Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science

Cladocera samples were collected from three sites on the Kufa River. The Kufa River is located in the Najaf governorate of Iraq. km long, with a length of (75.25 km). A net with a diameter of 50 cm and a mesh size of 55 μm was secondhand. to collect the Cladocera samples. A total of thirty-one taxa of 14 genera were identified. These genera: Alona, Bosmina, Camptocercus, Chydorus, Ceriiodaphnia, Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, Graptoleberis, Hyocryptus, Latonopsis, Leydigia, Macrothrix, Pleuroxus, Simocephalus belong to six families. Chydoridae was the prevailing family in this study, while Hyocryptidae included only one taxon. Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus, Ceriodaphnia sp., and Simocephalus expinosus were recorded in all identified sites. This study aimed to identify the Cladocera species in the Kufa River.

Archwires are the principal force generators used in orthodontic treatment. They are one of the fixed appliances’ active components. They produce various tooth movements by interaction with brackets and buccal tubes. Recent advancements in orthodontics have resulted in a wide variety of archwire alloys with a broad spectrum of characteristics. The proper application of these wires can shorten treatment duration, improve patient comfort, and reduce chairside time. Furthermore, the need for esthetic orthodontic treatment alternatives resulted in the introduction of esthetic archwires. These innovative archwires attempt to combine both the esthetics and good clinical performance. Understanding recent archwires will aid in selecting the most appropriate wire for their intended usage throughout treatment.

Oral hygiene is the cornerstone of good oral health especially in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances where the appliances make it challenging to practice normal oral hygiene. The objective of this study was to evaluate oral hygiene and gingival health in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at four different time points, with repeated oral hygiene guidance provided during each visit. In this prospective study, 41 patients between the ages of 18 and 22 were divided into two groups, one of which had just begun fixed orthodontic treatment (New) and the other have passed five months from the beginning of the treatment (Old). All patients got traditional oral hygiene training with oral hygiene kit and (SENSODYNE) toothpaste. The plaque index (PI) and marginal bleeding index (MBI) were measured. Both groups showed increase in plaque values without statistical differences. Whereas BI showed statistical differences (P=0.010) at New group only after 4 weeks. We think that oral hygiene enforcement at each visit not enough to improve oral hygiene status and need to seek for other strategies to enhance oral health like using software reminders.

Asthma is a chronic disease resulting from inflammation of the respiratory tract and is more common in children than adults. There are few studies conducted in Iraq to determine the rate of this disease. Previous studies were searched on various scientific research sites such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Iraqi academic journals website for the period from 2000 to 2023. Five studies were included in this review out of thirty-five studies conducted previously. Studies showed that the highest prevalence of asthma was in the capital, Baghdad, 22.7%, and the lowest was in Erbil Governorate, 7%. This discrepancy may result from the difference in environmental conditions between different regions of Iraq. It is necessary for Iraqi health authorities to conduct comprehensive and modern studies to determine the extent of the prevalence of asthma in Iraq.

This article delves into the relationship between COVID-19 and cancer. The challenges and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients are highlighted, along with an explanation of the most crucial strategies that must be adhered to avoid this virus. Explaining the importance of healthcare systems in providing services to patients and assisting them to improve their health condition. This article concentrates on recent studies and clinical observations as it allows for an accurate and comprehensive understanding of the effects of this pandemic on cancer patients. The main issues will be focused on the impact of viral infections on cancerous tumours while clarifying the long-term consequences on patients’ lives. The main goal of this article is to inform healthcare workers, physicians, and researchers about the impact and seriousness of COVID-19 on cancer patients.

The most important and basic processe that occurs inside of cells is cell death. There are several regulated cell death mechanisms, such as pyroptosis, necroptosis and apoptosis. Distinct sets of host proteins that contribute to biological outcomes regulate all such activities. Caspases regulate the execution of processes like pyroptosis and apoptosis. Inflammatory caspases trigger the process of pyroptosis, which results in necrotic, inflammatory cell death that causes inflammatory illness, even though it acts as a defense mechanism against a variety of microorganisms. The autoimmune, chronic inflammatory illness named as \'\'rheumatoid arthritis (RA)\'\'is characterized by inflammation in the joints caused by inflammatory- promoting cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Rheumatoid arthritis is mainly characterized by synovitis, which is followed by clinical manifestation like stiffness, pain, swelling in several joints, malaise and fever as well as involvement of organ that are extra-articular like, interstitial pneumonia. Soon after the outset, joint damage advances, and once the impacted joints are distorted, irreversible physical impairment starts to manifest. Clarifying the role of pyroptosis in RA was the main goal of this review.

Toxoplasmosis affects various biochemical markers, which has garnered attention recently. Toxoplasmosis biochemical marker values were the focus of this study. To evaluate the infection-related marker TNF alpha, TNF-α regulates inflammation, anti-tumor responses, and homeostasis via interacting with TNF-R1 and TNF-R2. TNF-α has a vital function in treating T. gondii by regulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell development. Despite therapeutic usage of anti-TNF-α medications, adverse effects such lymph proliferative disorders have been known to occur. This also suggests that one major mechanism by which cytokines operate is by inhibiting parasite invasion. TNF-α has the ability to directly influence the proliferation of intracellular parasites to different extents. The study included one hundred patients with toxoplasmosis, aged between eighteen and thirty years old. Among them, seventy had confirmed cases of infection, with forty samples from both male and female patients, while the remaining thirty samples were taken from healthy individuals serving as a control group. Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, and many outpatient clinics will treat patients from different Iraqi governorates from November 2022 and October 2023. Additionally, we utilized the ELISA technique to determine the quantity of TNF-alpha present. With this study, there were no significant changes in blood levels of TNF-α between the control group and teens of different ages and genders, according to the results. The mean ±SE values of the level in healthy teens (80.57 ±5.27) and T. gondii patients (123.59 ±4.35, 158.85 ±10.26) were not statistically different. The findings indicated that the mean values for healthy teenagers were 66.02 ±5.89 and 87.84 ±3.24, respectively. There was no significant gender difference, with mean values of 149.65 ±11.98 and 133.25 ±3.96, respectively. Patients with toxoplasmosis exhibited substantially higher TNF-α levels than the control group (P ≤0.01). The average ± SE TNF-alpha levels in teenagers infected with T. gondii were 136.86 ±5.96, whereas the control group had 87.84 ±3.24. Our research suggests that Toxoplasma gondii have the capability to exert effect on certain indicators, such as TNF-alpha. The findings indicate that adolescents are prone to a significant prevalence of toxoplasmosis diagnoses. Consequently, prioritizing health education for those with a heightened susceptibility to developing the disease is imperative.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and seriously affects public health. Recently, contemporary microbiome research has found hints that the urinary microflora may at least to some extent impact prostate cancer formation and treatment outcomes. A comprehensive review This article attempts to provide a brief summary and integration of the current knowledge about involvement in prostate cancer development by urinary microbiota, diagnostic capabilities, as well as therapeutic opportunities.It examines the different microbial spheres found inside residents in the genitourinary system and their relevance to tumorigenic microenvironments. The review looks at microbial signatures linked to prostate cancer, and tries to identify potential biological markers for diagnosis of the disease or patient stratification according to risk levels, as well as potential predictors of outcome. Secondly, the potential effect of urine microbiota upon treatment response and how to design novel therapeutic interventions also form key topics in this study.After a comprehensive review of existing literature and recent new studies, this article attempts to illuminate the intricate interrelationships between urinary microbiota and prostate cancer. It is hoped that this effort will provide some insight on future directions of research, clinical applications and even possibilities for precision-medicine paradigms in prostate cancer care.

Vaginal infections are predominantly caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis, and Candida infection. These infections are particularly concerning among pregnant women, potentially leading to adverse outcomes, including miscarriage. This study aimed to investigate the association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and hormonal and immune parameters (Vitamin D and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels). A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2022 and October 2023. A total of 92 women participated, including 67 patients with recurrent vaginitis (characterized by burning, itching, and discharge) and 25 healthy controls. High vaginal swabs and 5 ml of venous blood were collected from each participant. Serum levels of Vitamin D, TSH, and inflammatory cytokines were measured using immunofluorescence techniques. Women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis had significantly elevated serum Vitamin D levels (P=0.0144), while the differences in TSH levels between the two groups were not statistically significant. Although associations between TSH, Vitamin D, and Trichomonas vaginalis infection were observed, these correlations did not reach statistical significance. This study suggested that Trichomonas vaginalis infection may be associated with increased serum Vitamin D levels in affected women. The lack of a significant change in TSH levels and its weak association with the infection indicate a complex interplay between hormonal balance and vaginal infections. Further research is needed to explore the implications of these findings, particularly in the context of infertility and immune modulation during vaginal infection.

To assess the impact of E. camaldulensis extract against bacteria that are isolated from urine sample from UTI patient in Baquba city Then mix this plant with antibiotics to see its effect. In addition to examine those pathogens bacteriologically. The sensitivity of the isolates to (13) antibiotics was tested, and the bacterial isolates showed a variation in the rates of their resistance to these antibiotics. The results showed that the antibiotic Imipenem had the most effect on the bacterial isolates under study, while the bacterial isolates showed high resistance to the rest of the antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 3 antibiotics, namely, Gentamycin, Amikacin and Amoxicillin. These values for the antibiotics ranged between <4-1024, <4-1024 <<512-1024) mcg/ml, respectively. The Ethanolic Extract of Eucalyptus Exhibit highest antibacterial effect on S.areus on (o.62 g/1.5 ml and 0.31g/750ml). Lower respectively antibacterial effect on Proteus and Pseudomonas but no antibacterial effect against Klebsiella. Bacterial isolates were selected on the basis of their most frequent urinary tract infections and their resistance to the effect of antibiotics (K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus). The amount of the mixed effect was determined by mixing Eucalyptus with three antibiotics, namely Amikacin and Gentamycin Amoxicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates under study was compared before and after mixing the antibiotics. The effect of mixing was a synergistic effect for all bacterial isolates. On the other hand, the synergistic effect was clear on the gram-positive isolates of S. aureus between eucalyptus and beta-lactams (and Amoxicillin).

Antibiotic resistance is now a major a medical and financial burden that affects healthcare globally. Insufficient undergraduate instruction on antibiotic management may be a factor in antibiotic-related clinical malpractice, which could have detrimental effects on patient wellness. The study\'s objective was to evaluate undergraduate medical students at the Medical Institute in Al-Nasiriyah understanding, beliefs, and behaviors regarding resistant antibiotics. Methodology: A cross-sectional investigation was making in the University of the Medical Institute in Al-Nasiriyah. (133) undergraduate medical students who were chosen at random were given a structured questionnaire. The statistical package for social sciences and SPSS, version 22.0, was used to analyze the data. A Chi-square test was used to examine relationships between the independent and dependent variables.
Results: 133 of 188 medical students (71%) had good understanding about the use and resistance to antibiotics, according to the study. Regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, the students\' knowledge is good; however, their understanding of antibiotic usage is below average. Knowledge is influenced by a number of variables, such as program, academic level, gender, and awareness of resistance to antibiotics. Based on the results, it is recommended that students\' understanding of these topics be enhanced. Conclusions: There are a lot of common misconceptions in some fields, like the usage of antibiotics. Immediately interventions are necessary to enhance students\' understanding of antibiotics and resistance in light of the findings. Although they were less practiced, the students\' knowledge and attitudes were higher.

The aim of this research was isolation and identification of yeasts from slaughterhouse environment which including equipment specimens before slaughtered and after slaughtered as well as vital organs swabs in sheep carcasses were slaughtered inside of slaughterhouse , the specimens were collected in Baghdad province during winter season (2023);and two hundred (200) samples were collected from abattoirs divided in to (50) samples before slaughtered and (50) samples after slaughtered and finally another (100) samples were obtained from sheep carcasses which were distributed into twenty-five(25)swabs from each of lung,liver,heart and spleen; these samples were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA),so the results revealed that the percentage of yeasts isolated before slaughtered was (52%) while after slaughtered it decreased to (42%),while percentage of isolation from vital organs of sheep carcasses (22%) in which most visible in abattoirs environment C. albicans was in percent of (10%) then Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was recorded (7.5%) , whereas after C. parapsilosis appeared in percent of (4.5%) while Cryptococcus albidus and C. guilliermondii appeared in percent of(3%) ; C. famata appeared in percent of (2.5%), both C. zeylanoides and C. sphaerica were recorded the same percent of (1%);finally each of C.rugose, C. Lusitaniae ,C.tropicalis, and C. krusei were appeared in percent of (0.5%).

This study examines the necessary changes in Ghana’s medical negligence law which governs artificial intelligence (AI) pilots in hospitals to preserve the doctor-patient relationship and address the liability gap by reviewing Law 575, examination of case law. Combined with lessons from Nigerian hospitals and the global literature, practical recommendations result in acceptable changes, provider responsibilities are renewed, patient advocacy in automation Contributions include modeling legal language for maintaining standards of care, limiting algorithmic harm, and advising emerging AIs on diagnosis or treatment. The need for transparency of equipment and current pilots calls for an update to Rule 575 sooner rather than waiting for crimes to occur. Emphasis is placed on the potential of clinical leaders and policymakers.