Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science

This article presents a preliminary report that uses minuscule images of blood tests to develop a diagnosis of leukemia. Examining through images is crucial since illnesses can be recognized and examined at an earlier stage using the images. The framework will be centered on leukemia and white blood cell illness. In fact, even the hematologist has trouble organizing the leukemic cells, and manually arranging the platelets takes a long time and is quite loose. In this way, early detection of leukemia recurrence allows the patient to receive the appropriate treatment. In order to address this problem, the framework will make use of the capabilities in small images and examine surface, geometry, shading, and quantifiable investigation modifications. These features' variations will be utilized as the classifier input. has transformed the use of images K proposes that (NN) and agglomeration. Examining a wide range of failure measures and increasing the intricacy of every system, the findings are examined. Utilizing feedforward (NN), image division is accomplished with less noise and a very sluggish conjunction rate. K-means agglomeration and (ANN) are intentionally used in this analysis to create a collection of processes that will work together to produce a much better presentation in (IS). An analysis has been conducted to determine the best rule for (IS).

Veterinary medications, particularly antibiotics, are crucial elements in the manufacturing of animal feed. Typically, antibiotics are mostly employed in animals for the purpose of treating and preventing infections, as well as promoting growth. The utilization of antibiotics in animals can lead to the presence of antibiotic residues in food products, including milk, eggs, and meat. It is possible for these residues to cause a lot of bad things, like the spread of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics to humans, immune system problems, allergies, and even cancer (with sulphamethazine, and other drugs). The most harmful consequence of residual drugs is the transfer of resistant antibiotic germs to individuals, aided by the mobility traits of resistance. Controlling the consumption of antibiotics in cattle is imperative in order to mitigate these detrimental effects. The issue should be communicated to individuals and local protocols through formal education. This review will discuss the use of antibiotics in food products and their effects on the health of people.

Heart diseases in the Iraqi population are a significant public health concern. Iraq has experienced in the prevalence of heart diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure and hypertension. Different researches have shown that human Boca virus (HBoV) may be a risk factor, for some cardiac disorders. Hence, goals of resent work is to investigate roles of human Boca virus in ischemia heart disease (IHD) and to investigate roles of serum level of IL-23 in these diseases. 40 heart diseases patients and 40 controls were included. Controls were females (n=30) followed by males (n=10), while patients with IHD were 27 males and 13 females. There were highly significant variations in ages of patients and controls with (p≤0.01). The mean ± SE of age of patients with IHD was 37.90 ±0.75 years, while the mean ± SE of controls was 40.52 ±0.79 years. Lipid profile was measured. There were significant variations between patients' and controls. Also, mean ± SE of HDL was statistically significant between ischemia and control groups (85.28 ±4.31 and 55.10 ±1.23 mg/dl) with p≤0.01, respectively. The serum levels of IgG and IgM were assessed using ELISA. There was no significant variation in mean ± SE of serum level of IgM between ischemia and healthy controls (0.251 ±0.04 and. 0.341 ±0.07 ug/Ml). respectively. There were significant variations in mean ± SE of serum level of IgG between ischemia and controls (0.723 ±0.16 and. 0.076 ±0.004 ug/ml). There were highly significantly differences in Mean ± SE of serum level of 1L-23 between IHD heart diseases (0.407 ±0.073 Pg/mL) and healthy controls (0.0121 ±0.003 pg/mL) with p<0.001, respectively.

An autoimmune condition called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is caused by long-term inflammation. Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis results in nephropathy and other internal symptoms, including death. The current study set out to look at the relationship between serum amyloid A (SAA) levels in circulation and SLE patients. Methods: Sixty SLE patients and 30 healthy with age range (19-55) yearswere involved in this study. A SLE patient wasidentified in the teaching hospital in Baghdad. In this study, laboratory indicators such as blood lipid, kidney function, test results, and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), SAA, and ALB were assessed using an automated biochemical analyzer. Results: Patients with active SLE had serum amyloid A (SAA) values 5.83 mg/L [IQR: 2.08–10.87], 4.92 mg/L [IQR: 1.57–11.43], and 1.33 mg/L [IQR: 0.13–3.12], respectively, substantially upper than personswith inactive SLE or healthy control subjects (P < 0.001). ESR values in healthy control subjects, patients with inactive SLE, and patients with active SLE. In conclusion, the current study's findings offered more proof of SAA's potential involvement in SLE and suggested that it might be valuable biomarkers that could reveal more details about the disease's activity.

Oral lichen planus(OLP) usually appears in the form of skin lesions with multiple oral symptoms. Research indicates that it may be an autoimmune disease and is believed to be related to some viral infections. aims to determine the level of some immune indicators in patients with OLP and some types of viral infections associated with it. The research also aimed to determine the level of these indicators in patients who suffered from recurrence of the infection. Methods: ELISA technology was used to determine the level of immune indicators, Results the percentage of patients infected with OLP was 48.9%, while those infected with OLP+HCV, OLP+HBsV, and OLP+HSV-1 were 9.4%, 6.2%, and 5.2%, respectively. Some immune indicators are in higher concentrations in females than in males. While there was variation in the levels of some other measured indicators, as they appeared in higher concentrations in patients infected with OLP+HBsV than in other groups, followed by the group of patients infected with OLP+HCV. In the group of patients with OLP, the infection was recurrent at a rate of 93.6%, while the non-recurrence rate was 6.4%. The immune indicators S-IgA, IgG, and C3 each appeared in higher concentrations in non-recurring disease cases, while the rest of the immune indicators appeared in higher concentrations in recurrent cases, and they varied. The levels of these immune indicators in other disease groups under study among those who have recurrence than in the other group. Conclusion: Some immunological indicators are increase in OLP patients and also, in HBsV infections and the disease may be recurrent in same family.

Spontaneous abortion is a commonly occurring issue during human pregnancy. The definition provided by the WHO in 1977 is universally accepted. Recurrent pregnancy loss is a multifaceted health issue that lacks a universally agreed-upon definition. The lack of agreement in definitions encompasses not only the varying number of spontaneous abortions (two or three) that are considered recurrent pregnancy losses but also the different types of pregnancies and the gestational age at which the miscarriage occurs. The prevalence among clinical pregnancies is approximately less 15%, but when early pregnancy losses are included, it rises to 17–22%. The only two etiologic causes that all authors agree on are uterine abnormalities and paternal balanced chromosomal rearrangements. Numerous alternative risk variables have been proposed.

Background: Gram-negative Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, or S. typhi, is intracellular bacteria belong to Enterobacteriaceae family that infect humans and cause Salmonellosis (typhoid fever), or (enteric fever), this disease is a major public health problem and a life-threatening bacterial infection in developing countries. Every year, there are thought to be between 12 and 33 million cases of typhoid fever, which leads to over 600,000 deaths. Specific immunity both humoral and cellular specific immune response activated to control Salmonella infection. This study aimed evaluate the function of IL-4 and IL18 levels as a diagnostic aid for this infection. Material and methods: Ninety suspected patients with typhoid fever diagnosed by specialist according to sign and symptom and thirty apparently healthy control where enrolled during the study period from September 2023 to February 2024. Blood was taken from both groups (5ml) and serum were gathered using centrifugation (3000 rpm for 5 min) and kept frozen in three Eppendorf for detection of serum IgM, IgG, IL-4 and IL-18 levels. Results: the result showed that out of 90 blood samples only 60 samples were positive to salmonella infection (confirmed by detecting specific salmonella IgM and IgG antibodies using ELIZA kits Sunlong biotech\China). Serum levels of IL-4, and IL18 (pg/ml) was measured in positive samples using ELIZA kits (Cloud-clone corp \USA). There is a significant increase in the level of IgM (0.33 ± 0.13) (mg\dl) and IgG (0.27 ± 0.1) (mg\dl) as compared to the control group in patients (0.16±0.03 and 0.12±0.03) (mg\dl) respectively with P < 0.01, and there was a significant increase in the average IL-4 (334.00 ± 87.49) (pg/ml) and IL-18 level in patients (380.44 ± 68.95) (pg/ml) compared to the control group (83.40 ± 17.44 and 189.66 ± 70.40) (pg/ml) respectively with P < 0.001. The results indicated a direct correlation between IL-4 and IL-18 serum levels with high level of serum IgM antibody compared to their levels in control group.

This review examines a broad range of microbiota functions in terms of animal physiology, including its effect on digestion, immunological capabilities, metabolism, reproductive regulation, and nervous system. Its purpose is to provide a systematic overview of on-going research, determine the gap of knowledge and evaluate how environmental factors and the alteration of the microbiome can help to improve the health of animals and contribute to the conservation effort. This study describes the roles of microflora in digestion and absorption of nutrients, modulation of the immune system, and reproduction components and newborn development. Alongside this, it reports the interplay between the bacteria and the central nervous system, which underpins the behavior and mental health. This mission of the review is to offer an integrated overall comprehension of microbiota, which will be used to detect applicable insights and make actionable decisions for future research, veterinary care, and conservation efforts.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to decreased insulin sensitivity, inadequate insulin synthesis, or a mix of the two. Insulin resistance (IR) causes adipocytes to release uncontrolled fatty acids, resulting in elevated amounts of unbound fatty acids in the bloodstream. The purpose of this study is to evaluate numerous biochemical markers in the serum of T2DM patients and comparing them to those without hypertension. Material and method: The current study had 60 T2DM patients split into two groups: 30 with HP and 30 without HP. Patient samples were gathered from the Diabetic Research Centre at Al-Mustansiriyah College University in Baghdad, Iraq, between January and April 2021. The two groups were compared with thirty healthy control volunteers. Results: The results of this study revealed that there is a significant difference in (Age, WHR, BMI, HbA1c, FBS, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, HDL, C-peptide, HOMA-IR, and Cortisol), while there is no significant difference in urea and creatinine between patients without HP and control. On the other hand, there is an essential difference in all parameters determined in this study between T2DM with HP and control. Finally, there's an important variance in WHR, FBS, urea, creatinine, C-Peptide, HOMA-IR, and cortisol, but there is little variation in the other parameters identified in the study. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the association between Type 2 diabetes. and HP is proportional; patients with PH have higher WHR and FBS, which can be attributed to higher body fats; urea and creatinine levels are significantly higher in patients with HP due to kidney damage caused by high pressure; there is an immediate connection between age and T2DM infection; and BMI and WHR are two of the most influential risk factors for T2DM-related injury The lipid profile parameters have been linked to T2DM because an increase in body fat raises the BMI and WHR and causes insulin resistance, which leads to T2DM; the renal function variables will increase as a response to damage to the kidney's nephrons; the level of C-peptide will increase as the body attempts to maintain a level of sugar in the normal range; and HOMA-IR will increase as resistance to insulin occurs in the body. The final result is that Cortisol concentration is altered by numerous inhibitory medications, resulting in low levels. More research on this area is needed to enhance findings, identify new techniques to controlling T2DM, and develop a trustworthy diagnostic procedure.

In most healthy individuals, intermittent fasting during Ramadan, which occurs just once a year, could have positive effects on metabolic consequences. That even though there are several exceptions to fasting, many Muslims who have medical issues choose to fast. This may have a significant influence on their health if not addressed properly. The health consequences of Ramadan fasting have recently sparked renewed study. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of fasting in Ramadan on the level of some metals and minerals compare these levels with a control group that is not fasting during Ramadan and show the effect of Ramadan on the health of fasting people. It was a study consisting of two categories. The first group was composed of 50 people (males and females) who fasted during Ramadan, while the second group was composed of 50 people who ate and drank during Ramadan. From both groups tacked 5 ml of venous blood to estimate the concentration of metals which include: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mg), potassium(K) and sodium (Na) during Ramadan month. The present study found that the concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and magnesium increase significantly in fasting group as compared to control group (with p- value =0.001 for Cd and p= 0.000 for other). whereas no significant difference in concentration of calcium, sodium and potassium between the fasting and control group. The results showed that fasting in Ramadan not affect the level of calcium, sodium and potassium, whereas the levels of cadmium, lead, copper, magnesium and chromium were affected, since they increased during fasting except chromium decreased. However, observing healthy food guidelines while fasting throughout Ramadan can lessen these alterations.

The aging process is a multifaceted biological phenomenon characterized by alterations at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels that culminate in a gradual, unavoidable, and unavoidable reduction in the body's capacity to react suitably to internal and/or external stimuli. Aging is a complex process that involves different mechanisms as The "Wear and Tear" Theory ,The Genetic Control Theory ,The Neuroendocrine Theory ,Waste Accumulation Theory ,Divisions Theory, Autoimmune Theory, Thymic-Stimulating Theory ,Mitochondrial Theory Mitochondria, Errors and Repairs Theory, Redundant DNA Theory Cross-Linkage Theory , Death Hormone Theory (DECO), Caloric Restriction Theory ,The Rate of Living Theory ,Gene Mutation Theory, Accumulated mutations Theory, Theory, Order to Disorder Theory, Disposable soma Theory, Antagonistic pleiotropy theory, The Telomerase Theory ,The free radical Theory. The two main categories of aging theories that explain cellular aging are structural damage and programmed theories. Different types of cells experience physiological stressors due to a range of circumstances. Notably, post-mitotic and mitotic cells have different capacities for proliferation and age differently in response to these pressures through different processes of cellular senescence and death, respectively. Over time, these aging cells build up and eventually cause old tissues to malfunction. The aim of this review is to throw light upon the effected of aging and who to treatment it.