Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science

This review sums up the developments in the biological activity of tetrazole active derivatives in recent days. Some of the deliberated derivatives of tetrazole are at present actively scientifically studied; some of them have biological activity that enables them to be studied further in the future as a drug for various biological activities. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and clinical advantage of biological activity for tetrazole derivatives.

This study inspects the Oil leaching and the Degree of Conversion of Addition of Miswak (Salvadora Persica) Essential Oil to Orthodontic Adhesive. Miswak oil was prepared from the Miswak root by the green method, and was added to the Heliosit adhesive at 1%,3% and 5% respectively. The degree of conversion was measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and the amount of leached oil was estimated by Spectrophotometer. The degree of conversion data was analyzed by Friedman test where p≤0.05. The degree of conversion was not affected by the oil added to the adhesive. While the leached oil of the modified adhesive started from the first hour of curing and extended for last day of the study (one month). According to this study the addition of Salvadora Persica oil did not affect the degree of conversion of the modified adhesive. Also, the amount of oil leached from the modified adhesive began on the first day of polymerization and continued for up to one month.

There is a connection between having Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease marked by thyroid gland attacks, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease marked by elevated blood glucose levels. The purpose of this research was to find out how common type 2 diabetes was in Nasiriyah City, Iraq, among individuals suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Methods: A study using a retrospective cohort was conducted involving thyroiditis caused by Hashimoto's in 100 patients diagnosed between January 2023 and January 2024 at Al Hussein Teaching Hospital. Patients' medical records were reviewed to extract data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory results, including HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels. Confirmation of Based on ELISA data indicating positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels, Hashimoto's thyroiditis was diagnosed. Results: The prevalence of T2DM among the number of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients was noticeably greater (45%) compared to the general population prevalence of 15%. the number of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients was noticeably greater HbA1c and FBG levels compared to those without Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Specifically, an investigation of logistic regression revealed that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes individually when OR = 4. 2, 95% CI 2. 1-8. 5). In conclusion, the result of the present investigation, it is clear that, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has a positive relationship with T2DM in Nasiriyah city of Iraq. Hence, early identification and intervention of T2DM in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis should be a routine practice to avoid complications associated with the two diseases.

Patches and macules of hyperpigmentation characterize melasma, a prevalent condition of skin pigmentation. Known risk factors for melasma include a genetic predisposition, sun exposure, and pregnancy. Melasma may have a connection to thyroid issues, according to previous research. Considering that vitamin D influences and promotes melanocytes' melanin formation, this study sought to examine the correlation between thyroid problems, blood vitamin D levels, and melasma in female patients seen at Al-Mahmoudiya Hospital. Both Wood's light investigation and clinical evaluation by seasoned dermatologists verified the melasma diagnosis. There were 80 participants in total, with 40 assigned to the melasma group and 40 to the control group. Their ages and sexes were matched. In all groups, blood samples were taken to assess levels of TSH, Anti-TPO, T3, T4, and vitamin D. Melasma patients' clinical pigmentation severity was assessed using the standard mMASI score. I used SPSS (IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 21 to conduct the statistical analysis. Melasma patients were more likely to have thyroid problems (50%) and lower vitamin D serum levels (47.5%), compared to the control group (27.5%) and healthy individuals (40%). The levels of thyroid hormone (T3) and vitamin D were found to be considerably higher in the case group as compared to the control group (P<0.05). A relationship was found between Anti-TPO and mMASI Score (P< 0.05) when the relationship between age, thyroid hormones, vitamin D, and mMASI Score was investigated. Melasma and pigmentation intensity are linked to thyroid autoimmune diseases. The most prevalent clinical form of melasma is the centro facial variant as well.

Background: Osteoporosis is a common condition that occurs in bone leading to the loss of bone mass. It is caused by increased osteoclast activity which is differentiated by low bone density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Objective: This study aimed to estimate the levels of NADPH oxidase (NOX4), Alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D in Iraqi osteoporosis patients diagnosed by DEXA. Methods: A total of 88 volunteers were split into two groups for this investigation. There were 58 patients in group 1 and 30 controls in group 2 , the samples were taken from both sexes of range age (20-60) years, the levels of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Vitamin D, and NOX 4 were evaluated. NADPH oxidase 4 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Alkaline phosphates levels were measured using a spectrophotometer, and the concentration of vitamin D was measured by electrochemiluminescence binding assay using Cobas e 411. Whereas the T-score was measured using DEXA.Results: The results of NADPH oxidase 4, AlP, and vitamin D did not show any significant change (P>0.05) when compared osteoporosis group to the control group. Whereas T score showed a significant variance when contrasting between the studied groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: according to the presented results NADPH oxidase 4 is not affected by osteoporosis.

In this review, we discuss the use of organic nanoparticles such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in drug delivery in chemotherapy for cancer therapy. Another strategy is the use of nanoparticle vehicles for drug delivery through the natural openings on tumor vessels called fenestrations. Both of these can be functionalized to attach angiotensin to lymphocytes or any certain part of the cancer cell membrane, microenvironment, or cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor sites, and therefore a high concentration of drug delivery to targeted cancer cells is achieved, but with less or no toxicity to normal tissue. The potential advantages evident in this technology are useful approaches to established high-concentration drug treatment of cancer tissues without harming normal cells. Some features of a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system include the durability of the vehicle, biocompatibility, permeation, and ability to target specific types of cells. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles have developed this kind of drug-carrier system. Particulate systems are also still being explored for cancer drug resistance mechanisms, and their function in immunotherapy is expanding.

Obesity and diabetes are becoming widespread in industrialized nations, reaching epidemic proportions. As a result, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of insulin resistance and its related consequences. An in-depth understanding of insulin\'s role in several physiological processes, its influence on its own synthesis and secretion, and its consequences at both the molecular and systemic levels is highly important for the understanding of several chronic diseases prevalent in Western populations today. This article provides a thorough analysis of insulin, including its historical context, structural makeup, synthesis methods, secretion processes, many functions, and interrelationships. Afterwards. This study also includes evaluations of insulin resistance from both clinical and functional perspectives.

Valve heart disease (VHD), caused by a heart valve becoming too narrow (valvular stenosis) or not closing adequately (valvular insufficiency), is one of the heart illnesses that causes the most morbidity and mortality. The study included ninety participants, who were divided into three groups: Thirty people in excellent health, thirty patients with aortic valve disease (atrioventricular valve group: 14 men, 16 females), and thirty patients with mitral valve disease (mitral valve group: 13 males, 17 females). group C, the control group, consisted of 16 men and 14 women. Serum UIBC decreased significantly (P < 0.001) while serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and iron increased significantly (P < 0.001) when the patient groups were compared to group C. Conversely, there were no statistically significant changes (P>0.05) seen in the concentrations of transferrin and TIBC in the serum between the two patient groups and the control group. Moreover, no appreciable variations were noted in the concentrations of iron, TIBC, UIBC, transferrin, transferrin saturation, or ferritin between the AV and MV groups.

An endocrine with metabolic condition known as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects women who are of reproductive age, women with PCOS are a condition often associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. A Cross-sectional study, the study included 88 patients who visited the outpatient clinic in total. These individuals were split up into two groups. All females are assessed the status of obesity by the body mass index (BMI), [BMI= weight (kg) / height (m)²], LH, FSH, Estradiol and Testosterone levels measured by ELISA technique. There was no discernible variation in BMI between groups A and B. (P ≥ 0.456), The patients' mean FSH and LH values were 5.06 mIU/ml and 5.47 mIU/ml, compared with group B mean that equal to 6.05 mlU/ml, 18.91mlU/ml respectively. Serum testosterone was slightly elevated in group B that was (41.19 ± 5.16 ng/dL), and (39.53 ± 4.98 ng/dL) in group A. Moreover, the level of estradiol (E2) in group A was 79.45ng/dL while in group B the level was 72.65 ng/dL there are no significant difference between two groups. The study found conflicting evidence regarding the impact of high LH levels on oocyte quality, fertilization, and pregnancy outcomes in PCOS patients. According to the research, ovarian theca cells from PCOS patients may be more effective than normal theca cells at converting androgenic precursors to testosterone. While ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS is linked to reduced estradiol production, the study indicates that ovarian tissue may still contribute to circulating estradiol levels in affected women.

The purpose of this article is to summarize what is now known about the link between oral cancer, viral infections, and influencing variables by reviewing the scholarly literature on the subject. Inflammatory reactions can be triggered by a variety of hereditary and environmental variables that impact the mouth cavity and its multitude of bacteria. Important functions of this reaction include determining a patient's viral illness susceptibility, promoting chronic inflammation that may lead to oral carcinogenesis, and regulating the human immune system. Researchers have looked at the correlation between viral manifestation and the likelihood of cancer by studying how inflammation of the afflicted epithelium increases the risk. A large body of research indicates that viral infections increase the likelihood of developing various malignancies due to their systemic effects. Alcohol use, smoking, and poor dietary habits are among the many confounding variables linked to oral cancer. The following search engines were utilized: MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The keywords that were entered were: head and neck cancer (HNC), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and other oral malignancies, viral infections (HSV, CMV, HIV, EBV, HPV), and so on. This review set out to search the relevant literature for a better understanding of the connection between viral infections and oral cancer.

A major worldwide concern of our day is climate change. It is regarded as a problem for both human health and the environment. Assessing the effects of climate change on humans and other living things becomes imperative. Nowadays, the vast majority of ailments are thought to be caused by the rapid environmental changes that surround individuals and particular women. In addition to physical, biochemical, genetic, and socioeconomic aspects, human mental and physical wellness need greater focus for survey and early exploration about the tendency of developing signs of certain underlying diseases and certain types of cancer as consequences of climate conditions. Thus, the purpose of this review is to record the association between Iraq's changing environment and the prevalence of various infectious diseases and malignancies.

Gel electrophoresis is essential in molecular biology and biochemistry for separating and analyzing DNA, RNA, and proteins. UV sensitivity and compatibility have led to the use of ethidium bromide stains. Mutagenic and toxic, ethidium bromide poses health and environmental risks, requiring strict handling and disposal procedures. This has led to safer, more eco-friendly staining options like SYBR Safe and patented plant-based dyes with reduced toxicity and improved sensitivity. Modern dyes meet rigorous laboratory safety standards and are compatible with safer visualization methods like blue light, improving user safety. We compare the efficacy, cost, and environmental impact of commercial electrophoresis stains in this review. These comparisons suggest using SYBR-safe or plant-based dyes, which stain well in safer lab conditions. These alternatives improve electrophoresis sustainability and safety without compromising analytical quality.

Background: Many factors influence dental caries as well as dental anxiety of paediatric children, one of them is child-birth order. Child’s growth and development greatly influenced by the surrounding environment which may has positive or negative impact on his physical, mental and even emotional health. This study was conducting to evaluate whether child birth-order has an influence on dental caries and dental anxiety of children attending pediatric dental clinic. Materials and methods: this study conducted at pediatric dental clinic/ Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, (112) pediatric patients included in this study and grouped according to their birth order as eldest group (N=37), middle group (N=35) and youngest group (N=40). For each group both dental caries using (DMFS/dmfs index) and dental anxiety using (faces version of the modified child dental anxiety scale MCDAS (f)) were measured. One-way ANOVA test used for statistical analysis. Results: Data showed significant impact for birth order on dental caries with (p= 0.035), while the study found non-significant difference between child-birth order and dental anxiety with (p= 0.899). Conclusion: child birth-order significantly influence dental caries with eldest children less affected by dental caries compared to youngest children, with non-significant impact on dental anxiety.

Atherosclerotic cardiac disease (ASCVD) is a significant health issues among people who have Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetic patients experience ASCVD-related consequences 14.6 years faster than non-diabetic individuals. The main goal of the study was to assess the relevance of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and other lipid-related indicators in predicting ASCVD risk in Iraqi T2DM patients.
Material and method: The Diabetes Research Centre at Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad compared 50 individuals with T2DM (25 males and 25 females) to 50 healthy controls. We measured anthropometrics, fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, and lipid profiles
Results: T2DM patients had significantly greater levels of FBS, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL, as well as lower levels of HDL than controls (p < 0.001). AIP, computed as log(TG/HDL), was likewise raised in diabetes individuals. Female T2DM patients had greater FBS and HbA1c values than males. Patients and controls showed significant disparities in anthropometric measurements, including waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These documented results show the crucial impact of AIP and lipid profiles in determining cardiovascular risk in T2DM patients, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and management measures in this high-risk population.

This study aims to compare the periodontal health conditions between study and control groups, regarding clinical periodontal parameters (attachment loss, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and plaque index), and also compare salivary biomarkers (Osteocalcin and Osteonectin) and their relationship. Eighty nine subjects participated in this study; they were distributed into three groups, sixty of them selected from patients seeking periodontal treatment, and their ages ranged between (20 and 50). The healthy group included (29) subjects of analogous ages to the study groups, with a clinically healthy periodontium state. The study groups consisted of (60) patients distributed equally to two groups (30) nonsmokers and (30) smokers with clinical signs of periodontitis. Our outcomes revealed a significant p. value ≤ 0.001 increase in parameters of periodontal in periodontitis group compared to the heathy group. There were no significant differences for all parameters between periodontitis groups, except bleeding on probing. While results of Osteonectin showed highly significant difference P. value ≤ 0.001 between the control and the smokers groups and similar results between the study groups. There was no significant difference between the control and nonsmoker groups. Statistical analysis indicated no significant association between periodontal parameters and salivary biomarkers. However, in the Osteocalcin group; the control group had a significantly different plaque index. Similarly in the osteonectin, the control group showed significant differences in bleeding on probing. The study concluded that smoking is a contributing factor that initiates bone recession. Osteocalcin and Osteonectin are potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of periodontal disease.