Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

The competition between two soft wheat species (Tritium aestivum) and wild Oat( Avena fatua) in pure and mixed stands experiments were carried out in pots, green house in College of Science / University of Salahaddin during 1st December 2011 to 7thApril 2012. For wheat plant, the concerned plant characteristics were: plant height, number of tillers/plant, length of flag leaves, length of spikes, number of grains/spike, total shoot dry weight are concerned. For wild Oat the concerned plant characteristics were: Plant height, number of tillers/plant, length of flag leave, length of inflorescence, number of seeds/ inflorescence, total shoot dry weight. The results indicated that in both species the growth characterized and yield components were affected by increasing plant density. The vegetation growth, yield components and competitive ability of wheat was higher in low densities in comparison with wild Oat, while that of wild Oat was in adverse direction. Also plant growth characteristics and competition ability was increased at high density. Wheat had double competitive ability than Oat at extreme high density, while Oat was more competitive than wheat at low density.

Field experiments were carried out on sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L. in the fields of the general company for industrial crops, Dhuluiya (within the central region of Iraq) to study the effect of some plant growth regulators and herbicides, added at the beginning of tillers stage, in Sugar yield , quality and attendant weeds of sugarcane (Variety: Co196). Split Plot Design was used with four replications, the main plots included herbicides 2, 4-D, bentazone and a control treatment (without herbicide). Plant growth regulators GA3, daminozide, mefluidide and control treatment (without PGR) was included in sub plots . The results indicated that the use of mefluidide with 2,4-D has led to highest decrease in weed density with achieve highest percentage of control (80.61 and 76.60 %) for both years respectively , while use of GA3 alone led to highest increase . it was found that the use of GA3 with 2,4-D has led to highest increase in percentage of sucrose ( 11.97 and 13.79 % ) for both years respectively ,while effect of GA3 alone shows highest increase in Brix(16.83 and 15.98 %) for both years respectively , So that the use of GA3 with 2,4-D led to highest increase in Purity (83.41 and 83.91 % ) for both years respectively, while use of daminozide treatment led to highest decrease . The interaction effect of mefluidide with 2,4-D treatment caused highest increase in sugar yield with an increase 34 and 31 % for both years respectively

In order to determine the dermatophytosis infection in cattle, twenty scraping samples were collected from cattle showed clinical signs of skin disease in different areas in Diyala governorate during a period from November 2012 to May 2013. Results in cattle samples showed that 18 out of 20(90%) were positive for fungal infection. The highest percentage of infection was seen in November (50%), (30%) in February, and the lowest in March (20%). The main fungal species that isolated was Trichophyton verrucosum. A single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at a dose of 200 microgram/kg. was administered to the affected animals. Recovery was observed after 10 days after injection, started by scales dropping and appearance of the hair. These findings show that ivermectin can be used successfully in the treatment of dermatophytosis in bovine induced by immunopotentiation due to the elevation in the total white blood cells ( lymphocytes) after ivermectin injection.

Frost hardiness level in winter cereals is especially temperature dependent. The low temperature which kills 50% of plants (LT50) is considered to be a standard indicator of frost hardiness level of plant. Frost hardiness is considered the most important parameter for the field survival which is the ultimate measure of winter-hardiness of a cultivar. This study aimed to determine the genetic level of frost hardiness of five Middle Eastern varieties (Abu-Ghraib, Fatah, IPA 95, IPA 99, and Sham 6) in comparison to the European cultivar (Claire). All of the Middle Eastern varieties tested showed very similar LT50’sin the non-acclimated state, whilst when of acclimated they responded in different ways to freezing temperatures. Abu-Ghraib and Claire showed more tolerance than the other cultivars.

This research was carried out at the College of Agriculture - Diyala University during the period 02.07.2013 to 03.15.2013 with 60 of female broiler descended from the strain Ross 308، randomly selected and fed ad. libitum during periods starter ( 1-22 days )and growth (23 - 35 days) . Were slaughtered 20 females at every age of ages included in the study 25، 30، 35 days for the purpose of studying the effect of age on live body weight ، carcass weight gutted interior ، dressing percentage ، measure the length of the intestines ، weight and relative weight of the thighs ، breast ، wings ، liver ، heart ، gizzard ، pancreas and spleen. The birds were obtained from one of the fields civil in the area of Canaan – Diyala province . Measurements were carried out for the recipes studied results showed the following: 1- There is increasing highly significant ( p <0.01) in body weight (g) ، carcass weight gutted interior (g) ، the length of the intestine (cm) and a significant increase ( p <0.05) in liver weight (g)، the weight of the heart (g)، the weight of the pancreas (g)، spleen weight (g)، the weight of the thighs (g)، the weight of the breast (g)، the weight of the wings (g) and dressing percentage (%) of birds with age. In spite of the increase gizzard weight with age، but the differences were not significant. 2- The presence of decreasing highly significant( p <0.01) in the relative weight of the heart at the age of 35 days compared to the age of 25 and 30 days ، relative weight of the pancreas at the age of 35 days compared to the age of 25 days and relative weight of the gizzard with progress of the age of the bird. 3 - Age has no significant effect on the relative weight of the wings، thighs، breast and spleen . We conclude from this study that the increased weight of the bird with age increase carcass weight، dressing percentage، the length of the intestines، the weights of cuts (thighs، breast ، wings) ، the weights of Internal organs (liver ، heart، gizzard، pancreas، spleen) and reduce the relative weight of the heart ، gizzard and pancreas.

This research carried out in the laboratory of Technical Institute / Musayyib in 2011، has been tested six isolates local bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis on the first stage and the last of the larvae of a figs moth Ephestia cautela (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) reared on the artificial diets ، while treated control with water only. ، And took the percentage of mortality results after 2، 5، 8 days since results showed that the highest mortality rate of 96.6% on the eighth day in each of the isolates DE 1-8 and NA 2-1 and DE 2-3 when Concentration 1.2 × 106 spore /ml. While less kill ratio at treatment SL 4-1 in the concentration of 1.2 × 104 spore /ml، amounting to 23.3%. isolation DE 2-3 achieved the highest rate at 72.2% at the concentration 1.2 × 106 spore /ml. within eight days، while the lowest rate was 23.3% when isolation SL 4 -1 Concentration 1.2 × 104 spore /ml. The higher efficiency relative to Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria in the mortality of the last instar larvae of the insect fig moth Ephestia cautella rate has reached 34.7% in isolation DE 2-3 focus 1.2 × 106 after the fifth day، while less relative efficiency rate was 6.8% when SL 4-1 in isolation Focus 1.2 × 104. The overlap between the concentration and the periods of isolation has achieved higher mortality in DE 2-3 at 46.8% at the concentration of 1.2 × 106 spore /ml after 5 days of treatment either at least it was 0.00% in isolation SL 4-1 at the concentration of 1.2 × 104 spore /ml after 2 days of treatment. As for the larvae that has not reached the stage of the pupae is observed that the lowest rate could not be reached 52.6 when isolation DE 2-3 focus 1.2 × 106 spore /ml . Which differed significantly from the treatment comparison، while the percentage larvae that could not is when isolation SL 4-1 in Focus 1.2 × 104 at 94%، which did not differ significantly from the treatment comparison، either adult that emerged from these pupae There was no significant effect on emergence percentage compared to the treatment of comparison where the lowest percentage rise of 88.8% when isolation AN 8-3 consecration 1.2 × 106 spore /ml while did not differ the rest of the other treatments for the of control mortality. The mortality efficiency was shown in the last larval instar compared to the first .

An experiment was conducted at Horticulture Department Field – Agriculture College – Baghdad university , at silt clay loam soil to study the effect of the decomposed organic fertilizer levels (cow ,sheep ,poultry) manures at percent of (1:1:1:) at levels (0 , 5 and 10) % of furrow size.( M0 ,M1 and M2) ,and water stress (550,450 and 350 )mm of potato requirement of water ,( S1 ,S2, and S3 ). on aggregate stability and bulk density at maturing stage of potato and on electrical conductivity and soil reaction (pH) ,at tuber initial and maturing stage of potato . Randomized Complete Block Design was used at three replicates ,potato tubers were sown on 18 December 2012 . Results showed that organic fertilizer levels , water stress levels and their interactions increased aggregate stability and decreased bulk density significantly at the end of season . All organic fertilizer levels and water stress levels and their interactions increased electrical conductivity significantly at the two stages of plant growth . while these factors decreased soil reaction (pH) at the two stage of plant growth

This study was carried out to determining suitable of climate and soil factors for growing Barley in area of east Saadia that located between latitudes 33o 52 and 33o 13 north and longitudes 45o and 45o 10 east and is bordered to the north city of Jalawla and west city Saadia and eastward public road leading to the Khanaqin and south Hemrin mountain range. All operations were performed for evaluation of climate and soil factors using a special worksheet from FAO carried out using MS Excel to connect the results with soil units. The Excel file can be used this to make a style suitability evaluation of a set of important data. And by using ArcGIS was built and correct spatial databases and metadata and linked some to create a database of the study area is ready for process analysis (as selected land characteristics LC and the requirements of field crops CR) within the assessment and classification of current and future suitability of climate and soil factors to growth Barley, then export the results to ArcGIS program for producing digital maps and calculate the area of each class of suitability, as well as use other software such as DEM program for slope calculate. The results of the evaluation showed high suitability S1 of climate factors to Barley cultivation. The study found suitable land for the cultivation of this crop is below the level of agriculture and basin furrow irrigation showed very suitable for the cultivation of Barley S1 (7712) hectares percentage 34.75%, moderately suitable S2 (8568) hectares percentage 38.61%, marginally suitable S3 (3021) hectares, percentage 13.61%, currently unsuitable N1 (3613) hectares, percentage 16.28%. While below High level of management with full mechanization recorded, S1 (13367) hectares percentage 60.23%, moderately suitable S2 (7892) hectares percentage 35.56%, marginally suitable S3 (3021) hectares, percentage 13.61%, currently unsuitable N1 (1635) hectares, percentage 7.37 % respectively.

A field experiment was carried out in one of Yousifia village fields – Baghdad Province to investigate the effect of dried sewage on accumulation of some trace elements in calcarious clay loam textured soil and their effect on the growth and yield of Lettuce plant using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) of triplicates. The experiment included two treatments ,the first one using mineral fertilizers and the second treatment is using mineral fertilizers with 40 ton.ha-1 of dried sewage sludge , mixed with soil to a depth of 30 cm. Mineral fertilizers were applied to all treatments in an average of 180, 220 and 80 kg.ha1 of Urea (46% N) , super phosphate (20% P) and Potassium sulphate (41% K) respectively. Lettuce were planted on 2/11/2012 and irrigated with a river water after consumption of 75% of available water. In 18/2/2013 the plants were harvested randomly from each replicate , fresh and dry weight measured . Soil and leaves samples from all treatments were taken for analysis. Results showed: Significant reduction in soil pH and significant increase in each of these parameters : Concentrations of some trace elements (Zn , Mn, Pb, Cd) extracted by DTPA , leaf content of N, P, K, Zn, Mn and Pb. Plant growth and yield, soil content of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd while there was no effect on available cadmium concentration in soil or leaf content. In general the concentrations of trace elements were lower in soil and plant and did not reach the critical or toxic levels therefore there are no pollution by these elements in soil and plant. The results indicated the possibility of using sewage sludge as a good organic fertilizers in Iraqi calcareous soils without any pollution or accumumilation by trace elements in soil and plant.

A pot experiment was conducted during growing season 2012-2013 to evaluate the growth and seed production of wild Oat Avena fatua L. which had grown under different environmental condition . The study included two factors :The first was wild Oat seed burial in soil at 0.0 ، 1 ، 4 ، 8 cm. while the second factor ، it was grown under different rainfall 300 ، 400 ، 500 mm. The results showed that the seeds on soil surface or 1cm. depth in soil had supper pass significantly in percentage of emergences than 4 or 8 cm. depth in soil . On other hand ، plant that had emerged at 4cm. seed depth had significantly increased in number of tillers ، dry weight and seed production up to 65.2 ، 77.2 ، 89.1 % respectively according to plants had grown from seed on soil surface . However ، 500 mm. rainfall gave a good results in percentage of emergence ، number of tillers ، and dry weight per plant comparison with 300 or 400mm. rainfall. There is a gradually increasing in seeds production when the rainfall increased from 300 to 500mm. The interaction between 500mm. rainfall with seed burial at 4cm. in soil gave a high number of tillers ، high Dwt of plant and high seed production but with less percentage of wild Oat emergence if it compared with other treatment.

Field experiment was conducted to investigated the efficacy of tillage by chisel (Ch) or disk plow (Di) and herbicides by gramaxon (Gr.) or glyphosate (Gly) on controlling Cynodon dactylon at Hawiy location in the summer growth season 2012 in Nenavia province. The experiment was carried out as factorial experiment , the first factor was methods of weed control (plowing by Di or Ch one time ، Di or Ch two time with duration of 2 and 3 weeks، also Gr at 0.8 L/ha or Gly at 1.92 L/ha for one application ، Gr and Gly sprayed two times with duration 2 and 3 weeks after application. Weedy treatments with three time of taking plant samples were included. The second factor was the time of plant samples .The result showed that percentage of control was super pass in the time of plant samples. The percentage of control was 96.4% , 80.6% , 41.6% ,71.9% for treatments respectively . In general Di plowing was more effect on controlling C.dactylone than Gr. However Ch plowing in the second time of plant samples gave less effect on percentage of weed control (1.13%) with increasing number of plants (15.2 plant/m2),dry weight (317g/m2)and moisture content in plants (473.2g/m2) if it compare with unwedded treatment

The research aimed at determining the knowledge of peanut farmers in most important weeds damage that affect the crop and control methods in Jaloula area/ Diyala province. Also، to determine the knowledge of the farmers according to mechanical methods such as [ Flooding and tilling، hand pulling and mechanical pulling]، and chemical methods such as [ using herbicides before and after planting]. The research also aimed at knowing the farmers knowledge as related to some variables such as [ farmer's age، qualification، years of growing the crop، cultivated area، exposure to source of information].The population included all the villages (20). The sample was randomly selected in ratio of (25%) of the villages (5) village with (150) growers. Then stratified randomly sample was selected of ratio (40%) from the farmers which was (60 farmers).A questionnaire has been designed to measure the independent factors mentioned above as well as measuring the knowledge level of peanut farmers concerning weeds damage and its control. The results showed that (53.3%) of respondents had low level of knowledge about weeds damage and its control. Moderate level in the axis such as [ flooding and tillage ، hand pulling and mechanical pulling] by (55%، 48.3%، 0.47%). There was low ratio concerning chemical control in using herbicides before planting (46.7%) and high ration in using herbicides after planting significant correlation be tween knowledge level and some independent factors [age، qualification، exposure to information]، and no significant relationship with [ income، years of cultivation، cultivated The researcher recommended to enter the peanut farmers in training program concerning weed damage and its control . Also، recommended that the Ministry of Agriculture should supply tools and herbicides to the farmers in easy ways.

This study was conducted in the Department of Plant Protection - College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad in order to evaluate the effectiveness of urea in degradation aflatoxin B1 in sunflower meal bio‐available on broiler chickens type Fabro – CD. The Urea in concentration 5% caused the complete inhibition of the growth of fungus A. flavus and production of aflatoxin B1 and degradation it in sunflower meal. Results of bioassay proved that the presence of aflatoxin B1 at concentration 4.7 µg/g in sunflower meal in feed of chicken at one day age until 21 days caused significant reduction in chicken weight 12333, 286.67, and 360.0 gm and increased mortality 27% compared to the control treatment 186.67, 833.33 and 1066.67 gm and 0.0 respectively and weight of liver and spleen and gizzard 4.08, 0.19 and 8.96 gm/100gm compared to the control treatment 3.84,0.08and 6.53 gm/100gm and significant reduction in bursal fabricious weight and body weight 0.11 and 114.2 gm/100gm compared to the control treatment 0.16 and 270.4 gm/100 gm respectively. However , there was no significant difference in heart weight 0.90 compared to the control treatment 0.93.More ever , results showed that aflatoxin B1 caused significant reduction in blood characters , hemoglobin and number of red blood count RBC 5.29 gm/100gm and 1.81x10⁶ cell/ml³ measurement to the control treatment 8.78 gm/100gm and 2.39х10⁶ cell/ml³. However aflatoxin B1 achieved increase in number of white blood cell count WBC 22.96х10³ cell/ml³ and heterophills to lymphocytes ratio H : L was 0.47 measurement to the control treatment 19.48х10³ cell/ml³ and 0.24. Also , aflatoxin B1 changed the biochemical characteristics of blood , reduction in total protein , glucose and cholesterol 4.33, 1660.0 and 182.7 µg/100 ml and increased uric acid 9.67 gm/100ml compared to the control treatment 5.73, 176.7 and 192.7 µg/100 ml and 4.27 gm/100ml respectively with reduction of albumins (Pre-alb. , albumin , Postalb.) 1.61,17.43and 16.43% and globulins ( α , β , and γ globulin ) 13.66, 7.64 and 19.57% and transferrine 8.26% compared to the control treatment 2.51, 24.88 and 20.73% and 15.26, 11.55 and 25.65% and 10.11% respectively. As well as reduce the effectiveness of the enzymes GOT, GPT and ALP 67.3, 4.5 and 25.4 IU/ml compared to the control treatment 104.3, 9.8 and 32.4 IU/ml. Aflatoxin B1 reduced significantly moister and protein of liver 70.32 and 15.66% compared to control 77.00 and 17.76% and increased lipid ratio 11.78% with no difference in ratio of carbohydrates and ash 1.03 and 1.21% compared to the control treatment 5.98, 1.04 and 1.22% respectively. The urea 5% showed a significant improvement in the all studied characters and reduce the negative effect of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens.

This experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Department، College of Agriculture and Forestry، Mosul University- Iraq، on Dianthus caryophyllus L. plants cvs. Jeanne Dionis Blano (white flower) and Marie Chabaud Jaune (yellow flower)، to investigate the effect of pulsing treatments of two cultivars flowers at two concentrations of boric acid 200 and 400 mg/liter in addition to control treatment. The Factorial Experiment was conducted with Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment replicated three times with 3 flowers. The results were summarized as follows: Plants of white flowers cultivars manifested the significant results in vase life، water uptake، change in flower diameter percent after 3 days of vase life and The highest percentage of the concentration of total sugars in flower at initial stage of vase life. Flowers pulsed in 200 mg/liter of boric acid gave significant higher values of vase life 8.3 days، water uptake 17.48 cm3، change in fresh weight percent after 3 days of vase life 108.1%، flower diameter percent after 3 days of vase life122.9% and percentage of the concentration of total sugars in flowers at initial stage of vase life 0.31% comparison with control. . In general، pulsing treatment 24h with at 200 mg/liter of boric acid gave best results of vase life of two cultivars.

An experiment to study the influence of plant growth regulators (Salicylic acid and a synthetic cytokinin KT-30) on growth, flowering and bulbs characteristics of Narcissus plant (Narcissus poeticus) was conducted. Foliar sprays of four concentrations of both PGR's were applied; SA concentrations were 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/l. While KT–30 levels were 0, 3, 6, 9 mg/l. Narcissus plants were sprayed three times .The first one was applied 60 days after planting, the second spray after 20 days; the last application was carried out after 20 days from the second spray. The results were as follows: A concentration 80 mg/l of SA was superior on increasing plant height 22.74 cm; no. of branches/plant 4.90; leaf area 21.47 cm2; % of chlorophyll 19.88%; fresh weight 25.78 g; no. of flowers/plant 4.96; flower diameter 4.71 cm; vase life 6.04 days; no. of bulbs 2.95; fresh and dry weight of produced bulbs 11.66, 0.99 g respectively. Most of vegetative growth characters were improved when plants were sprayed with KT–30. The concentration 9 mg/l was more effective on plant height 22.66 cm; no. of leaves/plant 4.60; no. of branches/plant 6.60; leaf area 20.35 cm2; date of first flower appearance 104.00 days; no. of flowers/plant 5.13; flower diameter 6.32 cm; flower stem length 7.32 cm; vase life 6.21 days; dry weight of flowers 1.22 g; fresh weight of new bulbs 12.20 g. The interaction between the two studied factors was effective on more characters studied.

A field experiment was conducted at farm of Field Crops Depart, College of Agaric, Univ of Baghdad during the seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effect of spraying (MS) nutrition solution and boron only or together during the important stages of the plant faba beans the growth, yield and quality. A split plot on in with R. C. B. D. distribution was three replications. Levels of boron used 0,200, 400 mg.L-1.they were assigned to the main plots. While the number of spraying in three intervals (spray the plants with water only) and the treatment of two spray times before flowering and at flowering 25% and the treatment three spray times before and at flowering 25% and flowering 50% were assigned as sub plots. The results showed a significant effect of the number of times spraying (MS) nutrition solution on plant height, biological yield, chlorophyll content, fertility rate, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed weight, seed yield, protein and carbohydrates content, except Width pod in both seasons. The treatment that was sprayed two time give the highest plant 52.82و 63.33cm, number of branches. plant-1 5.03و 9.00 branch plant, biological yield 10.77 و 14.16 t.ha 1, chlorophyll content of 53.23 and 56.26 (Mu.gm.cm 1)2 number of pods per plant 6.06و 12.00 Pod ،seed weight 1312 و 1299mg, total seed yield 6.56 and 6.97t.ha 1, ratio of protein 26.26و 25.84% and carbohydrate 24.25 و 25.01% for two seasons respectively. While the treatment that was sprayed three times gave the longest pods 18.19و 16.22cm ،fertility rate 8.12و 13.33%، number of seeds.Pod-1.,4.57و 3.78 for two seasons respectively, harvest index 63.12% for the first season only. Significantly influenced levels of boron and interaction in most traits, except width Pod in both seasons. The results showed that the highest seed yield 7.37و 8.80 t.ha1- of significant interaction between two sprays times of (MS) nutrition solution with concentration of 200 mg.L-1 of the boron during two seasons respectively.

A field experiment was carried out in the autumn season 2013 at ALHawija district 60 km west Kirkuk city to Performance evaluation of three maize hybrids (DKC 6842, DKC 6610 and Tietar) to two plant densities (66667 and 88889 plant/ha) and three nitrogen fertilizer (300, 350 and 400 kg urea/ha) by using RCBD design in split-split plot with three replications، the main plots represented by the plant density، sub plots represented by nitrogen fertilizer levels and sub-sub plots were represented by the hybrids. The results showed a significant differences between two plant densities for traits no. of days to 50% tassilling and plant height only، so a significant differences between nitrogen fertilizer levels in traits no. of days to 50% tassilling and silking، plant height and ear height. Any traits of yield and it's components for plant did not affected significantly to plant density and fertilizer levels. The hybrids significantly differ in all traits were studied except ear height and 500 grain weight. The hybrids response for nitrogen fertilizer was more than it's response to plant density، the hybrid DKC 6842 were more response than other hybrids to nitrogen fertilizer and plant density.

A study was carried out on the compound subsoil plow with moldboard which designed at the department of Agricultural machines and equipment, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah by adding the mold board plow to the subsoil plow to operate co-ordinately within the compound subsoil plow. Two types of plows were used , subsoil plow alone after removal of moldboard plow with three singular treatments for tillage depths S30 , S40 and S50 and subsoil plow with six double treatments for tillage depths S30M20, S40M20, S40M30, S50M20, S50M30 and S50M40 into silty clay soil with two moisture levels. Soil moistures were (1) 18.01% and (2) 27.34%, to study the drag force that the plow requires and the area of disintegrated soil to evaluate the field performance. Results showed a significant increase in drag force which reached 44.29 and 71.07% for both plows respectively, when tillage depth increased from 30 to 50 cm. Soil moisture 2 was superior on 1 in drag force. The double combinations of compound subsoil plow (S30M20, S40M20, S40M30, S50M20, S50M30 and S50M40) surpassed the singular treatments (S30, S40 and S50) in the area of disintegrated soil for all tillage depth and both soil moistures. The area of integrated soil was higher with the lower soil moisture. To obtain better mechanical assembly for plow, the compound subsoil plow gave the best field performance with deeper tillage depths with soils of lower moisture contents.

This study was conducted on the floor coverings deployed in the Atroosh City in the province of Dohuk which are located in northern Iraq between longitudes 43º 17 23.207 - 43º 26 43.598 and latitudes 36º 49 12.363 - 36º 53 14.208 and heights ranging from level Searbin637—1404m and an area of96.58 km2 . Featuring site Atrush occurrence within the formations of the mountainous region , which has many different plant covers , where in natural broadleaf , needle , mixed , as well as natural pastures and agricultural land , has been part of these forests to fires in different periods. For the purpose of classification of the study area for various blankets and plant areas of forest fires , we have based on the field survey to identify ground control points by using GPS for the purposes of classification, and also used the satellite image of satellite Pleiades captured on 06.02.2013 by resolution 2m for the purpose of classification , where we conduct the classification process is directed classification unsupervised the satellite image , and showed the result of classification we get 10 classes , namely forests burned , forests broad-leaved forests, needle , mixed forests , soil , grass and jungles , pastures , agricultural land , roads, buildings and Mnchaouat and rocks , have been identified and compared with Ground control points and the 135 points, where was calculated classification accuracy of the satellite image and evaluated , based on the standards used for such studies , a matrix of errors Error Matrix to the percentage of each classes and the map as a whole , and the accuracy of the seed 85.18% , the measure was also adopted to calculate the Kappa statistical precision as this scale measures the degree of difference between the ground control points that have been taken and the changes that have been classified in Category stomach map of the site itself and compare, and were 84.56%.

Implemented a field experiment in the area of AL-Salam- Diyala province during the growing season in 2013 to study the effect of genotype and fertilizer liquid organic in growth and yield, and included workers; first cultivation of four genotypes of sweet peppers, imported recently to Iraq, E 41 Dutch origin of the company Enzazaden; Louay The source of the company imported Al-Reef AI-khadra Baghdad; Denver comes from Holland; Gedeon and originating from India, and the second Foliar nutrient and organic ensures acid of Humic concentration of 75 ml per 100 liters of water which is produced by Humin Tech German, and compost vegetable Alga cefo 3000 concentration of 300 g / 100 liters of a production company Sipho Italian, and treatment comparison (sprayed with distilled water only). Applied according to experience cutting system dissident Split plot in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and contained 12-treatment and three replications. Seedlings planted permanent place on 23 \ 3 \ 2013, and use a drip irrigation system. Seemed to spray fertilizer after two weeks of Agriculture and adopted at a rate of one workshop in every ten days to the end of the crop. The results showed marked by genotype Denver qualities along the germination and the number of branches and number of fruits and average fruit weight and yield / plant and total yield, while characterize genotype E41 qualities stem diameter and average fruit weight and percentage of total soluble solids and vitamin C, and characterize the genotype Louay qualities plant height and thickness of the leg. Excelled pepper plants treated manure Alga cefo 3000 qualities yield / plant and total yield and average fruit weight and the proportion of total dissolved solids and vitamin C, Panama characterized treatment plant fertilizer Humic length of the plant, number of branches and stem diameter and number of fruits.

This study was conducted in the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture \ Diyala University in the winter season 2012 \ 2013 to investigate the effectiveness of some plant extracts water in recipes growth of seedlings of four genotypes of pepper in the experience of a victorial included workers ;The first: genotypes where used four hybrids of crop peppers are E41 . Louay , Denver and Gedeon. The second factor is the plant extracts included water extracts of black cumin concentration of 0.05 and an aqueous extract of the seeds of the sweet fennel concentration of 0.05 and a combination aqueous extract of the seeds of the black cumin and sweet fennel 1:1 concentration of 0.05 distilled water and the treatment comparison (without soak workshops), according to the design of randomized Full (RCBD) and three replications.Soak the seeds for a period of twenty-four hours in the water extracts and then planted in plastic dishes capacity Forty seedlings using peat moss as a medium transplantation, and a week after the integration of germination was sprayed transactions themselves with the same tripe first and then re-spray again after a week of spray first, tested significant differences between averages for recipes according to test less significant difference LSD and at the level of probability 0.05. The research includes the study of seedlings specifications included; along the seedling and the seedling stem diameter and number of leaves \ seedlings and the number of nodes \ seedlings and root length.The results showed that seedlings genotypes Gedeon and Louay outperformed significantly in recipes along the seedling, stem diameter, number of leaves and root length reaching them 19.77, 18.40 cm and 5.234, 5.102 mm and 13.52, 13.60 and paper \ seedlings and 8.81, 8.59 cm, respectively. While the superiority of genotype Gedeon on the rest of the decade, the number of genotypes reached 10.32 knots \ seedlings. Distinguish the combination extract, black cumin and sweet fennel in most specifications seedlings where he scored the highest length of the seedlings was 21.98 cm and the best Qatar leg 5.846 mm and the largest number of papers 14.87 paper and more number of nodes 11.85 knots and the longest root was 10.41 cm.

This study was conducted evaluation to the genetic parameters for seven genotypes of tomato.( Lycopersicun esculentum.Mill) are: (local, Polaris, SG112, Sumaya, Red Rock, Sun, Mercar) under the effect of three types of fertilizers are: (poultry manure, Alheiomk compounds, chemical fertilizers) in Diyala governorate during the 2012 spring planting season, according to Strip- Plot Design with three replications to study the genotype effect and types of fertilizer in the yield characters of quantitative and qualitative. and some genetic parameters . The results of the variance analysis showed significant differences between the mean for all varieties squares studied characters and the superiority of the product Mercar genotype plant gave the being of 4.788 kg / plant, and significant effect between the types of fertilizers for all characters except for firmness and total acidity. As the interaction between genotype and types of fertilizers no significant effect for all characters and yield highest per plant was 7.348 kg / plant when the interaction with poultry manure cultivar Mercar. The broad sense heritability was high for all characters except (TSS), which was medium. It also showed the genetic variation and phenotypic difference significant for all characters except (TSS) of the genetic variation, while the differences did not significant for environmental variation for all characters . The percentage of genetic improvement was expected for the high qualities of the average fruit weight and number of fruits and ratio of soluble solids TSS and the degree of firmness and the average for the rest of characters. It was not the genetic correlation between moral qualities while the link environmental and positive treatment effect between the number of fruits and yield of plant and better correlation phenotypic was negative and significant treatment effect between the number of fruits and average fruit weight .

This experiment was carried out in the experimental station of the College of Agriculture ، University of Baghdad during summer season of 2012 and 2013 . The main objective was to find out the effect of 1st cutting after over winter (mid. of Feb. ، beginning of March and mid. of March)were assigned as a main plots and foliar application of N at four conc. (0,1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/L)were assigned as a sub-plots on seed yield and It`s components in a local cultivar of alfalfa, The experiment was layout according to split plots arrangement in (R.C.B.D.)with three replication. Results show that، in 1st season. The 1st cutting after winter only significantly influenced on number of pods per racemes. Since، plants cutting on mid. of march gave highest number of pods per raceme (11.32).while the other components and seed yield were not significantly influenced by the date of 1st cutting after over winter. In 2nd season ، date of cutting had significant effect only on number of pods per raceme ، number of racemes per stem and seed yield . In both seasons ، Foliar application of N had significant effect on all seed yield components and seed yield except number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight . As average for two seasons ، higher seed yield ( 877.5kg/ ha ) can be obtained from stands first cutting date on mid. of march and sprayed with N at beginning of flowering stage with conc. Between 1000 – 2000 mg/ L.

A field experiment was carried out in Diyala province / Al-Muqdadiya district during growing season 2011-2012.The aim of present study was to control Imperata cylindrical L. grown in pomes grant orchard using glyphosate in two application methods, first by knapsack spryer in rate (1.8kg ai/ h) and the second use rope-wick wiper technique in different rate (1 L herbicide diluted with water from 1- 6 L ). The experiment was set out as factorial design in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed superiority T2(1:1 )(herbicide: water ) in killing degree up 6.24 ,and T2(1: 1herbicide : water) and T3 (1:2 herbicide : water) gave less average in percentage of regrowth caused and go we 8.16,7.87 respectively Time periods 60 and 90 day after control high killing degree up 5.02 , 5.03 and reduce percentage of regrowth up to 6.45 ,6.68 respectively .Moreover the efficacy of glyphosate in weed continue until 360 day after application . as well caused significant effect in reducing height Imperata cylindrica L. the T5(1:4 herbicide : water ) gave less height 74.33cm. and T2,T4,T5 gave reduction in dry weight 127.00,125.67and 129.67 gm/m², respectively. T4 gave less dry weight of rhizomes 141.33 gm/m², and with wipe technique get good and satisfactory result specially T2(1:1 herbicide : water ) which gave 68.11 % control compared with T8 (1.8kg ai/ h)as application spray 49.62%.

Afield experiment of flaxseed was carried out during the growing Seasons of 2010- 2011 and 2011- 2012 in clay soil in the college of Agriculture of university of Mosul . The experimental design was split- split plot design according to the complete random block design (RCBD) with two replications which involve soaking seeds at three levels of concentrations the first is iron (0. 5, 1, 1.5 % Fe sub subplot. The second is three levels of nitrogen fertilization (urea 45%), (0, 100, 200) kg N.h-1 as sub plot under rain fed only and with. Supplementary irrigation as main plot. The results revealed that:1- The addition of (100 kg N.h-1) of Nitrogen fertilization led to significant increasing in Total phenolic for the first season of growing, while (100 and 200) kg N.h-1 led to significant Superiority of Antioxidant active for the first and second Seasons of growing. 2- The soaking seeds of 1% Fe iron concentration led to significantly increase in total phenolic in the first and second seasons, whereas the soaking of 1% and 1.5% Fe led to significant increase Antioxidant active in the first and second seasons of growing . 3- The supplementary irrigation led to significant increase of total phenolic in the second season of growing. While the Antioxidant active gained significant increase at rain fed for the first and second seasons .The second order interactions between different factors show significantly differences in the studied characters.

Implemented field experiment to grow the crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) class Ingath of the autumn season 2012 in the fields of the General Company for Horticulture and Forestry- Zaafaraniya / Ministry of Agriculture , south of Baghdad. In the soil of silty clay according to design were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications, which included major treatment proportions of moisture depletion as added irrigation water after depleting 50%, 70%, 90% of available water to plant, and included secondary plots the depth of the irrigated zone is D1 (0-30 cm) from the beginning of planting to the harvest and the second depth D2 (0-10 cm) from agriculture to the beginning of the vegetative growth stage, then increase depth of irrigated zone (0-20 cm) to the beginning of flowering, and (0-30 cm) to the end of physiological maturity. This experiment is designed to study the effect of the proportions of moisture depletion and the depth of irrigated zone on the plant growth of sorghum and estimate the water consumption of the crop under conditions of Iraq center . Calculated the amount of water added for each irrigate for compensate depletion moisture during the growing season, depending on measurements of the water content weighted method . Estimate the actual water consumption by measuring the water content of the soil after irrigation and before next irrigate on the length of the growing season. Calculate reference evapotranspiration By the PenmanMonteith modified equation . Calculate the crop coefficient (Kc) , the yield response factor (Ky) and field water use efficiency (WUEf) and crop water use efficiency (WUEc) . Has been studying factor of yield of the main results can be summarized that have been obtained, including the following: The highest grains yield (6428) kg.h-1 from at treatment of T1D1, and reached less yield grains (3622) kg.h-1 at treatment of T3D2. The treatment T1D1gave highest bio-yield reached 25.187 ton.h-1and the T3D2 treatment gave the less bio-yield 11.578 ton.h-1 . Moisture depletion treatments , depth of the irrigated zone and the interaction between them didn't have a significant impact on (WUEc , WUEf) , treatment T2D2gave the highest value of WUEc , WUEf reached to (1.06, 1.09) kg of grain.m-3 respectively, while the treatment T3D2given lower value to WUEc , WUEf reached to (0.88, 0.92) kg of grain.m-3, respectively . treatment T3 gave the highest value of yield response factor Ky reached (1.05 to 1.21) for D1 and D2, respectively. This means that these two treatments were more sensitive to the deficit of irrigation from the rest of the other treatments that Ky values have ranged between (0.63 to 0.87).