Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

Drugs induced nephrotoxicity now considered as an essential reason for kidney failure. Aminoglycoside anti-infection agents, for example, gentamicin, which causes ototoxicity and nephrtotoxicity as a side effect , this research is centered around the utilization of natural materials as an antioxidants against the lethal oxidative activity that applied on the kidney cells ,the most imperative one of these materials is the honey. This work aimed to assess the defensive impact of citrus honey against the histopathological and biochemical harms of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity .24 locally breed rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used and divided into 4 study groups (6 rabbits per each group), group 1 received I.P daily dose of normal saline (control), group 2 received (80 mg/kg/day) I.P dose of gentamicin, group 3 received (80mg/kg/day) of gentamicin I.P dose in combination with oral dose of Citrus Honey625 mg/kg/day for 14 days and group 4 received (80mg/kg/day) of gentamicin I.P dose in combination with extra dose of Citrus Honey orally for 14 days. All animals (at 15th day) were anesthetized by ether and sacrificed; blood samples were gathered for the subsequent measurement of the serum creatinine, urea and albumin while an isolated kidney was kept in 10 % of formaldehyde for the histopathological examination. The results demonstrated that gentamicin causes nephrotoxicity showen by elevation of serum level of creatinine, urea and a decrease in the serum albumin. While the administration of honey in combination with gentamicin reduced the nephro-toxic effect of gentamicin that represented by a reduction of the serum creatinine and urea with improvement of the kidney histological findings.This study concluded that, honey decreased nephrotoxic effect of gentamicin

This study aimed to identify the serological and hematological changes which were associated with diarrhea in calves. The study conducts on 62 calves their age range from 1 month to 6 months. The experiment started from September 2018 to March 2019. The samples consist of 42 calves with diarrhea and 20 healthy for comparison. Blood samples were taken for blood components and biochemical determination. The study showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in hemoglobin, PCV and white blood cells (p≤0.01). The biochemical tests showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in globulin, potassium and phosphorus ions. Significant decrease (p≤0.05) was occurred in albumin and sodium, and no significant changes in total protein level and chloride ions concentration.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare on anatomical bases between the different types of nerve graft, autograft, collagen tubes (natural polymers), and acellular epineurial nerve sheaths (biological conduits), which included acellular rabbit nerve graft and acellular rat nerve graft.
Fourty local breaded rabbits were used and divided into four groups, each of ten rabbits. Then each group was subdivided again into two subgroups according to time of scarifying, which was after 45 days and 3 months post operation.
All animals were undergone surgical operation on the right thigh and sciatic nerve of 8-10mm section was sectioned at the mid thigh, and the gap was replaced with the previous graft types comparison was made between the right (experimental) and left thighs (control) side. Samples from proximal, middle and distal stumps were taken to evaluate the regeneration process.
The gross results revealed that, most animals developed ulcer formation and others with bone exposure. All animal groups of both periods showed delay latency. All these manifestations appeared as a subsequent of Wallerian degeneration with effects of nerve graft guidance extra cellular matrix, Schwann-macrophage interactions, neurons death and surgical scarring.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in afflicted Iraqi women. All studіеs іn recant yеаrs have іndіcatеd thаt Еpstеіn - Bаrr vіrus (ЕBV) іs аssocіatеd wіth cеrtaіn cаncеrs, іncludіng brеаst cancеr. Thе еаrly dеtеctіon of brеаst cаncеr іs thе bеst solutіon to control thе dіsеаsе. Thе purposе of thіs study іs to rеvеаl thе rеlatіonshіp bеtwееn ЕBV аnd brеаst cаncеr іn Kіrkuk cіty womеn. Thе study іncludеd thе blood sаmplіng of femаlе wіth brеаst cancеr іn thе аgеs of 23 to 88 yеars for thе pеrіod from Sеptеmbеr 2018 to Aprіl 2019. Thе total numbеr of samplеs was 100 blood samplеs for womеn wіth brеast cancеr and 10 blood samplеs of hеalthy womеn dіd not havе any dіsеasеs іn thе brеast as control to sеrologіcal analysіs was done usіng thе ЕLІSА dеvіcе to dеtеct ЕBNА-1ІgM аnd ЕВNА-1 ІgG in all sample. The results showed that (76%) of breast cancer womensample were positіvе for ЕBNА-1 ІgG While ІgM аppеаrеd nеgаtіvе in all samples, Thе hіghеst іncіdеncе of ЕВNA-1 ІgG іn female with brеаst cancеr іn thе currеnt study wаs аgеd (56 to 65) yеаrs 22% .
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ЕBV may have а role or а rеlаtіonshіp with brеаst cancer.

This work involved investigating bacterial pollution of medical wastes produced by shredder autoclave at some local hospitals in Iraq. A modulation has been introduced to ensure sterilization performance through the use of Ultraviolet light on the hazardous wastes after being processed by shredder autoclave with different retention times at optical density of 270 nm in order to control the full killing of all kind of microbial life according to the environmental limits. The bacteria recovered from the wastes were identified through routine microscopically and biochemical tests and the results revealed the following species: Acinetobacter baumanii, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium difficilie, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed ability of these bacteria to re-generate in the produced solid medical wastes within the periods of 72 hours that reaches up to 20 cell / ml, while the use of UV light in a retention time of 15 min. was able to destroy all bacterial growth in the same period of 72 hours.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common diseases. Health care workers in all countries of the world are concerned with the early detection and prevention of kidney diseases. Several novel diagnostic markers are being under investigation nowadays. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors are examples.
Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of tumor necrosis factor α receptor 1 (TNFR1) as a biomarker for detection of renal dysfunction.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out for the period from February to June 2019 and included 180 patients (their ages were between 19 and 85 years old) and were divided into 60 patients with renal impairment, 60 hemodialysis patients, and 60 patients with normal renal function (as a control group). Each group included patients with hypertension, patients with diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive- diabetic patients.
The patients were attended to Center of Kidney Disease and Transplantation, Dialysis Unit of Baghdad Teaching Hospital – Medical City , Dialysis Unit of Tikrit Teaching Hospital and private laboratory in Samarra City.
Urine sample was collected from each patient for bacteriological study and detection the level of TNFR1.
Results: The most common pathogen isolated from cultured samples was Escherichia coli. Concentration of urinary TNFR1 in hypertensive and or diabetic with normal kidney function compared with hypertensive or and diabetic renal impairment did not differ statistically significant.
Conclusion: Urinary level of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) is not important in the diagnosis of renal impairment with the presence of hypertension and or diabetes mellitus. Through statistical comparisons of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) group and those without UTI group , it seems that UTI does not affect the diagnostic ability of urinary TNFR1. We recommend future studies focusing on serum level of the receptors mentioned above to test their diagnostic potential in renal impairment. In addition, investigating the effect of the immunological causes of renal impairment on the level of TNFR, both in urine and serum.

The current study was conducted to determine the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in patients presented to Emergency Department, General, Educational Baquba Hospital, and Al-Batool Hospital in Baquba City, Diyala Province, Iraq, on the dependence of Serological Examinations from November 2018 to February 2019.
Blood samples were collected from, 30 young females, 218 adult women, 49 young males and 203 adult men, Total, 500, suffered from different disease conditions (pregnancy troubles, hormonal disturbances, diabetes, healthy etc..). Latex Agglutination Test (LAT), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), were used to evaluate the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies.
The results showed that, the percentage of positive reactors recorded by LAT test were 205 /500; 41 %, of which, 99\500; 19.8% in adult women, 7/500; 1.4% in young women, 81/500; 16.2% in adult men and 18/500; 3.6% in young men. While in ELISA, 22\100 ; 22%. Titer level of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies ranged between (1/2 to 1/128). The infections were higher in adult women and men than young persons. The infections were higher in women than men.
In conclusion, titer levels referred that the patient suffer from chronic or carrier state.

During the period from March till the end of October 2018, a total of 60 specimens of Carasobarbus luteus (Cyprinidae) were collected from Tigris River passing through Baghdad city and examined for seeking and identify the Myxobolus infection. The results of examination revealed that these fishes were infected with six species of genus Myxobolus including M. feisti (1.66%) from tissue of gills, M. gigi (1.66%) from spleen, M. impressus (3.33%) from kidney, M. musajevi (1.66%) from kidney, M. phylloides (1.66%) from kidney and M. suturalis (1.66%) from kidney. These six species were recorded in the present study for the first time in Iraq. The description and measurements of these papasites are presented.

The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of alcoholic extract (methanol - ethanol) and flavonoids by diffusion methods of wells of Salvia officinalis L. and Costus speciosus L. plants on Escherichia . coli and Proteus spp. isolated from patients with urinary tract infection Samarra city, the samples were collected during the period from 15/7/2018 to 30/9/2018, It was found through the results that the extracts plant that used in this study showed various inhibitory effect against, The bacteria species study imitation , where on differ this effect by difference the concentration that used and type the plant extract , showing E.coli significant difference at significant (p< 0.05) in inhibition diameter of alcoholic (methanol) extract for Salvia officinalis L. (10.61±7.5) at higher concentration used, while these bacteria showed on significant difference in the level of inhibition diameter of alcoholic (ethanolic) extract for Salvia officinalis L., whereas the flavonoids Netted significant difference of these plant in some of concentration that used comparied with the antibiotic that used in this study. Either regarding proteus spp. bacteria notted no significant difference of both the Costus speciosus L. and Salvia officinalis L. by using the alcoholic (ethanolic) extract, while the flavonoids extract showed no significant difference in Costus speciosus L., whereas showed high significant difference in flavonoids extract of Salvia officinalis L., due to the fact that the flavonoids extract is one of the active substance that done laboratory extraction for both the plants where that higher inhibitory effect of microbial growth from the alcoholic (ethanolic – methanolic) extract of plants .

This study was conducted to determine four heavy metals including copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in the sediments of the Tigris river for a distance of 3,500 km for the time period autumn2012 – summer 2013.This is the first time that such a study carried out by the river sediments so studies on the Tigris river about sequential extraction to compare them with the results of the research not available, total concentrations recorded of Cu )11.23-12.1)µg/g, Zn (39.6-41.03) µg/g, Pb (115.82-117.34) µg/g,Cd (4.1-4.34) µg/g dry weight, the distribution in the sediment layers, exchangeable metal ion recorded of Cu (0.42-0.44) µg/g, Zn (0.32-0.33) µg/g, Pb (0.22-0.25) µg/g, Cd (0.15-0.17) µg/g dry weight, and layer of carbonate bound of Cu( 1.6-1.63) µg/g ,Zn (4.47-6.71) µg/g, Pb (0.2-0.22) µg/g , Cd (1.44-2.17) µg/g dry weight, and the metal layer of Cu (1.26-1.41) µg/g, Zn (15.84-17.07) µg/g, Pb (46.38-49.46) µg/g, Cd (1.9-2.17) µg/g dry weight, concentration of organic layer Cu (7.85-8.67) µg/g, Zn (17.63-17.96) µg/g, Pb (68.57-67.48) µg/g, Cd (0.58-0.86) µg/g dry weight. The arrangement of total concentration Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd (4,42-12,09-41,69-116,88) µg/g dry weight. Distribution of Cu organic layer> carbonate bound> metal layer> exchangeable metal ion (8,41-1,78-1.52-0.35) µg/g dry weight, Zn metal layer> organic layer> carbonate bound> exchangeable metal ion (18.99-17,58-5.52-0.29) µg/g dry weight, Pb organic layer>metal layer> exchangeable metal ion> carbonate bound (66.42-49.81-0.22-0.2) µg/g dry weight, Cd metal layer> carbonate bound> organic layer> exchangeable metal ion (2.02-1.87-0.91-0.18) µg/g dry weight .The high concentration recorded in four station, these results indicated that the possibility of using sequential extraction for the detection of the distribution of metals and determine the impact of diversity through release them to the aquatic environment, all concentration mentioned are rate they aren’t single value.

Complexes of the type [M (Et2DTC)2]2 [M= Zn(1) or Hg(2)] were prepared from the reaction of mercury acetate or zinc acetate with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (NaEt2DTC.3H2O) in (1:2) molar ratio (metal: ligand) in mixture of MeOH and H2O as a solvent. Treatment equal molar of (1) or (2) with diphosphine ligands {where diphos: bis (diphenylphosphino) methane (dppm), 1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane (dppe) and 1,3-Bis (diphenylphosphino) propane (dppp)} afforded complexes of the type [Zn(Et2DTC)2(dppeO)] (3); [Zn(Et2DTC)2(dpppS)] (4a); [Zn(Et2DTC)2(dppp)] (4b); [Hg(Et2DTC)2(dppm)] (6a); [Hg(Et2DTC)2(µ-dppm)]2(6b); [Hg(Et2DTC)2(dppe)](7) and [Hg(Et2DTC)2(dppp)](8), or with two moles of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) afforded a complexes of the type [M(κ1-Et2DTC)2(PPh3)2] (5a, 9a) and [M(κ2-Et2DTC)2(PPh3)2] (5b, 9b) {M= Zn, Hg}. The prepared complexes were fully characterized by different technics such as IR, NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity. Characterization data showed that the (Et2DTC) ligand in all of the prepared complexes was coordinated with metal through the sulfur atoms of CSS- group. The geometry of the complexes (1-9) were tetrahedral around the Zn(II) and Hg(II) ions, except isomers 5b and 9b are octahedral geometry. .

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was described for the determination of Meropenem in pure and in pharmaceutical formulations. 2,3 dichloro 5,6 dicyano 1,4 benzoquinone(DDQ)has been used for determination of meropenem by formation of charge transfer complex measured at 345 nm.Beer᾽s law is obeyed in the concentration range of (0.625-12.5µg/ml) The molar absorptivity (2.3889×104)l.mol1-.cm1-,Sandellʹs sensitivity index is 0.0161µg.cm2-,The method is precise (relative standard deviation RSD% is better than ±3.32%) and accurate (relative error in the range of -0.97 to-0.60%) depending on the concentration level.
The method was applied succefully to the assay of Meropenem in pharmaceutical preparation in the form of injection.

Mishrif Formation (Late Cenomanian) has been studied in four oilfields in southern Iraq, and studied samples were examined by mineralogy and geochemistry analysis using XRF and XRD techniques.
The mineralogical study reveals that dolomite and calcite are the main minerals in the rock formation in studied oil fields, whereas quartz and clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite) represent secondary minerals composition. For geochemical classification of Mishrif rock, Ca/Mg ratio was applied and this reveals that Calcitic Limestone is a major type in studied samples.
The paleo - salinity has been examined by using Ca/Mg and Mg/Ca ratios and they referred to moderate salinity during deposition. Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios have been applied to measure paleo-temperature, so infer a moderate paleo-temperature for Mishrif Formation in studied samples. Based on the comparison between low Sr/Ca and the relatively high Ca/Mg ratios, infer that a dolomitization process played the main role among diagenesis processes.

This research is based on (23) Samples selected from the Avanah Formation (Middle Eocene) in the Geli Bessri section in Dohuk to recognize the microfacies and depositional environments. The Avanah Formation consists of rocks of marly limestone and limestone containing Alveolina and thin layers of sandstone lithofacies found in the lower part of the Formation. The depositional environment was determined depending on skeletal and non- skeletal grains. The facies of the Avanah Formation were divided into four main microfacies and four submicrofacies based on skeletal and non- skeletal grains: The mudstone and wackestone, which is divided into benthic foraminifera wackestone and Rotaliids wackestone, the Formation also contains the packstone which is divided into the Rotaliid - Miliolid Lime packstone submicrofacies and benthic foraminifera lim packstone submicrofacies, in addition to the lime grainstone and also contains the Sandstone lithofacies located at the bottom of the Formation. The Avanah Formation in the middle and upper part is subjected to diagenesis process early dolomization and it is observed this through floating dolomite rohmb. According to the results of the facies analysis and the presence of foraminifera fossils, the Formation was deposited in open marine platform to restricted platform interior.

The aim of the current study is to measure the Specific activity of the radio nuclides, Risk indicators and annual doses in selected soils samples for the residential and agriculture areas in Kirkuk governorate by using the spectroscopy technique of high-purity germanium detector where 10 soil samples were collected at depth of 20 cm. The present study shows that radioactivity results for the isotopes were as the following: Radium 226Ra, Actinium 228Ac and potassium 40K are (27.6±4.1-43.3±5.4 Bq.kg-1) with average value (32.86±4.95 Bq.kg-1) and (12.4±0.8-28.12±4.2 Bq.kg-1) with average value (20.492±2.77 Bq.kg-1) and (225±9.2-327±12.1 Bq.kg-1) with average value (268.76±9.06 Bq.kg-1) respectively. The factor Raeq Radium equivalent (63.966-92.759 Bq.kg-1) and the radioactivity concentration (I_γ) (0.469-0.666 Bq.kg-1), Hazardous factors of internal and external are (0.366280-0.247378 Bq.kg-1) (0.172784-0.249254 Bq.kg-1) respectively. The air absorbed does (D_γ) (30.332-43.185) nGy.h-1, while the Risk indicator for the internal and external annual effective dose were (0.148797-0.220033) mSv.y -1 and (0.037199-0.052963) mSv.y -1 respectively. The comparison of the present results present a good agreement with the acceptable standard values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and has not influences on the health, environment and agriculture.

In this work, the structural and optical properties of V2O5 have been presented. Thin films were manufactured by the RF magnetron sputtering process. The nanostructures and some optical properties of deposit thin films at different sputtering RF power in a plasma chamber were investigated. The structural investigation was performed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results obtained from both methods have revealed that as-deposited films were polycrystalline in nature. The texture of the films was observed that , the crystallite and grain size were increased with increasing the sputtering power. Optical properties were determined by transmission measurements in the spectral range from (250 to 1100 nm) . An Optical energy gap of sputtered films and its dependency to sputtering power of plasma have been measured. It was found that the energy gap decreased with increasing the used power. The energy band gap was found to be in the ranged of (3.02 eV to 2.90 eV) when the sputtering power varying from (75 nm to 150 Watt).

The aim of this study the mathematical model of the type SIS, healthy prey is infected by disease and the study proved that solution and restrictive in which the molecular system do not have periodic boundaries, then it discussed the stability of those points. the study also showed how to control the disease using the harvest so as not to become an epidemic.

The Grasshopper optimization algorithm showed a rapid converge in the initial phases of the global search, however while being around the global optimum, the searching process became so slow. On the contrary, the gradient descending method around achieved faster convergent speed global optimum, and the convergent accuracy was showed to be higher at the same time. As a result, the proposed hybrid algorithm combined Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) along with the back-propagation (BP) algorithm, also referred to as GOA–BP algorithm, was introduced to provide training to the weights of the feed forward neural network (FNN), the proposed hybrid algorithm can utilize the strong global searching ability of the GOA, and the intense local searching ability of the Back-Propagation algorithm. The results of experiments showed that the proposed hybrid GOA–BP algorithm was better and faster in convergent speed and accuracy than the Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) and BP algorithm.

In this paper we can derive a new search direction of conjugating gradient method associated with (Dai-Liao method ) the new algorithm becomes converged by assuming some hypothesis. We are also able to prove the Descent property for the new method, numerical results showed for the proposed method is effective comparing with the (FR, HS and DY) methods

An ideal A of a semiring S is called k-ideal if for any two elements r∈A and x∈S such that r+x∈A, then x∈Aʺ. This leads us to introduce the new concept feeble ring as generalization of k-ideal. Several basic properties, example and characterization of this concept are given. Moreover, the study investigate relationship of feeble ring with other classes.