatures between 30oC and 45oC‏.‏‎ Experimental results showed that ‎at any location within the divergent portion, the optimum position is realized when directing the spray ‎towards the core of the flow which achieves the best humidification and cooling of the air. The optimum ‎position for the single injection point is at the center of the duct with the axial direction of flow, i.e. at a ‎yawing angle of 0o. As the injector moves close to the wall, the cooling getting poorer. At the ambient ‎temperature of 45oC and flow ratio of 300, the maximum increase in relative humidity was 43.8%, ‎corresponding to maximum cooling extent of 15.2% when the injector was fixed at 50 cm prior to the ‎divergent portion. The study also implies a numerical analysis using ANSYS FLUENT 17.0 commercial ‎CFD package, used to validate the conformity between experimental and numerical results obtained at the ‎same operational conditions.‎

Optimizing operation for internal combustion engines requires the application of advanced essential ‎technique. Moreover, an experimental investigation, numerical 3D CFD simulation, is needed in order to ‎obtain and investigate a vision into the complex phenomena’s within cylinder. In this paper, fluid flow ‎inside a single cylinder of spark ignition engine (SI) Hyundai type was modeled depending on the ‎numerical simulation using ANSYS V15.0/ICE CODE, with dynamic mesh technique to study and ‎estimate the characteristics flow under normal operation of octane fuel with respect to crank angle at a ‎constant r.p.m. The engine model was done by SolidWorks environment. This work focused on the ‎simulation of the intake, compression, expansion and exhaust stroke, including cold and combustion ‎simulation, solving the governing equations (continuity, Renolds Average Navier Stoke, and energy ‎equation). The code was validated against published data for present case, and the comparison showed a ‎close agreement between the results and the maximum discrepancy was 17 %.‎

Soil–water characteristic curves (SWCC) can be defined as the relationship between the water ‎content and suction of an unsaturated soil. It considered a basic relation to explanation of the engineering ‎behaviour of unsaturated soil such as hydraulic conductivity and shear strength, So the study of SWCC is ‎useful to reduce the time and cost of unsaturated soil testing for different engineering purposes. An ‎approach model has been used to predict the SWCC for different soils. The influence of the soils on SWCC ‎shape, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and shear strength parameters have been studied in this ‎paper using mathematical models. The results of SWCC show that suction of clay soil is bigger than sandy ‎soil, while the clayey silt soils exhibit an intermediate behaviour at same water content. The values of ‎unsaturated shear strength are increasing while the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is decreasing with ‎increasing soil suction. This behaviour of the last two parameters with soil suction should be taken in ‎consideration for engineering purposes.‎

This paper presents a simulation study of free and forced vibration of perforated composite ‎sandwich plates. The modal characteristics are consists of three layers, the material of the lower and upper ‎face sheets are hard orthotropic composite material (carbon-epoxy composite) and the core layer material ‎is soft orthotropic foam. With simply support, boundary condition at all edges has been analyzed. The ‎natural frequency and mode shape of the panels has been obtained using finite element analysis (ANSYS ‎‎15). The effect of number of holes and perforation ratio on vibrations was investigated. The results showed ‎that the increase in perforation ratio at certain value of holes lead to change the frequency that occurs ‎resonance. The results can be used to control the changes in dynamic characteristics of perforated ‎sandwich composite plate with specified number of holes and perforation ratio. The approach can also be ‎suitable to control the dynamic responses of such perforated composite sandwich plates.‎

The construction of parametric model is an important stage in the digital design process in ‎general and in the parametric design process in particular. The parametric model allows the designer to ‎make changes and reshape the geometry without erasing and redrawing. It also helps to explore design ‎alternatives as it provides a level of flexibility to be continuously evaluated, revised and updated when ‎adding or altering different components within the same parametric model structure‏.‏
The research problem has been identified, as there is no clear definition of the specifications of ‎constructing a parametric model in the contemporary digital architectural designs. Therefore, the ‎objective of the research is to put forward a theoretical framework that defines clearly the ‎specifications of building a parametric model. The framework describes the specifications using the ‎following issues: the timing of constructing the parametric model, the knowledge employed in the ‎construction of parametric model, the methods of constructing and revising a parametric model, The ‎place where a parametric model is applied, and finally the number of parametric models within a ‎design. The framework has been applied to six international projects adopting a parametric design ‎approach. The results showed that employing parametric modeling mostly starts at the development ‎stage of design and continues in the detailing and manufacturing stages, the adoption of ill-defined ‎knowledge, the definition of design variables in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, ‎and using one parametric model shared among multiple design disciplines. ‎

There are buildings with distinctive architectural values exposed to extinction and disappearing ‎for reasons associated with neglect and abuse, or for reasons linked to aspects of climatic and other ‎factors. One of these buildings are religious buildings, including the buildings of churches in various ‎cities, including the cities of Iraq, which most cities contain this structural pattern of religious buildings, ‎as it will address research into this type of buildings, as it represents the cultural stocks and ‎architectural as well as religious, social and cultural importance‏.‏
The research buildings churches in terms of emergence history and evolution and patterns of ‎structural and highlighted Altsamama elements of these buildings, which distinguishes it from other ‎buildings, as it touched search to many studies and proposals architectural own buildings in the ‎churches, and through the criticism has been crystallizing research problem, namely the lack of ‎specialized study documented Churches the city of Basra in the regions of the publican and Basra, ‎which required Bunting buildings churches building in Basra and documented informed and Academy ‎and the statement the most prominent characteristics and traits of architectural and urban being a part ‎of the visual urban fabric, for the purpose of maintaining, as research found a set of conclusions and ‎recommendations for achieving the goal of the research‏.‏

The tall buildings play an important role in giving a distinctive image for the city. It is one of the ‎most important features of the big cities, as it enhances its value and reflects its urban economic and ‎technological development, as well as the city's image for the local and the international levels. If they ‎have been designed and planned well in its urban context. The tall buildings contribute to create a vibrant, ‎prosperous, sustainable and attractive city for living and working, farther more optimize the energy and ‎land use, providing public spaces, streets and spaces of social interaction as well as employing high ‎technology, especially in infrastructure.‎
The research adopted the tall buildings in the urban context as a general concept‏. ‏The multiple ‎contemporary trends of planning considerations for tall buildings in the urban context and the lack of a ‎comprehensive picture resulted the special concept of the search "Tall buildings in the urban context ". ‎Which was done by reviewing several international, Arabic and local studies for identifying the knowledge ‎gap that led to the emergence of a research problem in terms of the multiplicity and diversity of planning ‎aspects. Most of the international studies indicated them in general and selective, while the thesis was ‎implicit and unclear in the Arab studies, and there were lack in local studies. The research problem, which ‎focused on the most critical aspects of the previous studies, was characterized by the lack of ‎comprehensive knowledge of the planning and designing indicators of the tall buildings relationship ‎with the urban context and the local reality. For that objective goal of the research determined to ‎provide the most comprehensive and clear knowledge of the planning and designing indicators of tall ‎buildings in the urban context and in particular the local reality. The achievement of this goal ‎necessitated the adoption of a descriptive analytical approach to the relevant studies and practical ‎experiments within the structure of a sequence of basic steps for research. The first step was to construct a ‎comprehensive theoretical framework that defines tall buildings in urban context. That resulted three ‎aspects: general analytical aspects of tall buildings, planning considerations for tall buildings in the urban ‎context،‎ the second step focused on applying the concepts of the theoretical framework to selected models ‎of local projects and analyzed them then discussion the results of the practical study, after that presenting ‎the conclusions of the application within the local reality.‎

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using hydrothermal and sol-gel techniques using ‎zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O) as a row material and methanol as a solvent. The structural ‎properties of ZnO NPs were studied using EDX, XRD, TEM, and the optical properties were characterized ‎using UV-VIS and PL spectroscopies. The synthesized ZnO NPs showed high purity and revealed a wurtzite ‎‎(hexagonal) crystal structure with particle size (D) ranged from 25 nm to 28 nm. The UV-VIS absorption ‎spectra of ZnO NPs samples and sensitizing dyes were performed. The obtained ZnO NPs exhibited the ‎direct optical bandgap 3.15 eV. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated using synthesized ZnO ‎NPs as a semiconducting layer, which was dyed with different low cost dyes such as Eosin B (EB), Eosin Y ‎‎(EY) and Rhodamine B (RB) that was used to sensitize the photoanode (ZnO NPs). The experimental ‎results showed a significant efficiency for the fabricated DSSCs of synthesized ZnO NPs via sol gel ‎technique comparing to hydrothermal technique. The EY dye exhibited the best performance among ‎others, where a conversion efficiency showed a noteworthy improvement from 0.12 to 1.08 %. ‎

‎ The organizations, whether industrial or service, work to eliminate faults and defects in their ‎products. The methods used in the judiciary and the detection of early errors in quality before they ‎occur are Poka Yoke, which prevents unintentional errors and works to detect them. Before they occur ‎through a good design process or the development of techniques.‎
‎ This study is the introduction of a concept of the system of prevention of neglected or ‎unintended errors, which is known as POKA YOKE, its components, and areas of application. Measure ‎the availability and readiness of the field to accommodate such a technique.‎
The statistical program SPSS was used in the analysis of questionnaire data and the researcher ‎reached the possibility of applying this method in the organization in Question.‎

This research includes a monitoring and an evaluation of the air pollution levels generated by ‎the re-suspended and airborne dust due to traffic movement at the main busy crossroads of Hilla City, ‎Nader Crossroad and Al-Thowra Crossroad, Iraq. The re-suspended dust is one of the most important ‎contributors towards overall atmospheric pollution, especially when the roads are unpaved or under ‎maintenance with high traffic load such as Nader Crossroad, which was under maintenance to ‎construct a bridge on it. The concentrations of the total suspended particulate matters were determined ‎at the two locations using portable air sampler during traffic rush hour on sunny moderated weekdays ‎for four months, December 2011, February 2012, April 2012, and May 2012. The results have ‎confirmed the contribution of the unpaved roads in air pollution. The results showed that the average ‎TSP levels at Nader Crossroad was higher than the average TSP levels at Al-Thowra Crossroad during ‎the total period of the study in which the minimum TSP level at Nader Crossroad was 5676.67 μg/m3, ‎which was higher than the maximum TSP level at Al-Thowra Crossroad, 4096.41 μg/m3. In addition, ‎the re-suspended dust concentrations that were measured in this study and ranged from 426.06 to ‎‎9348.95 μg/m3 are much higher than the American Environmental Protection Agency acceptable limits ‎of national ambient air quality standards for the particulate matter. ‎

The research deals with the absence or weakness‏ ‏the criteria in assessing the current ‎sustainability indicators for residential neighborhoods‏, ‏Which is the problem research, so the goal of ‎the research to build a sustainability knowledge in the residential neighborhood with an attempt to ‎measure sustainability indicators in six residential neighborhoods in the AL Kut city according to ‎internationally approved criteria .The most important research results characterized the Anwar al-Sadr ‎district as the best locality in response to the sustainability criteria that were adopted in the research ‎board is the transport network efficiency, including the length of the road network ,area, , the ‎residential density criterion, mixed use, the level of social integration and areas for specialized uses, ‎That locality is less deviated from other stores than what is required to achieve those criterion and a ‎total deviation of 43.2% is required for the criteria‏.‏
Al-Imam Neighborhood was less sustainable, with a total deviation of 85.7% of the criteria to ‎be achieved. The research emphasize ‎‏ ‏to need for local research institutions specialized in Iraqi ‎universities to re-evaluate the criteria adopted for sustainability, relying on international institutions ‎such as the United Nations and other specialized organizations.‎

There is water shortage problem in Euphrates River, with the water quality problem of river ‎water. The important cause behind that need to monitor water quality to verify whether the examined ‎water quality suitable for intended usage or not. The study is conducted Abo-Ghareeb to Al-Masib city ‎for Al_Masab Al_A'am Channel in Iraq to make valid assessment for level of parameters measured ‎and realize their effects on irrigation. The collected samples for different elements were analyzed ‎chemically, which affect water quality for irrigation, These elements are Calcium (Ca+2), Sodium (Na+), ‎Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K+), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulfate (SO4-2), ‎Phosphate(PO43), Carbonate (CO3-2), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and ‎pH-values (PH). Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Content (Na %) and Residual Sodium ‎Carbonate (RCS) have been also calculated. The Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be ‎examined and upgraded (integrated with GIS) In order assess the drainage water quality for ‎irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, to make classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ‎twelve samples of drainage water were taken from different four location of the study area. The results ‎analysis of (IWQI) maps confirms that: 61% of drainage water in study area falls within "Low ‎restriction" and 36% of study area has water with (Moderate restriction), While 3% of drainage water ‎in study area classified as (Sever restriction). So, the drainage water should use with soil having high ‎permeability with some constraints imposed on types of plant for specified tolerance of salts.‎

The Research aims to study the scientific methods of selecting the best project in a specific ‎environment. The selection of the best small project is an important step for any executive authority or ‎contractor and it is essential for achieving a specific goal (whether it is a profit or provision of certain ‎goods or any other objective). In order to have a true choice, the project evaluation will be the basis of ‎choice. ‎؛‎ Project evaluation defined as the an organized assemblage of data about the activities ‎characteristic and results of actions or activities, for determining its value. It can afford a plurality of ‎significant information project\'s outcomes; it is a systematic method of reflecting on and calculating ‎the wealth of what is being done (i.e. project, events, and program). Evaluation is usually understood ‎as a product or an activity taking place at the end of a project. However, evaluation should be ‎considered as a process, occurring across all phases of a project, used for determining what does ‎occurred and if the early project objectives have been achieved‏.‏‎ The aim of this paper is to study the ‎scientific approaches and steps to make a decision to select the best small projects in a specific ‎environment for implementing within the constraints of the investor and the governorate strategic plan.‎

Twelve of reinforced concrete beams, with (hollow and Solid) square section tested under pure torsion, with ‎dimensions of 160 mm height and 1000 mm length. The effects of steel fiber percentage and concrete core on ultimate ‎torsional were studied, as well as the crack torsional capacity and angle of twist. For solid section an increase of 98.2% ‎and 178%, and for hollow section an increase of 91.3% and 163%in the ultimate and crack torsional capacity ‎respectively obtained when steel fibers percentage was increasing from zero to 2.5%.Transverse and longitudinal ‎reinforcement ratios were kept constant. Experimental study showed that, the ultimate torsional strength and beam ‎elongation were not affected by concrete core.‎

Architecture is a complex form, which is related to the sensory / moral aspects. Therefore, the ‎research problem was concerned with the nature of the architectural event and the inter-people ‎consultation among the following possibilities: 1- Is it the image of the architectural event through time ‎in conflict sometimes and dialogue sometimes. 2 - Or is the image of the architectural event to be ‎dialogue as a thought and use of dialogue as a mechanism? Is the image of the architectural event ‎made up through the conflict as a catalyst and the use of dialogue as a mechanism to achieve it 4 - Or ‎is the conflict a degree of dialogue and dialogue architecture is not the end of the equation, but the ‎result of images resulting from the transition architecture through dialogue? Through the events and ‎events that took place in the architectural arena in the spread of architecture among peoples confirms ‎that it passed through the three points, the research tries to put its hypothesis based on the eternal ‎relationship between conflict and dialogue since the creation of creation, which applies to architecture, ‎so the research assumes that to obtain a spiritual and private building The place can live as long as ‎possible. There must be a relationship between the transfers of the image from the conflict as an ‎intellectual reality to the dialogue as a practical reality that is guided by the architecture to reach its ‎goals. This is done by following the process of image transfer of architectural thought between power ‎and action as conflict is a degree of dialogue to understand the problematic perception of the ‎architectural event to reach the goals of dialogue architecture‏.‏