Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences

the fact that architecture is the embodiment of a material (physical) to the direction of a certain
intellectual (philosophy (become a study in architectural engineering associated with a large number
of phenomena, starting from the properties of materials to the principles or fundamentals of visual
perception and everything related to human thought and philosophy, and because of that the academic
vocabulary curriculum for the stages of the initial, & the post graduate studies varied and in result
we found a difference in the nature of the knowledge problems facing the student in the
architectural engineering according to the stage and to vocabulary in terms of structuring the problem
or the complexity or in the field of construction and therefore different requirements to the solutions
of those problems, by type, The research diagnose the nature of some of those knowledge problems
that student face and concluded that most of the curriculum vocabulary in Architectural
engineering includes ill-structural problems like( Decision Making Problem), (Diagnosis-solution
problems),( Case analysis problems), in addition to ( Design problems) and in result their solutions
based adapters between groups of parameters and standards which require from the problem solver
whether student or professor having a knowledge of multiple fields before they begin drafting
solutions, and the key solutions to these ill-structural problems achieved by reconstruct the space
problem in order to simplified the problem components .

Color is one of the formal construction elements and expressive dimension of the built environment, and is
significant through the interaction of a group of actors in the formal construction to him, was reflected in the trends
and theories of contemporary architecture. However, the architecture of Iraq have suffered and still suffer from
poverty chromatic and clear as a result of lack of familiarity with the science-based accredited in building the color,
which called for "clarifying the nature of the actors in the process of building the color of the structure of
communication in architecture in general and architecture Iraqi traditional and contemporary, in particular" to
represent the research problem. The research aims to "to reveal the actors in the process of building a color as a
means of communication can verify that the privacy of the color composition of Iraq's contemporary architecture."
Research was to study aspects of synthetic and analytical to the color as a communication with a view to
determining the nature of its structure in architecture Iraqi accordance with the questionnaire prepared for that as a
tool for testing, research found to identify the most important elements of building color in architecture traditional
Iraqi and how it relates to the specificity determinants of the natural and cultural rights to be taken into account when
study of any system for the color of the buildings that can communicate with any orientation of the building within
the concept of Iraqi contemporary civilization.

Numerous waste materials result from
manufacturing operations in industries. The purpose
of this study was to investigate the effect of these
waste materials on physical properties of asphalt
cement and on surface layer of hot mix asphalt
pavement. Asphalt cement with penetration grade
(40-50) and 19 mm aggregate maximum size
gradation is used in this study with Optimum
asphalt content 4.9 %. at the desired temperature of
(25 C).Two types of waste materials crushed glass
and sawyer wood (both retained on sieve no. 200)
with four percentages (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% by
weight of total aggregate) are used. The mixes are
tested by using creep test.
From the experimental work, it can be seen
that more benefits when additive waste glass or
sawyer wood luck improved
mechanical (physical) and rheological
properties for asphalt paving mixture.

In this paper, the optimization and increasing of
the stiffness of squareplate, numerical simulation
of laminate composite plate using genetic
algorithms with finite difference analyses, in
which applied to the design variables of the
objective functions of the stacking sequence are
studied. The plates have been evaluated with
actual condition of problem such as distributed
load,under simply supported boundary condition
with different number of layers (5, 10, 20, 30, 50)
and different stiffness ratios (E1/E2) 5, 10, 20, 30,
50. The effects of fiber orientation, number of
layers and stiffness ratios on the deflection and
stress response of symmetric of classical
laminated composite plate subjected to uniformly
pressure load (flexural loading) are presented.
The maximum deflection and stress are the major
parameters that were taken into account in the
plate design. Then obtain the optimal suitable
stacking sequence orientation of composite plate
that gives a small maximum deflection and
maximum stress of central point of the plate
which represent the main aim in this work. The
results were compared with ANSYS software
results and obtain a good agreement.

The characteristics of polymer materials which
are containing ceramic particles has been
investigated to find the information and data to
give good expectation for composite behavior
under fatigue damage. In this research epoxy
resin reinforced by ceramic particles (Alumina,
silicon carbide and graphite), with
reinforcement particles size range between 36
and 45 Micrometer and 1 to 10 micrometer for
graphite. The structure has been investigated
under stress-strain and fatigue damage to
evaluate the bound strength between the matrix
and reinforcement phase. This examinations
lead to discover new Techniques which is
applied during preparation of the composite
materials. Basically this methodology will
reduce the porosity which develops during
mixing and solidification process, as a result
the bound strength between the polymer and
the reinforcement will increase in another
word the properties of the composite improve.
The fatigue damage in the composites is
complex because, it is combine between
several damages, first matrix cracking and
second debonding of the particles. The fatigue
damage shows that pure epoxy give initial
stress (26.2) MPa and its final failure is at 221
hundred thousand cycles in which the stress
indicated is to be equal to 20 MPa. for the
composite contain epoxy with aluminand
slicon carbide, the initial stress is equal to
(32.2) MPa and its final failure is at 910
hundred thousand cycles in which the stress
indicated is to be equal to 23 MPa. In the case
of graphite reinforcement it is clear there is
reduction in the value of maximum stress.
The microstructure examination shows that

rcial epoxide resin type conipox 77Z have
been investigated both unfilled and filled with
varying weight fraction of copper particles.
The values of Young s modulus,
modulus of rigidity, yield stress, tensile strength,
shear strength, flexural strength, fracture energy,
impact strength, coefficient of friction and the
S/N curves and the fatigue strength or fatigue
limit have been studied at room temperature
(25°C) to a certain the influence of weight
fraction of copper powder to epoxy resin (0%, 5%,
10% and 15%) and found that increasing the
weight fraction of copper powder to epoxy for
different particle sizes leads to an increase in
modulus of elasticity (E), modulus of rigidity (G),
tensile yield stress and ultimate tensile strength
but at the same time will decrease the
compression yield stress, fracture energy and the
impact strength.
Finally the reinforced epoxy with (15%) was
found to be improving the mechanical properties
for composite material, where the modulus of
elasticity and the modulus of rigidity increased
and the coefficient of friction of the composite
material to steel decreased.

A mathematical model for a slurry bioreactor
was proposed to describe oxygen utilization rate
and concentration profiles along the reactor for
reactants and products in the bubbly flow
regime. The model consisted of transient
differential equations representing mass transfer
and kinetics of oxygen, biomass and substrates
in the liquid phase. The model was validated by
comparing with experimental work of other
authors and a good agreement was obtained, the
absolute average error between model and
experimental results was 4.3%. The effects of
various operating parameters on the
concentration profile of oxygen and biomass
were investigated theoretically. The dissolved
oxygen concentration was significantly affected
by the superficial liquid velocity than that by
superficial gas velocity. Unsteady state
concentration profile of oxygen showed
different behaviors gas and liquid.

Among various coating systems for
industrial and engineering applications, glass
ceramic coatings have advantages of chemical
inertness, high temperature stability and superior
mechanical properties such as abrasion, impact
etc as compared to other coating materials.
Besides imparting required functional properties
such as heat, abrasion and corrosion resistance to
suit particular end use requirements, the glass
ceramic coatings in general also provide good
adherence, defect free surface and refractoriness.
This research tends to produce a cheep and
effective glass- ceramic coating from glass cullet
and different percent of crystallization agents
ZrO2, and study the final corrosion resistance
properties of them. After several set of acid
resistance testing at temperatures range (25, 50,
75,100,125 oC) it has been found that porcelain
enamel with (4 wt %) ZrO2 has the best acid
corrosion resistance.

One of the major limitations with the authentication
of users via the internet is the inherent lack of
security of traditional authentication techniques,
passwords, PIN numbers and cookies. With the
current development of the biometric fingerprint
technology market, the possibility of identifying
someone online has been addressed. However, recent
publication in this field shows that the lack of
aliveness detection mechanism in fingerprint sensors
technology, may be used to mold and reproduce exact
copy of a fingerprint with its detailed shape and
extended characteristics (e.g. minutiae points
location). The presented authentication system
provides the solution to this problem by using IDbased
cryptography. A complete online authentication
system is developed presenting the registration, login
and authentication phases. The security analysis of
the system is also presented.

Recently, there is an increasing interest on
quantum well (QW) semiconductor optical
amplifier in optical communications and optical
signal processing applications. This paper
addresses the dependence of saturation power
on QW structure parameters. Expressions are
given to assess this dependency and the results
indicate that the saturation power is a decreasing
function of number of wells, well thickness, and
amplifier length and it is almost independent of
barrier thickness.