Complementary Biological System Journal

This study aims to convert chicken rice waste (CRW) to chars by hydrothermal carbonatization (HTC), pyrolysis (PY),
and microwave irradiation (MW) processes. The operating parameters affecting the HTC process (range of temperatures
120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 °C) for hydro-char production, while the pyrolysis (range of temperatures 400, 500, 600, and
700 °C) for pyro-char production, and microwave irradiation (range of microwave power 200, 400, 600, and 800 W) for
micro-char production were investigated. Comparative studies of the physicochemical properties of produced chars were
investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning
electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the hydro-char produced by the HTC process at a temperature of
200 °C achieved the optimal solid yield (62.5 %), while the pyro-char produced by the PY process at a temperature
of 700 °C achieved the optimal solid yield (37.18 %), and the micro-char produced via microwave irradiation process
at a microwave power of 800 W achieved the optimal solid yield (37.18 %). The BET surface area of CRW, HTC200,
PY700, and MW800 are 0.19 m2/g, 1.22 m2/g, 68.98 m2/g, and 0.19 m2/g, respectively. The results of the current study
clarified that the chars produced from CRW during HTC, PY, and MW techniques could be used for energy production
and wastewater treatment. As well as recommendations, this study needs to be sustained by doing some descriptions
such as high heating value (HHV)

Acute renal injury (ARI) post cardiac surgery leads to substantial difficulty in going about the treatment, that often
results in aggravated morbidity and mortality rates. Through this manuscript, we have the opportunity to cover a basic
assessment of ARI complexity, including comorbidities which have been categorized as preoperative, intraoperative, and
postoperative factors. The risk of all these ailments may also increase which is due to advanced age and comorbidities
such as diabetes and hypertension and may lead to procedures like cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and duration of
cardiopulmonary bypass. The cardiac procedures under discussion like the Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and
valvular surgeries are instigators of ARI with separate risk profiles discovered for each intervention type. Secondly, the
paper advocates approaches and approaches to controlling the risk of both eosinophilia and erythropoietin and most
importantly the techniques used in fluid management. The conversation centres on what is the clinical effect of AKI;
it examines how it negatively influences patient recovery by requiring prolonged hospitalization, increased costs of
healthcare, and progression of renal complications in the long-term. Moreover, early identification is followed as well
as individualized postoperative care regimens are highlighted as the necessary components of the initial minimization
of late postoperative ARI complications. Through a thorough assessment of the current knowledge together with the
latest development in interventions, this paper offers a unique and useful guild for clinicians and researchers that seek
to enhance management of ARI and prevent its poor outcomes specifically in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Malaysia’s biodiversity is one of the most important factors that have made the country a habitat for numerous species.
Where the tropical climate and rainforests provide an ideal habitat for numerous plants and animals. Massive mammals
are among the most important creatures found in Malaysia, and the Malaysian peninsula is home to unique species of
mammals. Due to the modification of their living environment, urban development, urban expansion, and population
growth have significantly reduced the number of these mammals. Damage to habitats and a decline in large mammal
populations have had far-reaching consequences for the ecosystem, with the potential for the impact to worsen over
time. In this study, we shed light on several mammalian species native to the Malaysian peninsula that are in danger
of extinction due to an imbalance in their environment and propose several solutions that could mitigate several of the
factors that contribute to their population decline.

Heart disease is classified as one of the most serious and widespread diseases in the world, presenting major challenges to public health and leading to high mortality rates. A comprehensive understanding of its causative factors, along with early recognition of signs and symptoms, is essential to achieve rapid diagnosis and promote preventive measures. This research conducted on 150 Iraqi patients divided into four stages according to the criteria of the American College of Cardiology, where each stage includes 25 patients suffering from heart disease. Their ages ranges (40–75) years. A comparative analysis was performed with 50 healthy individuals serving as controls. The study used Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA), and Wingless Type 5a (Wnt5a) tests, and revealed significantly higher BNP levels among stage IV patients compared to other stages (0.54 ± 0.16, P < 0.001). Wnt5a showed elevated levels in stage III compared to the remaining stages, while uPA did not show statistically significant differences (P value 0.283). In conclusion, measuring BNP and Wnt5a levels is pivotal for accurate diagnosis of heart failure. These biomarkers provide objective evidence of heart dysfunction, helping to differentiate heart failure from other conditions that show similar symptoms.

A thriving eco-system and abundant species diversity are crucial for all forms of life on Earth. Whether or not the
climate remains stable has a direct impact on biodiversity and the ecosystem services that are provided by that diversity.
There is a strong correlation between biodiversity and food security, and this is influencing how the impact of biodiversity
on climate change is felt. Changes in the duration of the growth season for plants, the distribution of arable lands, and
the availability of high-quality water are all ways in which climate change impacts agriculture. There will be numerous
positive effects on the food production system as a result of biodiversity’s effect on food security. Productivity increases
and improved well-being are two examples. Therefore, agricultural biodiversity has an immediate impact on economic
growth and quality of life.

This research aims to compare different coagulants, which are alum, ferric chloride, and polyaluminum chloride,
in treating turbidity in water. The objective is to determine the optimal dosage of each coagulant for the removal of
visible turbidity at levels of 400, 85, 70, and 40 NTU, respectively. The study also considers the (pH) levels resulting
from the addition of coagulants, measures the percentage of remaining materials from the used coagulant (sulfates from
alum, chloride from ferric chloride, and chlorides from polyaluminum chloride). A 1000 L tank and its components were
controlled by adding the desired pollutants (clay and plant impurities) and known, Oxygen Demand (BOD), 20 mg/L.
The experimental results demonstrate that ferric chloride has an advantage in turbidity removal, especially when the
standard turbidity value is 5 NTU. The optimal dosage is found to be 23 mg/L for 400 NTU, 20 mg/L for 85 NTU, 17
mg/L for 70 NTU, and 10 mg/L for 40 NTU. Therefore, the results of pH were improved from 7.0 to 7.8, as well as
ferric chloride from 12 to 17 mg/L for poly aluminum chloride. The study reveals a significant increase in chloride ions
with the addition of ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride, while there is a slight increase in sulfate ions with the
addition of alum.

Microalgae have been classified as the most primitive plant species and the ability to grow rapidly makes it very
suitable for biomass cultivation by using different technologies over the past years. Microalgal biomass can be used
for various productions such as biofuels, food, supplements, and more as it is categorized as environmentally friendly
throughout the cultivation process. Nutrients play one of the most important roles in cultivating microalgae besides other
factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, inorganic carbon, oxygen, light intensity, and carbon dioxide availability. The
technology has become much more advanced in cultivating microalgae for maximizing lipid or biomass production. In
this paper, we reviewed the technologies used for media optimization of microalgae growth along with the advancement
in technology, starting from traditional techniques to more advanced techniques employing statistical or mathematical
analysis. The traditional media optimization technique is known as the classical one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique
which is sub-grouped into three types of experiments—removal experiment, supplement experiment, and replacement
experiment. The advanced technique for the optimization of medium components concentration discussed in this paper
includes Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Food poisoning caused by foodborne microorganisms is a significant public health concern. This study aims to investigate the impact of several nutritional and environmental parameters on the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococc pyogenes in both model systems and food. The specific impact of temperature,
pH, and UV light stress on pathogens. Applying physical stress on microorganisms is a standard method to induce cell
inactivation and promote food stability. This study found that the optimal temperature for the growth of these pathogens
is between 30◦C and 50◦C. No growth was observed beyond 50◦C, indicating temperature sensitivity; low temperatures
between −20◦C and 4◦C did not allow bacterial growth within 24 h. The pH study demonstrated that these pathogens
grow best at pH 7, indicating the importance of environmental pH conditions for bacterial proliferation. Moreover,
exposure to UV light led to significant bacterial cell death and DNA damage, highlighting the potential of UV light as
a microbial control method. These findings help understand how physiological stress factors impact the growth and
survival of foodborne pathogens, providing insights into food safety and public health strategies.

The extensive use of crystal violet (CV) dyes may cause water pollution. A highly porous and functionalized activated carbon can be used for adsorption of CV dyes. Activated carbon was prepared from oil palm fronds through
microwave-assisted pyrolysis and activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) for removal of CV dye from wastewater. The
physico-chemical characteristics of oil palm fronds activated carbon (OPFAC) was employed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
(BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, Scanning Electron Methodology-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and point of zero charges (pHpzc). The adsorption
parameters such as pH (4, 7, and 10), dosage (0.02, 0.06, and 0.1 g), and contact time between absorbent and adsorbate
(2, 5, and 8 mins) were optimized using the response surface methodology-Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD). The
experimental results showed that the optimum conditions for the removal of CV dye by OPFAC were 0.1 g dosage,
pH 9, contact time of 5 min with the percentage removal of CV dye is 91.4%. The adsorption capacity of OPFAC for
CV dye was well fitted by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax)
from Langmuir isotherm was 188.4 mg/g. The isotherm study is well described by Freundlich model with coefficient
of correlation (R2 = 0.9488) describe that the CV dye adsorption occurred multilayer adsorption onto heterogenous
adsorption site. The thermodynamics study indicated that the adsorption process of OPFAC is through spontaneous and
endothermic condition as the values of 1H◦
(21.86 KJ/mol) and 1S
◦ value (87.90 J/mol K) is positive.

In the current work, rice husk (RH) biomass was pyrolyzed using tartaric acid as an activating agent to produce
activated carbon (AC). For 60 min, the procedure was run at 700 °C and 5 L/min of nitrogen (N2) flow rate. The study
used response surface methodology (RSM) and a 3-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the extraction efficiency
of rice husk activated carbon (RHAC) in eliminating reactive orange 16 (RO16) dye from an aqueous solution. Different
process parameters, such as pH (2–12), RHAC dose (0.04–0.14 g), and time (60–240 min), were chosen as part of the
optimization method. When the solution’s pH was 2, the adsorbent dosage was 0.09 g, and the contact time was 240
min, the maximum amount of dye removal (53%) was achieved. This work demonstrates the ability to use abundant
husk biomass to create activated carbon, which can be used as an adsorbent to effectively remove organic dyes.