AL-ADAB JOURNAL

Metadiscourse markers refer to the linguistic elements that establish a relationship between the writers and the readers, the current study has conducted a quantitative analysis to measure the distribution and frequencies of metadiscourse markers in the texts of English trade agreements. The study has adopted the classifications of Hyland (2005); these classifications been applied to four English trade agreements obtained from official websites; four extracts have been selected randomly from each agreement. The results of the study have revealed that the English agreements used Interactive markers more than interactional markers.

Linking occupies a prominent position in the linguistics of the text, as it is one of the things that textual scholars have been interested in in their research; Because it achieves coherence and formal cohesion in the surface structure, with multiple different relationships that link the words of one sentence and the sentences of one text, making it an integrated whole that is not dispersed by phrases and meanings. The researcher dealt with this issue in the speeches of Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf to the people of Iraq, and his relationship is characterized by violence, oppression and severe prejudice against them in his sermons. There is a variety of use in these links, and the phenomenon of linkage has a clear impact on textual cohesion and harmony, and it is not isolated from the concepts and terms in “traditional grammar” “towards the sentence.” Linking from a perspective towards the text and towards the sentence; Because of the existence of a relationship between them, referring to the opinions of grammarians and the positions of scholars, and the use of linking with tools, linking with context, then linking with referrals, then the study concluded with a conclusion in which the most prominent results were.

Within the online learning atmospheres, language learners may confront certain obstacles in learning English grammar. Those obstacles may be associated to psychological factors which represent influential barriers on developing the grammatical knowledge of the EFL learners at the university level. Thus, the aim of the current research is to find out the exact psychological factors that influence the students' grammar knowledge. To achieve that aim, a close-ended questionnaire was designed to investigate the students' responses toward the psychological factors that can influence their grammatical knowledge. The sample of the research was the Iraqi EFL university students at the second year of the academic year (2020/2021) in English Department at the University of Anbar. At the first course, the sample of the participants (n=33) was exposed to online discussion learning activities for thirteen weeks to learn English grammar. At the end of the course, they were asked to respond to the items of the questionnaire. Depending on: T-test formula for one sample; weighted mean and percentage weight of the tenth items of the psychological domain, the collected data were analyzed. Results showed that the priority of some psychological factors like: anxiety, aptitude, attitude, and motivation were prominent and affective within the online discussion environments.
Accordingly, these factors are necessary to be explored and governed within the language learning process in general and online learning in particular to get better students' performance.

Is Dr. Abdul Sattar Al-Jawari is one of the modern grammar scholars, and although he was influenced by the early sculptors, he prevailed over his statements affecting Professor Ibrahim Mustafa, and was not affected by modern linguistic studies in the West, and that his call-in facilitation will not go beyond the limits of what the ancients put him, as facilitation is shorthand and overcoming the difficult of grammar investigations. The research included a preface in which it dealt with the life of the neighborhood and divided the research into two chapters, the first chapter entitled (facilitation and renewal in grammar) and included two researches, the first of which dealt with the origin and concept of both facilitation and renewal, the causes of facilitation and its sources and the renewal of grammar After that, I moved to indicate the classification of attempts at facilitation, as I explained the methods that go the way, but the second topic of the first chapter came with the title "Grammar facilitation of the ancients and modernists" and it was in two sections, which dealt in paragraph (first) the opinions of the ancients but in the paragraph Secondly, it dealt with the opinions of the modernist, and marked the second chapter (the efforts of the neighborhood between facilitation and renewal) in which it addressed his attempt to facilitate through his four books (towards facilitation, towards the Qur'an, towards action, and towards meanings).

Confronting and deferent, as linguistic devices, have important functions in deciding the meaning of a text. Sentences in any language are structured according to particular criteria defined by grammarians. The probable variations in word order resulting from of confronting or deferring specific sentence components may be problematic for both language users and learners of English and Arabic. Thus, the present study basically aims to identify the main processes of confronting and deferent in both English and Arabic, to identify sentence patterns in which confronting and deferent take place, and to identify sentence components involved in confronting and deferent in both English and Arabic. All these topics are discussed with reference to the Glorious Quran. To this end, Palmer (1981), Qurik et al. (1985), Al Museeri (2005), and Hammami et al. (2008) have been adopted to analyze the data in a qualitative method. The study revealed that confronting and deferent are just two of various strategies used to achieve variety in communication and expression. Although there are numerous variations between the two languages in this respect, they also have some similarities. Among these similarities is that both languages involve the shifting of components into beginning or final position to achieve specific goals such as emphasis, suspense, etc. There are many types of confronting and deferent processes in the two languages based on sentence components and sentence patterns involved in confronting and deferent. The components that can be involved in confronting and deferent in the two languages are the subject and predicate, subject and object, adverbs, pronouns, and several other elements. These confronting and deferent cases are found in nominal, verbal, prepositional phrases, and adjective phrases. This study is a call for EFL learners, EFL teachers, and those who are concerned with linguistic research and textbook writing to take into consideration the strategies used in different text types to achieve various communicative goals.

This paper is primarily concerned with analysing speech acts as a sequence manifested in Reagan’s First Inaugural Speech. It aims to analyse the whole five forms of speech acts pragmatically in identified political speech, as described by Searle, 1969 (assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative). To this end, a mixed method research is used. Qualitative part is used to describe and analyse types of speech acts in the selected data using a proposed model of two theories. It merges the theory of speech acts of Searle (1969) and Ferrara's theory of speech acts within sequences (1980). The quantitative part analyses the frequencies and percentages of speech acts types. The findings indicated that the assertive speech act is most frequently used by president Reagan. Thus, the findings of the present study would help researchers who are concerned with the study of language particularly people engaged within specialization of pragmatics. In addition, the study might be a useful for EFL / ESL learners since it attempts to discover speech acts' types and subtypes.

This research deals with the colors of Al-Badi in Surat Al-Maedah, through the two sections upon which the rhetorical research on the science of Al-Badi'i was settled, namely the moral colors of Al-Badi and the verbal colors of Al-Badi; As for the morale’s moral colors; The researcher examined the counterpoint, the interview, observance of the counterpart and good division. As for the verbal colors of Badi, he addressed G = in which the researcher has three types, which are alliteration, both types and the recitation and miraculous response to the breasts. Quranic study and analysis.

This research aims to find out types and functions of speech fillers used by politician interviewees. It also investigates gender and native-ness differences in the use of SFS among participants. The data of this study come from eight extracted episodes taken from the corpus of conflict zone (CZ) talk show. The data have been analyzed and classified based on the theories proposed by Stenstrom (1994) and Rose (1998). A qualitative analysis has been followed in dealing with functions of SFs. A quantitative analysis is also applied in the course of counting frequencies and percentages of SFs. The results show that time is required for planning, especially when difficult topics are discussed. Results show that all participants used all types of SFs with unlexicalized SFs being used more frequently.
In terms of functions of SFs, Female participants used all functions of SFs based on the theory of Stenstrom. They are breathing, filling pause, hesitation mark, starter, shift marker, empathizing, mitigating, editing term, time creating device, holding the turn and sequencer, while the male groups used all functions except shift marker. Breathing is the dominating function of SFs used by all participants with vast distinction with other functions. In contrast, shift marker has the least used function.

The concentrate on political interview between Luara Kuenssberg and Boris Johnson. According to the researcher's knowledge a lot of interviews have been studied pragmatically, but no one has tackled them in a conversation analysis study. So, this field needs research because it is one of the scientific fields that was not previously studied.
The study aims at 1- examining the dominant of the turn taking system between the participants in the interview. 2- The analysis is focused on the utterances said by speakers of the dialogue between Luara Kuenssberg and Boris Johnson. The study hypothesizes that 1- the textual structure of interview is organized in accordance with feature of the turn-taking system. 2- turn taking system dominants the participants in their interview. To achieve the aims of the present study and to validate its hypotheses, one script of political interviews is selected. The theoretical model used as the basis for the analytical work is a synthesis of theoretical views and practical procedures proposed and used by Sacks, H, Schegloff, E, and Jefferson, G, (1978). The present study employed a descriptive qualitative approach since the findings were presented in narrative or textual descriptions. The conclusions of the analysis confirm the two hypotheses of the present study. They are as follows :1- Structures of interviews are organized in accordance with specific features operating on the turn-taking system. Turn allocation process is controlled by the interviewer who is considered the main controller of the conversation. 2- Interviewers alone can maintain their turns by continuous speech causing temporal overlap in the display of turns.

The poet (Mowafak Muhammad) is distinguished by breaking the ordinary and his means to that by his creative poetic stamp, so he transcends his language to creativity and difference by charging it with the common vernacular language. Because he does not want his text to be elitist only, but rather he wants simple people to share their suffering and troubles and their daily lives, so we find that he includes various types of compositions, such as a song, a song, a song from the heritage, etc., or the colloquial vocabulary in his poem.

My research which is under the title " Turkish interference in Iraq – 1925 – 2015 " summarized the real beginnings for this interference is started from Mosel problem on 25 July1925 till the outbreak of 14 July revolution 1958. This research shows different stages for this interference through topics and several demands according to the importance of the first stage and claim in Mosel and trends of Turkish authorities in this aspect.
Then took new stages from 1930 – 1940 – 1950 with all events and developments within this period, such as " Saadabad Convention and Baghdad Pact " and their influence upon the relation of Iraq with its neighbor countries, besides the research deals with water crisis which was one of the important different matters along with the Turk community which was regarded by Turkish authorities the most important issue regarding it.
This study aimed at explaining the reasons behind this interference and the most important issues concerning the relations between two countries which continued for a long time. Finally, the research presents the most important conclusions which perceived from the implications of this interference which goes back to long years especially since the first world war and events and developments after.
Despite the demarcation of the boundaries between the two countries, but still the differences are existed in many cases. The most difficult difference is the water crisis which influenced upon the Iraqi economy such as electricity, agriculture and other sectors till nowadays.

English writing as a productive skill, is the most challenging skill for EFL students. Nowadays, writing cohesive texts is of great importance especially the essay writing. Consequently, this study is concerned with the use of synonymy as one of the lexical cohesive devices in EFL students' essay writing. This study aims at identifying the most frequently used synonyms in Iraqi university students' essay writing. It also aims at investigating the way in which the use of synonyms as a lexical device contributes in building-up a well-built cohesive essay. Twenty male and female/ third-year students in the English Department, College of Education for Humanities, University of Anbar-Iraq were purposively chosen to participate in writing twenty descriptive essays. A qualitative research design was used in data collection using writing task instrument. Thus, data were analyzed qualitatively using content qualitative analysis procedure. Findings revealed that the frequency of synonymy occurrence in the students' essays was more than that of near-synonymy type. It was also indicated that the students used different synonyms and near-synonyms in their essays to achieve the goal of logical cohesion though they have a little knowledge of this type, synonymy, of lexical cohesive devices. It was also revealed that they have problems in the selection of the appropriate synonyms in their writings due to the lack of sufficient vocabulary knowledge.

Text No. (1 = TIM5,14).
Legal text - “Seven people (workers) went out to fetch their shares of (bran), and they were found killed by weapons, so their shares were not handed over to the person responsible for receiving the rations, and instead of them, seven other strong workers went and fetched their shares of bran.”
The text states that the daily work in the past was not without problems facing its workers, and it seems that the looting and appropriation of the property of others, which sometimes amount to committing the crime of murder, is one of the issues that occurred in the old Iraqi society, and these cases are known and occur even in Our present societies are among the common crimes committed.
Text No. (2 = TIM5,69).
Administrative text - representing the assignment of numbers of men to work in different locations, (3 in the bar), (3 at the threshold of the restored bridge), (3 in the temple of the god Dumuzi), (5 people in the city of Zamore) and (4 people in the temple) and others.
Text No. (3 = TIM,70).
Administrative text - related to the army, consisting of assigning soldiers to serve in different cities (1 attributed to the city’s “governor”), (1 attributed to the city of Babylon), (2 to the city of Larsa)), 1 to the city of Warka), (1 to the city of Isani), (1 to the city of Rabiqom).

Necip Fazıl Kısakürek is the most important poet and thinker in the Turkish Literature in the twentieth century. He was born in May 26, 1904 in Istanbul and died in May 25, 198. Witnessing several important events in his life that lasted 78 years, the poet wrote several writings in several fields of literary types. The poet who was known as the Sayyed, was considered in the first position among poets and artists for his poetic identity. His grave is in Eyüp Sultan graveyard in his home city Istanbul.
The architecture includes a study of the city structure according to the distribution of its areas.
Architecture concept is divided into different periods of time as well as different styles that differ according to the differences among cultures. Every culture has its own private architectural structure. The importance of this structure appears when it is interpreted in literature such as the human soul that can be treated as stones, soil, wood … etc. the most important aspect that makes the architecture and its aspects have such importance is visual decorum that attracts the attention of people. This is of course the highest level of artistic activities in addition to the need of people to find a place to live in. It is impossible for a work of art to pass without being noticed by the poets who introduced the themes that describe the emotions as well as human thoughts. They wrote several poems that represent different points of view about the architecture beauties and its impact on human soul. Necip Fazıl Kısakürek without any doubts is considered one of those poets whose interpretations of architectural concepts are our main concern in this study.
The study includes this inclusive abstract about the poet. Then we will discuss some information about life and literary writing in addition to the works of Necip Fazıl Kısakürek because he is one of the most important poets in the twentieth century. Then the study discusses some information that deals with architectural engineering with references to the architectural aspects in the poetry of Kısakürek.

The educational institution has a role in preparing a conscious generation by providing them with knowledge, habits and concepts that qualify them for social adaptation, and the teacher is a fundamental pillar of the educational process, as his role is not limited to the delivery of information to students, but goes beyond that to the numbers of mentally, psychologically and socially good individuals. , The educational performance of the teaching became the basis of the educational process, from this point on, our study was an attempt to reveal the Cultural Communication and Its role in the educational performance of Instructors of the college of fine arts.
The first chapter included a definition of the limits of research and a definition of the terminology contained. As for the second chapter, it was represented by the theoretical framework and previous studies, and it included two topics:
The first: cultural communication, its types, and characteristics, while the second topic included: educational performance. As for the third chapter, it included the research procedures as the research community, the research sample, the research tool, and the validity and reliability of the tool, and then the fourth chapter included the results of the research, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions .Finally, the two researchers reached several results, including: - That cultural communication helped raise the value of the teaching’s artistic appreciation by communicating with art galleries of artists belonging to different cultures and having dialogue with them, thus contributing to crystallizing new ideas in his artistic field.

The author's full name is Fatima Naziha Azar, she was born in Konya in 1922.She is best known for writing biographies as well as enormous works in various fields of literature. Azar is one of the successful writers of the of the 20th century. She has devoted herself to writing and never been married. Passed away on July 26, 2009. Naziha Azar wrote many great literary works throughout her entire life. (Ballar Balını Buldum) is, without doubt, considered one of the most remarkable and valuable plays among her various theatrical works. It was written in a small size with an emotional style, based on the poems of Yunus Amira, who is the most prominent name of Tekke literature (Tekke -Tasavvuf Edebiyatı). In this work, many details concerning the structure of Turkish language have been revealed. In this paper, we will study how pronouns in this play are utilized. As known, In Turkish, (Adıllar) is another term employed to indicate pronouns (Zamirler). Pronouns are words that stand for any entity. If the subject is omitted, pronoun can replace it in a sentence. In addition, we will examine pronouns which can be a single word form or a suffix added to the ending of a noun. In this study, we briefly tackle the author's biography, literary style and works. Then, pronouns, which is the main theme in our study, are defined and surveyed within the context of (Ballar Balını Buldum).

Behçet Necatigil is considered one of the important Turkish authors in the 20th century. He was born in FATİH district in Istanbul in 1916 and died on 13 of December 1979 in Istanbul. The poet Necati started writing while he was very young. He had several important works in his short life that lasted only 63 years. Although he was creative in several and different works in literary types such as Drama, Translation, the art of conversing, and radio drama, the poet Behçet Necatigil who was known by his poetic identity, is considered one of the most important poets in Turkish literature and the successful one among them.
The concept of modesty is a synonym to simplicity which includes several meanings such as not to be snobbish, or dictator which is a humane phenomenon in its concept. This concept of modesty is considered one of the positive conducts and one of the most important concepts that society respects and adopts it and eager to have it. In general, everyone aims at being a simple, moderate and not a snobbish person. Regardless of the spiritual and materialistic status of any person, this means that he adopted a lifestyle that is ordinary and simple. The poet Behçet Necatigil is one of the poets who adopted this situation all over their lives and was eager to be a moderate person. Thus, we see this concept clear in his poems.
This is the reason that pushes us to write a research paper specifically on the poet Behçet Necatigil. We see that he is a person full of modesty and simplicity. He has largely and successfully used in his poems the concept of modesty as well as its derivatives. Our research paper will focus on this concept, and we will introduce a short summary about the life of the poet and his literary personality as well as his works. Then we sill study the concept of modesty in details. After that, we will expand our research paper to talk about how this concept has been used in the poems written by Behçet Necatigil.

Self is considered the cornerstone of an individual's personality where healthy self comes as a result of healthy development. A healthy self-esteemed person is capable of facing daily obstacles and has a systematic personality working for achieving real objectives. On the contrary, a non-healthy self-esteemed person is suffering from severe restlessness and disconnectedness resulting from bad experience with their parents. The present study aims at;
1. Measuring the self-cohesion of state employees
2. Identify differences according to (gender, age, marital status).
For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the current research, the researcher built the Self-Cohesion Scale according to Heinz Kohut (1971), which consisted of 41 final paragraphs and its validity and reliability were verified and the scale was applied in its final form to the research sample of 400 employees for both types, which were chosen by the random stratified method. And after applying the research tool and using statistical methods, including the T-test for one sample, the T-test for two independent samples, and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results that the study has come up with are as follows:
1. The state employees have self-cohesion.
2. There are no differences according to (gender, age, marital status) in self-cohesion.
The researcher suggested a set of recommendations and suggestions

This research aims to achieve the objectives:
1- What is the trend of teachers of the Arabic language in the preparatory stage towards e-learning?
2- Is there a statistically significant difference in the direction of Arabic language teachers towards e-learning due to the gender variable?
To achieve these goals, the researcher used a descriptive research method. The community of its research has identified Arabic language teachers and female teachers for the preparatory and secondary stage of the day-to-day government (boys - girls), affiliated to the sub-directorates of Wasit Governorate Education (Al-Kut, Al-Markaz, Al-Hay, An-Numaniya, Al-Aziziyah, Al-Suwairah). 191 teachers and 129 schools.
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared a measurement tool, namely:
The trend scale for teachers of the Arabic language in the preparatory stage, consisting of (44) paragraphs, and the validity of the scale was confirmed, by presenting it to a group of experts (apparent validity), as well as extracting the validity of the construction, and making sure of its stability in the way (Fakronbach), and it reached (0.747) ) Which is a good reliability coefficient with which the reliability of the scale can be trusted.
After completing the research tool, the sample was applied to the sample of statistical analysis (220) teachers and schools, and all the paragraphs had the psychometric characteristics of (validity and reliability) and none of them were omitted, so the researcher applied to the basic research sample of (100) teachers and schools after adding the statistical analysis sample. So that the total of the sample is (320) teachers and schools, which is the amount of the community itself, distributed among the middle and high school daytime schools in Wasit Governorate, and after processing the data statistically using the arithmetic mean law, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the t-test for a sample to reveal the significance of the differences in the correlation between the trend towards e-learning At the teachers of the Arabic language and its teachers in the preparatory stage.
The results of the statistical analysis showed the following:
1- The teachers of the Arabic language enjoy an orientation towards e-learning.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in the trend scale due to the gender variable.
In light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended that institutions take the development of the teacher in them by motivating them in their direction towards e-learning, so that he can accomplish his work and tasks and perform the future roles expected of him, developing the programs used in the work of the educational process. To complete and develop this study, the researcher proposes to conduct a number of studies aimed at:
1- The level of trend towards e-learning among faculty members of various universities and colleges in Iraq is known.
2- Conducting a study aimed at comparing Arabic language teachers and other specializations in the extent of their orientation towards e-learning.
3- Conducting a comparative study between teachers of Arabic language and teachers of other specializations regarding the variable of orientation towards e-learning.

body image concern can be defined as: “the negative perceptions and feelings that a person feels towards his body and is affected by factors such as body shape and appearance, attitudes towards weight gain, and cultural norms regarding the ideal body.” The study aimed to identify the extent of concern in the body image among university students, and the statistically significant differences in the interest in their body image according to the gender variable (male - female) and specialization (scientific - human). The researcher adopted the scale (2017). He et al, consisting of (24) paragraphs distributed into six domains, and the researcher undertook a set of measures to prepare the scale for measuring this phenomenon in the Iraqi environment. Truthfulness and consistency were extracted, and discriminatory power was extracted by two methods of the two end groups' method, and the relationship of the paragraph to the total degree, and to verify the objectives of the research, (200 students from Baghdad University) were selected, and after applying the data and processing it, the results showed the following:
1. The research sample described having an concern in body image.
2. There is no statistically significant difference in the concern in the image of the body according to the gender variable, and there is a statistically significant difference in the concern in the image of the body according to the variable of specialization and in the concern of the scientific.
In light of the research results, the researcher puts forth a set of recommendations and proposals, including:
Conduct programs that highlight the ideal nature of images and content uploaded to social media and educate young people about the impact that comparisons with this content can have on their excessive concern in their bodies and appearance.

Meaning is important to convey information or concepts. As employees spend one-third of their lives at work, work is then a major reason for gaining meaning.The current research aimed to identify the following:1.The meaning of work for employees,2. Level of differences in the meaning of work according to:Gender:( male/female),Service period:( ten years or less, more than ten years) Working in direct contact with the customers(yes, no), To achieve the aims of the current research, self-determination theory of Deci & Ryan (1985) was adopted,the scale consists of (38) items in its final form, applied the measure to a sample of (400) employees, randomly selected from the staff working in the office of the following ministries (health, electricity, ages, housing, municipalities, public occupancy, justice) The study has with the following results: 1. Sample individuals have the meaning of work.2.There are no statistically significant differences in the meaning of work among the employees to the gender variable (males, females).There are no statistically significant differences to the service period (ten years or less, more than ten years).There are statistical to direct contact or not with the customers (yes, no) in favour of ‘yes’. The study has come up recommendations: Introduce each employee to his/her task, grant him/her autonomy at work and make him take responsibility by holding him accountable for the work outcomes. Suggestions: Conduct a study to identify the relationship between the meaning of work and organizational values.

The paper aims to identify the extent of the disparity in the index of parity of the educational situation between the spouses and to reveal the qualitative gap between them at the level of educational attainment in Anbar province. The study adopted the field survey by distributing 2030 forms electronically all over the province districts. The study found that the parity index was not in favor of the wife, the index increased more than 100 levels higher than the minimum levels of educational status ( Illiteracy, reads and writes, primary). This is because the wife did not get the same opportunity at the beginning of education. Thus, this indicates inequality, and the index of parity for the couple approached equality in the educational status (middle). On the other hand, the index decreased with the high level of educational status (preparatory, diploma, bachelor's degree, above bachelor's) and decreased significantly at the higher levels, until the index reached that no percentage was recorded. This is also not in favor of the mother, and this illustrates that the number of couples with higher levels of education was greater than wives, and the quality gap could be reduced in the future and reach

The paper aims to identify the extent of the disparity in the index of parity of the educational situation between the spouses and to reveal the qualitative gap between them at the level of educational attainment in Anbar province. The study adopted the field survey by distributing 2030 forms electronically all over the province districts. The study found that the parity index was not in favor of the wife, the index increased more than 100 levels higher than the minimum levels of educational status ( Illiteracy, reads and writes, primary). This is because the wife did not get the same opportunity at the beginning of education. Thus, this indicates inequality, and the index of parity for the couple approached equality in the educational status (middle). On the other hand, the index decreased with the high level of educational status (preparatory, diploma, bachelor's degree, above bachelor's) and decreased significantly at the higher levels, until the index reached that no percentage was recorded. This is also not in favor of the mother, and this illustrates that the number of couples with higher levels of education was greater than wives, and the quality gap could be reduced in the future and reach

Humans cause large harm to the atmosphere, water and land by various elements of the environment and to the ecosystem itself. There are a lot of pollution and environmental degradation of man-made, and deliver a comprehensive look at the general scenario, and there are some current trends. Our clima.te at the global and regional level severely contaminated. The protective ozone shield at densely populated latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere is dropping twice as fast as scientists thought a few years ago. Accumulation of greenhouse gases will lead to major changes in weather patterns in the near future, leading to global warming. The destruction of the ozone layer and the further warming of the Earth's surface threaten with catastrophic consequences such as outbreaks of cancerous and tropical diseases, disruption of the ocean food chain, rising sea levels, inundation of many islands, melting of terrestrial small glaciers, floods in many low-lying coastal areas, etc.

This research deals with the role of planning in managing and dealing with disasters (the flood disaster), and the research problem lies in the extent and importance of the role that planning plays in disaster management.
The researcher followed the integrative approach, which includes many approaches (descriptive-analytical), and the researcher benefited from the information collection tools (questionnaire form, interview) that were distributed in the study area (Diyala governorate). Disaster management by preparing to face the disaster, contain it and deal with it in a quick way and get out with the least material and moral losses.

Groundwater is one of the important water sources in arid and semi-arid regions. However, it is the main source the water used for human, industrial and irrigation purposes. Thus, its pollution by industrial and human activities requires serious attention, especially in areas that lack the presence of surface water. This study he (analysis of the characteristics of groundwater in the Tulul Al-Tar area) addresses the problem of water scarcity in the region through making use of groundwater. The study will be presented to the relevant authorities represented by (the General Authority for Groundwater). The boundaries of the study area are bordered by the Euphrates River from the east and Anbar Governorate From the west, Karbala Governorate and the southern coasts of Lake Al-Razzaza from the north, and Najaf Governorate from the south. The study area is characterized by the variation of groundwater levels, which requires us to study its quantities and trends of change in characteristics and causes. This was done through the analysis of its levels, collection of laboratory samples and study of its physical and chemical properties. The study used the Gibbs diagram (1970, Gibbs) to find out the hydrogeochemical phenomena of groundwater and the mechanism that controls the chemical composition of groundwater. The chemical analysis of wells showed a high degree of acidity. Additionally, through the use of a compression scheme, it was found that the same concentration falls within the rule of rocks. Finally, the presence of wells suitable for human and agricultural activities was also discovered.

Morphotectonics is concerned with the structural interpretation of the shapes of the Earth's surface, where the origin of these features and their relationship to the tectonic process resulting from pressure and tension and the nature of the rock formations of basins are studied. This process is one of the basic processes in the formation of many terrestrial manifestations, as the internal processes greatly affect the generation of extreme pressure and control the nature of rock formations in the basin of the study area, as well as the variation of the processes of rise and fall that were the cause of the formation of different land forms, and contributed to the occurrence of Numerous cracks, breaks and fissures in the rock formations that are affected by geomorphological processes.
The area is seismically active, as a group of seismic foci are distributed in the study basin, their depths range between (5.1-20) km, some of which correspond to the sites of developed melt pits and are in the process of growth, and some of them are parallel to the regional fault, as the number of developed melt pits is (16). And in the growth phase (85) concentrated in the upper and middle parts of the basin are unstable, which correspond to the areas of weakness, as these parts are tectonically active and are in constant change.
The study relied on analyzing the morphotectonic processes of the secondary basins of the Badoush Valley Basin based on the digital elevation model for the region (DEM) and using the program (Arc GIS V.10.8), by applying five geomorphological indicators of modern tectonic activity and demonstrating the subsurface processes in an applied manner based on accurate measurements of the basins. Determining the occurrence of the basin within the modern tectonic activity in the upper and middle parts, which had an impact on the geomorphology of the basin, while in its lower parts it was low and the occurrence of deformation and anomalies on the paths of the water network

Groundwater occupies a leading place in areas where there is no surface runoff from streams and rivers, so it becomes a natural wealth that can be relied upon in developing its areas if it is invested rationally and thoughtfully. On this basis, the groundwater in Makhmour district was studied through the natural environment which It is represented by (geographical location, geological structure, morphology, and climate in terms of (rain and temperatures), soil and natural vegetation), which all affect the quantity and quality of that water. Therefore, the objectives of the research are to highlight the validity of groundwater by studying the chemical properties of (52) samples of water wells in the district in terms of percentage of(chlorine, magnesium, potassium, calcium, nitrate, sulfate, hardness, pH and dissolved solids) and its comparison with the standards of the World Health Organization, which affects the suitability of that water for different uses, especially drinking That organization, With the exception of the pH, all of them were recorded as the internationally desirable limit, as well as the dissolved solid salts recorded 42 samples within fresh water and 10 samples within the average salinity. We also dealt with the aspects of groundwater investments in civil uses (rural and urban) and agricultural activities such as crops (legumes, industrial, grains and vegetables), livestock, fish farms, poultry fields, and various industrial uses spread in the districts of the judiciary.

The research deals with an anthropological study of a phenomenon worthy of attention, which is Fakka Al Harati, as the stud community calls it. Ln a specific place called the Musayyab box for the Harati chicken, it has a specific time and is played by amateur people who are fond of this game, called the criminal or the people of chickens, and this game has its fans and its lovers. Through this research, we tried to describe the phenomenon in an ethnographical description, using anthropological research techniques that have proven effective in this field.

Family security is of great importance in all areas of social life, and at the level of the individual, family and society. It is a continuous dynamic process based in its essence on two main aspects, which are internal security and external security. There is a relationship of influence and influence between family security and social security. And the opposite is true, not to mention that one complements the other, so the individual cannot insure himself, his money and his honor in a society where chaos, disorder and deviation prevail, and it is also difficult to reach integration according to the chaos of the surrounding society, and to achieve social security, it must pass through several stages Starting from the individual himself, passing through the family, and ending with the state, and each of these three segments has conditions and duties that must be met in order to achieve social security.

The research aims to identify to which extent Iraqi people depend on satellite channels in following news of the emerging crisis of the Corona Virus Pandemic (Covid 19) that swept Iraq and the world, and since the news provided by satellite channels are the most convincing due to the fact that they are supported by audio and video materials, some satellite channels decided to shed the lights on real and unreal pieces of information related to the pandemic, such as rumors circulated in social media, and some satellite channels sought to refute them by hosting doctors through their programs and news bulletins.
Our research raises a major question about the following: to which extent Iraqi people rely on satellite channels when it comes to receiving news and information related to the emerging Corona pandemic (Covid 19) instead of other media outlets and social media platforms. About the pandemic, to which extent satellite channels have succeeded in refuting rumors about the deadly vaccine, and its ability to urge people to take the vaccine. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach with the aim of discovering the facts, describing the phenomena accurately, and determining their characteristics qualitatively or quantitatively. Among the findings of the researcher:
1- The people follow the news of the Corona pandemic through satellite channels, as it is a major source of information, as well as newspapers, radio stations and news websites.
2- Half of the people sometimes follow the news of the Corona pandemic through social media.
3- The Iraqi people prefer channels (the state-run television Al-Iraqiya satellite channel, Al-Arabiya satellite channel, and BBC Arabic) in following the news of the Corona pandemic, and it also depends on the Iraqi channels in the first place.
4- One of the most important reasons for the people’s dependence on satellite channels alone in following the news of the Corona pandemic, (the speed of their transmission of news), (the transmission of news details) and (their credibility).

This research sheds light on one of the semantic phenomena in the Hebrew language, which is the metaphor. This semantic phenomenon was dealt with in one of the modern Hebrew novels, namely, the novel "Pictures on the Wall" by the Jewish writer of Iraqi origin, Tsunit Fattal. The events of this novel revolve around a Jewish girl named Nuria who lived in Baghdad with her family in the first half of the last century.
This research deals with the concept of metaphor and its sources in the novel "Pictures on the Wall" through selected examples of the novel, as the most important events of this novel were identified through these models. The research concluded that the author employed the many metaphors that she used in her novel in order to describe many different events, characters and their characteristics, and in order to attract the reader's attention to the conditions of the Jews in Iraq during that period. She was also able to enrich her novel with new and varied words from different semantic fields that showed us the vast amount of the writer's linguistic storage.