Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

A Multidisciplinary study for increasing oil recovery has been made in the present paper. This work has been adopted in the Upper Sandstone member/Zubair formation in South Rumaila Oil Field. The work was achieved by using optimization techniques for determining the optimal future reservoir performance regarding to infill drilling. Two different methods of Genetic Algorithm used to optimize the number and locations of infill wells. The first method is simple adaptive genetic algorithm and the second one is the breeder adaptive. The main parameters depended in this study is the cumulative oil production obtained from the output of reservoir simulation software. These two methods of GA depend on using Net Present Value (NPV) as economic analysis as objective function. The optimal number of infill wells is three wells which have maximum cumulative oil production and maximum value of NPV. The same results from two GA methods have been obtained. The locations of these optimal infill wells located in the crest of the oil field.

A number of significant structures of NH3 (H2O) n (n= 1- 6) clusters have been identified by the quantum chemical methods ( RHF/3-21G, RHF/6-31G**, В3LYP/6-31G**, MP2/6-31G**). The cluster’s geometry configurations and intermolecular energy have been calculated.

It is well known that the capacity of crude distillation units in any refinery reflects the capacity of the refinery itself, and that is because we consider these units as the first stage and all other units such as vacuum distillation, hydrotreating, reforming, catalytic cracking, and others depend on them. So we devoted our effort to keep these units work with high performance and efficiency.
The purpose of this paper is to develop crude distillation units in Daura refiner, rise their performance level and overcome weak points wherever detected.
Our work here conducted by simulation program (HYSYS) and consists of two stages: Be-fore changing operating condi-tions, and after changing operating conditions. Each one will be discussed separately later.
This work shows that these old units contain a lot of mistakes because they are working since 1954. These mistakes are concentrated in miss operation due to absence of daily close monitoring to the operation conditions and product specifications related to gap and overlap conditions, and this really affects badly on recti-fication efficiency.

That Thiadiazoles derivative is biologically active as antimicro-bial agents in cooling fluids.
Derivatives of 1, 3, 4- thiadiazole have prepared:
1- 2-amino-3-[(2-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-5-yl) dithio] propanoic acid.
2- 2-(2-Carbethoxyamino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-5-yl)-thio acetic acid.
3- [(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) dithio] acetic acid
The synthesized compounds have been used as antimicrobial against the microorganisms which have been found in the cooling fluid of industrial
purposes by using media culture the results showed that the compounds 1 and 3 are relatively highly active in killing bacteria from the compound 2.
The pH of the cooling fluid samples had been measured after the addition of salt media as well as the inhibitors (1,2,3) the results of pH measurement revealed that the compounds 1,2 and 3 exhibit high activity to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
The turbidity for such media and inhibitors has also been measured and the results indicated that 1,2 and 3 have given low turbidity to inhibit the bacteria or the micro-organisms that grow in the cooling fluid.

In kinetic study of reactions carried out in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst, it is very important to study the effects of mass transfer rate firstly which can be effective in adding to chemical kinetic. The present work investigates the catalytic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene over Pt/ Al2O3, to determine the effect of interface mass transfer resistance. The experimental work was performed in a HDS continuous flow fixed bed catalytic reactor unit consisted of a carbon steel tube (2.54 cm diameter, and 60 cm length), located in the laboratories of chemical engineering department, Baghdad University. The objective of the work was to investigate effect of mass transfer limitations (internal dif-fusion and external diffusion) in cata-lytic reaction of thiophene HDS. It was verified that mass transfer resistances has a small effect on the reaction rate.

Geochemical and Palynological analysis were carried out to assess hy-drocarbon potential and palaeoenvironmental deposition for (27) core and cutting rock samples recovered from selected oil exploratory wells , Makhul-2 (Mk-2),Qarachuq-1 (Qc-1) and Qarachuq-2(Qc-2), TaqTaq-1(Taq-1), Butmah-15 (Bm-15), Ajeel-8 (Aj-8)and Jabal kand( Jk -1) ,encountered from Butmah Formation ( Lower-Middle Liassic) , Sargelu Formation (Middle Jurassic ) and Naokelekan Formation (upper Jurassic ) .The value of palyno-logical analyses in the undertaken study is to resolve stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental consequences of Jurassic Period in Iraq
, thus the profuse of plant cuticle of translucent phytoclast in the basin of deposition refers to proximal deposi



tional environment due to their specific gravity of this type of plant cuticle , whereas the opaque organic matter produced either from highly oxidized environment or from forest fire residues could refer due to its light specific gravity to distal depositional environment that this type could transported far from the continents toward the aquatic envi-ronment . Recurring Type A Amorphous kerogen indicates Oil –Prone beside various amorphous types (B, C, D) within Zagros Fold Belt. The specified palynomorphs recovered from palynological analysis declared so many indications to determine the potentiality of source rocks .Almost all slides shows spores and pollen, phytoclasts and amorphous organic matter. Extracted resins and pigments are indicating toxic environment of type II-III kerogen that generates oil with subordinate gas.Geochemical analysis can aid also the undertaken study by determination the Terrestrial origin and kerogen type II-III .Previously proved that all crude oils within this sub- basin is belong to family A (sourced from Middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation) nearby local basins of family B (sourced from U. Triassic Kurra chine, and Rhaetic Baluti Shale Formation). Jurassic Period is considered as a generative hydrocarbon rock unit by means of both optical and chemical approaches definitely in the Great Kirkuk region and surrounding areas in North Iraq. Meanwhile the current studies focused on the western desert as promising reservoirs related with hydrocarbon pathways from Mesopotamian Basin.

As a result of the rapid development in the various transport means, a great concern was shown in the design and development of spark-ignition engines to achieve the best efficiency and performance and to guarantee a full combustion of the fuel inside the combustion chamber to avail all the energy of the fuel entering the cylinder.
This work involves the study of the reaction equations of the combustion for stochiometric and rich cases, and the study of combustion products and their effects on the environment.

Cleaning the directional and horizontal sections of the hori-zontal well could be considered the most complex process during well construction, and the main limiting factor of horizontal elongation of the well. This is due to many factors that affect on cutting transportation toward the wellhead, such as, the tendency of drilling string to rest on the lower side of the hole, drilling hydraulic (mud flow rate and flow regime), properties of drilled rocks (cutting weight, size and shape), drilling fluid properties (weight, viscosity and other rheological properties), hole geometry (hole and drill pipes diameters), drill string movements (type and speed of movements), penetration rate (quantity of cutting to be moved out of the hole) and others.
Studying horizontal well cleaning process needs the full understanding of the combination effects of all above mentioned factors, taking in consideration that some of them affect each other. This understanding did not exist




yet, neither through theoretical nor experimental studies.
The effect of some of individual above mentioned factors have been studied which lead to form an acceptable description about cutting particles transportation while horizontal drilling. It is well proved that insufficient cleaning leads to form a bed of cutting on the lower side of the hole.
This study tried to analyze most the affecting factors on cutting transportation through the horizontal well sections using the dimensional analysis method to get some dimensionless factors which controlling hole cleaning process.
A mathematical model has been developed, relating the cleaning efficiency (the ratio of annulus section area equipped by cutting bed) as a function of some dimensionless numbers consisting from the affecting factors mentioned above. Relations for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes have been introduced.
These relations were applied on some previous published
experimental works and found that the most controlling dimen-sionless items affecting on cleaning process is that items which are referring to the fluid flow rate (Fraud Number) and to drilling string movement (Taylor Number). While the secondary controlling factors are the items referring to drilling fluid and cutting properties, and hole inclination. This model may give a good tool for the drilling engineers to modify the drilling parameters to get the most suitable hole cleaning.
Further work is recommended to develop these functions to logical equilibrium equations to be instantaneously used in practical engineering.

Ten bacterial isolates of the genus Streptomyces sp. , were reactiva- ted using Gauza no.1 medium , and grown on crude oil medium ,incubated at 280C for 14 days in a shaker incubator . Analysis of the remaining crude oil contents by these isolates in comparison
with control sample by GC* , had shown differences in their ability to consume the components of crude oil as a result of biodegredation or biosythesis of new compounds .

This study revealed the Bio-content component of the late Cretaceous sequences (Campanian- Maastrichtian), which has been used in distinguishing four Biozones, which are:
1 - Gansserina gansseri - Gublerina cuvilleri zone
2 - Globotruncanita subspinosa zone
3 - Globotruncanita calcarata zone
4 - Hartella inflatotriangularis zone
The upper three zones are related to Shiranish Formation, the Bio-content of this formation show rich in Planktonic Foraminifera in comparison with that of Mushorah Formation. The Zonal index forms clearly indicate Late - Campanian to Lower Late Maastrichtian age. While the fourth zone representing the Mushorah Formation, its Bio-facies characterized by rare Planktonic Foraminifera but more Benthonic Foraminifera and Calcispheres, the zonal form indicate the Early Campanian age.
A lateral distribution of Gansserina gansseri - Gublerina cuvilleri zone accompanied with thickness have been noticed along the Butmah structure. This variation might be attributed to post depositional differential erosion, which took place at the end of Cretaceous. Whereas the variation in thicknesses of the other Biozone of Shiranish Formation are most likely considered to represent a response to the tectonic activity prevailed at the time of deposition and manifested as a growthfaults

In this research alight weight insulating brick was produced with high specifications by adding aluminum fluoride {which is available in Iraq} to Dwechla clay. after that the mixture is fired in high differentTemperatures reaching 1300 ْC. Chemical reaction happens during burning which results sp


onge mullite increasing the thermal insulation of the refractory or the brick. In this research law heat conduction of the insulating brick {0.15 kcal/ m. h. c}was produced.