Journal of University of Babylon

This research aims to shed light on the contradictions in the pre-Islamic era, according to the communication theory of (Charles Egerton Osgood) and (Williper Schramm). This is because it is an advanced theory from other theories. As it dealt with the sender and the recipient as the basis for the communication process, while most theories focused on the sender and proceeded in a linear manner, while the Osgood and Schramm communication model is a circular (circular) model. Communication is usually described through a number of main dimensions, including: the message and the source of the message - or the emitter or sender - or the encoder (form) and the channel, and the destination or recipient or target or decoder (destination), and the future. However, (Osgood and Schramm) pointed out that the impact of the message - whatever its type, whether desirable or otherwise - must be taken care of in its goal. Hence, in their theory of communication, both of them paid attention to the active parties in the communication process, so they focused on actions that confer knowledge and experiences, provide advice and orders, and direct questions. Communication carries a social dimension, and is based on the interaction between the sender and the recipient, as at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and semiotic rules. The interaction between these two factors may take multiple forms in one of the different communication styles. The format depends on the group's communication capabilities. Both the content and form of communications create the messages that are sent toward the destination. It is possible for the target to be the person himself, another person, or another entity, and communication can be viewed as processes of transferring information and social interaction. Contradictions in the pre-Islamic era represented an important aspect of the communication process. It takes the form of a dialogue between the sender and the recipient. The sender intends to produce a text that provokes the recipient, and then the recipient produces a text that is parallel to the sender’s text and carries an interactive character and may also be argumentative. Therefore, our choice of contradictions in the pre-Islamic era was an example of this theory, which examines the interactive aspect between the sender and the recipient and then sheds light on the social aspect.

This research aims to monitor the synonymous and antonymous relations in collocations of the sermons of the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras. For the purpose of extracting the distinguishing features between the linguistic collocations of the two eras and the linguistic development taking place in the linguistic collocations, and the reasons that led to those differences, through the use of the social contextual approach, which envisages adopting context in describing linguistic phenomena and linking them to the verbal situations that accompany the production of those linguistic phenomena. In collecting the scientific material, we relied on the speeches collected in the book (A Collection of Arab Speeches in the Prosperous Arab Ages) to represent sufficient samples for research and analysis based on the collected material. The method required that the research be based on an introduction entitled (The concept of semantic relations in the lexical field and their status in text linguistics). There are three sections, the first section dealt with the relationship of synonymy, the second section is devoted to the relationship of antonymy, and the third section deals with the relationship of contrast. Then we conclude the research with showing the most important results of the research.

The administrative decision is considered one of the legal means resorted to by the administrative authority when providing public services or managing public facility operations. This administrative decision must be compatible with the provisions of the principle of legal legitimacy, ensuring that it does not have any defects that would make it susceptible to being challenged for annulment before the administrative judiciary or characterized by a serious defect that renders it non-existent. The issuance of the administrative decision in its correct form adds the attribute of enforceability to it, so that the administrative authority remains responsible for taking measures to implement it in accordance with the provisions of the law and the public interest's need for its implementation. Whether the need is regular, within the normal timeframe, or there is an urgent necessity that requires the administrative authority to intervene directly to implement the decision with the utmost speed. When the administrative authority sees that delaying the implementation of the administrative decision may affect the interest it intended to achieve by issuing it, it undoubtedly has the right to intervene directly by imposing measures to enforce it forcefully. It can seek assistance from the regulatory and security authorities, which the administration requests to intervene in the implementation of its administrative decision. Therefore, compulsory enforcement of administrative decisions may be justified in cases of urgency perceived by the administrative authority as a justification for imposing the enforcement of administrative decisions forcefully and without permission from the judiciary. Additionally, if a person is prevented voluntarily from implementing the administrative decision, the administrative authority is empowered to intervene directly and enforce the administrative decision compulsorily.

This research deals with a descriptive and analytical study of the poetry collection issued by the Union of Literarys and Writers of Babylon, which came under the title Mirrors, Homeland. It is a poetry collection co-authored by more than forty poets from Babylon Governorate They took the October revolution as a main starting point for their poems, which were an expression of the reality of Iraqi society, and the fluctuations and loss of general balance that the people of this society are experiencing in light of the collapse of the state’s systems and laws, They set off criticizing at times and calling for change at other times, trying to inspire hope in the souls of the youth of the revolution and awaken their aspirations to achieve the broad hopes and far-reaching aspirations these souls aspire to, The research as a whole aims to present to the reader the most prominent of the various poetic models contained in this collection, which carry within them some of the elements of the artistic image, which had a fundamental role in shaping the features of these models. As a basic tool for constructing poetry, and highlighting two important elements of these artistic elements: (simile and metaphor
The most important findings of the research are summarized as follow:
1-The poets of Babylon Governorate were united heart and soul regarding the “November Demonstration,” and this is what we found clear in this collection, which came as an expression of their unified position in light of the accelerating political events that struck current Iraqi society.
2-The artistic image that the poets of this collection came up with was characterized by emotional sincerity, depth of emotion, and distance from ambiguity, because it was an embodiment of the reality of society, and what the situation had become, in the absence authority of the law.
3-The simile was the most frequent element of the statement among the poets of this collection, and perhaps the reason for that is due to the nature of the simile and its role in clarifying the meaning and bringing the image closer to the mind of the recipient.

The aim of this study is to explore modern evidence and its role in proving the crime. Therefore, the study addresses the validity of blood and urine as proofs in the Islamic legislation and the Iraqi law in judging a crime. The study also addresses the reliability of blood and urine examinations as evidence in foreign and Arab laws and the stance of the Iraqi judiciary and law towards them. The study concludes that blood and urine examinations can be considered objective evidence that helps accurately determine the identity of the perpetrator. Among the recommendations, modern means of detecting crime should be recognized and placed in clear, useful and applicable legal texts and materials, in addition to the means and methods of proof existing in the law.

Money laundering is the process of converting dirty money from illicit sources into clean money that can be used in public activities, and then reinvesting its profits in legitimate activities. It is one of the main economic challenges faced by societies because it disrupts the balance and stability necessary for social development and progress. It has negative effects on the general interest of the state from an economic standpoint, such as a decrease in economic growth and financial investments, and a decrease in the value of local currencies against foreign currencies. It also harms the public interest of the state politically, as it threatens political stability and promotes political corruption through the use of money laundering and it’s spread in the governmental sector of states. This has significant negative impacts on the well-being of society, especially in developing countries. Its effects are harmful and dangerous to all countries, and therefore many countries are trying to fight it in various ways and means through the Islamic economy, through the application of the provisions of Islamic Sharia, and through international treaties in order to preserve the public interest of the state.

The research boils down to studying the subject of parapsychology and its relationship to watching actors who are in the Time specializations. The research problem revolved around the following question: How was the contemporary Iraqi theatrical actor able to produce artistic and performative performances through the works of parapsychology as a performative act? The research aims to identify the science of parapsychology and its functions in the performance of the contemporary Iraqi theatrical actor. The research specifies a long period of time from (2011) for the promotional performances of contemporary Iraqi artists in Iraq. The procedural definition of parapsychology has become the main force in the profession of the personal actor, to encourage and succeed. The performance and motor, psychological and physical action of the theatrical actor during his embodiment based on the meaning of the synonyms, artistically representing the action and the response response in the theatrical performance. The second chapter is determined by the theoretical framework, which consists of two sections: The first section: Parapsychology...the concept, terminology, and foundations of work. The second section: Parapsychology and its works in theatrical discourse. The third chapter includes the research procedures, as the research sample was intentionally represented by the performance of the play (Ghurba), and the researchers adopted the indicators of the theoretical framework as the research tool, and the researchers followed the descriptive approach in the analysis, and the results of the research based on the analysis of the sample appeared as follows:
1- The parapsychological aspect of the actor’s performance was employed through feedback on self-imagination and the translation of psychological and mental emotions.
2- Cases of spatial, temporal, and intellectual alienation constitute a reaction in the character that pushes him to a type of emotion, tension, and a feeling of unfamiliarity that requires the engagement of the parapsychological aspect during performance.
3- The parapsychological aspect works during the performance, the moment of recollection of (typical) characters such as the character (Hamlet) in the play (Alienation), and the interaction of the dialogue carrying it with the character’s (current) states, which requires the work of the psychological and emotional aspects, using states of telepathy, clairvoyance, and visual clarity.
As for Conclusions, it was as follow:
1- Resorting to theatrical editors for the diversity of characters and electronic systems that are relevant to the Iraqi reality.
2- The theatrical ideas for its themes are inspire by the life of realistic weather concerns in the Iraqi individual and the dramatic structure is usually highly interactive in the eye of the recipient.

This research was concerned with studying the mythical representations of good and evil in themes executed on Greek ceramics, as it is an art that deals with many topics. It is not limited to man and his attempts, but rather it is an art that penetrates all aspects of life, which is expressed in many artistic productions according to a mythical narrative style that carries various themes, including the theme of good and evil. Hence this research came to study the mythological representations of good and evil in mythological themes executed on Greek ceramics, which included four chapters. Which was determined by the following question (what are the mythological representations of good and evil of the subjects executed on Greek ceramics) and then the importance of the research and the need for it, while the research aims to (identify the mythical representations of good and evil of the themes executed on Greek ceramics) As for the second chapter, the theoretical framework included two sections, the first examining good and evil in mythological thought. The second section dealt with the objective scene in the art of Greek ceramics, while the third chapter presented the research procedures The research community included four samples,which the researcherscompleted within the limits of the research.Four technical models were analyzed, and the fourth chapter came with a set of results, the most prominent of which are:
1-Mythological representations of good and evil appeared on ceramic vessels according to the principle of duality (good and evil), by manifesting the idea of eliminating evil and fear and the victory of good, which gave the Greek artist the viewer an interpretive language, as well as the mythical dimension, as in the (1,2,3,4)
2- The scenes of Greek mythology showed the significance of the concept of good and evil, represented by the person of the heroic god, which represents love and help, while the concept of evil was represented by hatred, jealousy, and terror, as in the model (1,2,3,4(.
1-The diversity of shapes and sizes of ceramic vessels had an impact on the diversity of mythological themes, so the surface of the vessels served as a record of the history and civilization of Greek society.
2- Contemplative mythological thought has an impact in revealing the ambiguity in some factors of mythological thought. It reflected the nature of visions and ideas that express the topic of good and evil. The research also included a number of suggestions and recommendations, followed by footnotes and sources.

This study aims to know the effectiveness and reality of applying the socio-emotional education and the difficulties it faces in achieving its goals in basic education schools, the second cycle, in schools of the city of Latakia from the point of view of its teachers, and to reveal statistically significant differences according to the variables of gender and years of experience. It relies on the descriptive analytical approach to suit the objectives and nature of the study. The study uses a questionnaire consisting of three axes: the first measures the effectiveness of emotional education in achieving its goals and consists of 31 statements, the second measures the reality of applying emotional education and consists of 27 statements, and the third measures the difficulties facing teachers and consists of 10 statements, all of which were distributed to the study sample. 140 male and female teachers of social emotional learning in basic education schools-the second cycle in the city of Latakia.
The study concluded that emotional education is effective from the point of view of teachers in developing and achieving some aspects and not achieving or neglecting others. It also indicated that there are many difficulties in applying emotional education. The study recommends the need to integrate the areas of social emotional learning with other academic subjects, and to integrate social emotional learning competencies into teacher preparation programs and for them to be taught by counseling psychology or sociology teachers or by those subject to intensive programs and courses in emotional learning.

Unilateral actions derive their international validity from their conformity and non-violation of the principles of international action in general, while there is another field for unilateral actions that are issued by a group of countries by adopting texts of similar legal legislation, that is, joint adoption of a specific rule, but despite this, such texts remain acts. Unilateralism has no legal effect towards other countries unless it gradually moves to the ranks of customary international rules. Thus, it can be said that the framework mentioned in the above article regarding the official sources of international law cannot encompass all the legal rules that govern international relations at the present time, and the extent to which These unilateral actions and their role in forming customary international rules.
Thus, hardly any book on public international law is devoid of addressing the subject of international custom as it is one of the main sources of public international law referred to in Article (38/1/b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice as the article responsible for clarifying these sources, as it is considered Customary international rules are among the most important sources of public international law, because most of the rules of this law have acquired a global character and have become established in the international environment through customary rules, thus revealing the factors of integration and cooperation that can occur between them.

Despite the importance of the business as a movable property consisting of a group of funds allocated by the merchant to engage in a specific commercial activity, the Iraqi legislator did not care to protect the commercial store as a single unit independent and distinct from the elements included in its formation against unfair competition acts that target this store and lead to turn away customers. Jurisprudence and jurisprudence played this role in its belief in the importance of the shop for the merchant, and in protecting the right of the latter to keep the largest possible number of customers, using the unfair competition lawsuit as a means for this protection, and basing this lawsuit on the idea of tort liability.

A study (geographical analysis of population growth and its impact on agricultural development in the district of Ramadi) was studied, due to the fact that agricultural activity is one of the most prominent agricultural activities that have a strategic place in the development processes of various countries of the world, whether advanced or developing, due to what the agricultural sector provides in increasing the national product and the amount of Its contribution to the provision of food commodities and products needed by the population. Standing on the most prominent problems that hinder agricultural development in the district. The study concluded that agricultural labor is one of the most influential human elements in agricultural operations, as its role in cultivating all crops within the study area cannot be neglected. In 2012, the number developed to reach about 4,157,304 people, then the number developed to reach about 5,098,806 in 2021, as they are distributed over three sections of agricultural production.

The current research aims to design a proposed educational content for the aesthetic education subject according to Leach, Pollock, and Rajelwith’ Model. The current research is important because it presents proposed educational content that contributes to achieving the planned educational goals. The research reveals the concept of educational design. It also aims to propose designing educational content for the aesthetic education subject according to the model of Lischen، Pollock, and Reigelwith, and it specifies the year (2022-2023) and spatially (2022-2023). Iraq/ College of Fine Arts, Babylon) and objectively by presenting a proposal for educational content for the subject of aesthetic education according to the model of Leach, Pollock, and Raigelwith. The first section studied the concept of educational design, and the second section studied the model of Leach, Pollock, and Raigelwith. The proposed educational content for aesthetic education was designed in the third chapter, and the researcher came out with a content design. An educational course for the subject of aesthetic education for the second stage in the Department of Art Education at the College of Fine Arts included a number of educational sections, as the problem and subject areas were analyzed for four components: defining tasks, determining the areas of deficiency in performance, writing performance goals, and developing performance measures. The researcher also analyzed the tasks and their sequence, and analyzed the supporting content and its sequence. Then determining the learning events and activities and designing interactive content. The researcher proposed several proposals, including the interest of the concerned authorities in the curricula of the colleges of fine arts/art education departments by forming special committees to evaluate and develop this proposal and working to approve it in the colleges of fine arts in Iraq, and the concerned authorities providing infrastructure. And the technological means that contribute to the possibility of approving the curriculum, and some recommendations were presented، the most important of which is the application of proposed educational content for the aesthetic education subject according to the model of Lischen, Pollock, and Raigelwith in teaching art education students, then footnotes، sources, and appendices.