Thi-Qar Medical Journal

Introduction: Obesity represents one of the biggest and most serious worldwide health problems which is growing
dramatically around the globe. Obesity causes a serious adverse effect on the health of an individual. It ranks as the
second highest avoidable reasons for fatality.
Objectives: To determine the proportion of overweight and obesity and to determine the relationship between BMI
with sleep and leisure activities among middle school students.
Methodology: Correlational descriptive study was being carried out at middle schools in Baghdad City from
September 4th 2023 to March 20th 2024. The study involved 360 students (12–15 years old). Using non-probability
(convenience) sampling technique. Measurements included BMI, weight, and height.
Results: The study found that 26.6% of students were overweight or obese. Students in first grade had the lowest
percent (5.6%), while third-graders had the highest rate (11.8%). The data indicates that was negative and strong
association between student's BMI and practice of sport. There was no evidence of a relationship between the
prevalence of obesity and lesiure activities.
Recommendation: Preventive programs focusing on encouraging lifestyle changes, eating patterns, and increased
physical activity levels must be undertaken in the early stages of a child's development.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and serious infection in
intubated patients, leading to increased mortality, longer ICU stays, and higher healthcare costs.
Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and to prevent antibiotic misuse.
Purpose: This study investigates whether bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and protected specimen
brush (PSB) yield similar culture results in ICU patients with suspected or confirmed VAP.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on ICU patients with VAP at Shar Hospital,
Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, from 2020 to 2023. Patients on ventilators for ≥48 hours with new lung infiltrates
who underwent both BAL and PSB were included. Spearman's correlation was used to compare
culture results.
Results: Out of 56 VAP patients, 20 met inclusion criteria. Bacteria were detected in 48% of BAL
and 43% of PSB samples. A significant correlation was found between BAL and PSB results
(correlation coefficient 0.846, p < 0.01), with 96% agreement in detected agents.
Conclusion: PSB and BAL provide comparable results for diagnosing VAP, but PSB might be
preferred due to its specificity and lower risk of procedural complications. Correct BAL technique,
involving adequate saline flushing, is essential for accurate results. Further studies should standardize
BAL procedures to optimize diagnostic accuracy.

Background: Cytokines are important in autoimmune thyroid disease. Interleukins regulate
immunity. Lack impairs immunity or causes autoimmune disorders. This study is aiming to
investigate whether inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) levels in the blood correlate with
Hashimoto thyroiditis.
Methods: In this study, we used an ELISA device to determine the levels of interleukins in the
serum of 60 patients with Hashimoto's disease and 60 people as a control group. We diagnosed the
patients based on their clinical condition and also examined their thyroid function and antibodies.
Results: According to the research findings, individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had
considerably higher levels of IL6 and TNF-α (P < 0.001) and could be used to tell the difference
between HT patients and healthy people in the AUC analysis. A positive correlation between
(antiTPO, antiTG, TSH) levels and (IL6, TNF-α) levels has also been demonstrated, which may
indicate that these changes play a role in the development of HT.
Conclusions: This study clearly established that the levels of IL6, TNF alpha is strongly related
with the risk of HT in individuals in Najaf Province, Iraq.

Background and Objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be a predominant
cause of global morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the association between the thickness
of pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) and the intensity and spread of CAD.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Sulaimanyah Cardiac Hospital
from January to December 2023. A total of 100 patients undergoing their first coronary
angiography due to chest pain were recruited. The collection of data encompassed interviews,
physical assessments, laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and coronary
angiographies.
Results: Patients were categorized based on PAT thickness into two groups: PAT ≤ 0.3 cm 20
(20%) and PAT > 0.3 cm 80 (80%). Significant findings included higher rates of systemic
hypertension (p=0.02), Waist circumference (WC) (p< 0.001), metabolic syndrome (p=0.003),
atypical chest pain (p<0.01), abdominal obesity (p<0.01), and ischemic ECG finding (p=0.02) in
the thicker PAT group. Echocardiographic and angiographic assessments revealed a significant
association between increased PAT thickness and greater prevalence and severity of CAD. Notably,
the presence of CAD correlated significantly with PAT thickness (r=0.350, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Increased PAT thickness is associated with the severity and extent of CAD,
suggesting that PAT could serve as a potential marker for cardiovascular risk stratification.

Retinol is transported from the liver to peripheral tissues via the vitamin A transport protein which
known as a retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4). According to several epidemiological studies, the
high concentrations of serum RBP4 are related to the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and insulin
resistance. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the role of RBP4 in the insulin
resistance and type 2 diabetes. From August 2023 to December 2023, 100 participants who were
matched for age (30-70) years and sex (59 female- 41 male) participated in a case control study.
They divided into two groups: 50 patients with type 2 diabetes and 50 healthy individuals as a
control group. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used to measure the serum RBP4.
According to results, RBP4 was considerably higher in patients with statistical significant (p
value˂0.001) compared to control group. This study was concluded that T2DM and insulin
resistance were substantially correlated to levels of serum RBP4.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent
challenges in social communication and interaction, along with limited and repetitive behavior,
hobbies, or activities. Neuroimaging and examinations have shown disturbances in the structure
and functioning of the brain, namely in regions responsible for social communication and sensory
processing. Multiple genes contribute to synapse function and plasticity. Shank3 is an example of
a gene that has been linked to a higher risk to autism. It functions by controlling the organization
and activity of synapses, which are vital for neuronal transmission. Several genetic variations in
the shank3 gene have been extensively investigated. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs) have been identified and found to have a deleterious impact on the function of this protein.
This study examined the shank3 SNP (Rs2146772569) in Iraqi population. A total of forty healthy
children and thirty children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum disease (ASD) have been selected to
participate in this study. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between shank3 SNP
and autism spectrum disease in the Iraqi community. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood
samples, followed by PCR amplification and subsequent preparation of the samples for
sequencing.The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software tool. The findings
indicate that the frequency of the C—T allele (CC, CT, and TT genotypes) are 37.5%, 32.5%, and
30% in healthy persons, and 26.67%, 23.33%, and 50% in patients. The frequency of C→T
mutations are 53.75% and 46.25% in healthy persons, and 38.33% and 61.67% in autistic children,
respectively. The findings indicate that there is no notable correlation between this specific single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and autistic spectrum disorder in children from Iraq.

Background: Heart failure, is inability of the heart to pump blood for the body's metabolic
needs. Globally, nurses are pivotal in health education, enhancing positive health outcomes and
overall healthcare effectiveness.
Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing educational program on patients with heart failure.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design enrolled 200 patients with heart failure at the Cardiac
Specialty Hospital in Sulaimani City from (August 2 - 2021, to February 8 - 2024). Stratified into
interventional (n=100) and control (n=100) groups, participants completed a comprehensive
questionnaire covering socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, and various assessments. The
nursing education program exclusively targeted the interventional group. Data were collected
through direct interviews, and analysis used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26,
independent
t
test
and
Chi
square.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition commonly
observed in depressive patients.
Objective: this randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the effects of multivitamin
supplementation on liver enzymes in depressive patients with NAFLD.
Methods: The study randomly divided the participants into two groups: the intervention group,
which received multivitamin supplementation, and the control group, which received a placebo.
The researchers examined liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum bilirubin to evaluate liver
function. They conducted statistical analyses to compare the changes in the levels of these liver
enzymes between the two groups.
Results: The results demonstrated that the multivitamin supplementation group showed a
statistically significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP and serum bilirubin levels compared to the

Among chronic liver diseases, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most common in the
world. The main cause of ALD is excessive alcohol consumption. The accumulation of fatty acids in
liver cells is one of the oldest and most famous alcohol-related changes that cause the development of
ALD . Although the mechanism by which excessive alcohol intake leads to fatty acid accumulation is
far-fetched and complex, one of the mechanisms by which alcohol affects fatty acids is the regulation
of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 c (SREBP-1 C) which may be key to the treatment of
ALD. In this review, we present evidence supporting the key important role of the SREBP-1 C in
influencing the synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids that are a major cause of ALD, and we
suggest that there should be future studies to evaluate the modification of the SREBP-1 C as a possible
new treatment for alcoholic liver disease.

Background: Insulin resistance in the insulin target tissue and insufficient insulin production by pancreatic
β-cells are the hallmarks of chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Certain INPPL1 gene variants have
been associated with type 2 diabetes in Indian, Japanese, British, and French populations, according to
researches.
Objectives: Evaluate the relationship between the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the AL-Najaf
community and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the INPPL1 gene.
Methods: A case-control research was conducted with a sample size of 200 individuals. The INPPL1 gene's
single nucleotide polymorphism (+1893CC/AA) was genotyped using the PCR-RFLP technique.
Results: The frequency of the A allele (p < 0.001) was shown to be considerably greater in T2DM patients,
and SNP +1893CC/AA was found to be strongly linked with T2DM.
Conclusion: The vulnerability of the AL-Najaf community to type 2 diabetes mellitus has been strongly
connected to the single nucleotide polymorphism (+1893CC/AA) in the INPPL1 gene, according to the
results.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common diseases in the world. It is found all
over the world and affects a considerable proportion of people. It is known for being
asymptomatic and affects all warm-blodded animals, including humans. T. gondii parasite is
responsible for the disease. Patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS or
cancer, are most at risk for infection. The study's main goal is to detect T. gondii infection in BC
patients using the serological method (ELISA). This study involves measuring the T.gondi (IgG)
levels of 150 patients with breast cancer whom entered oncology center of Al-Haboubi Teaching
Hospital in Nasiriya City (southern Iraq ), and 54 healthy controls. The results demonstrated that
47.3% of breast cancer patients were infected with T. gondii compared with the control group
(33.3%). The age group with the highest infection rate was (41–50) years old among BC patients
infected with T.gondii (38%), while the age range between 71–80 years old had the lowest
infection rate (4%).Additionally, there was a higher rate of toxoplasmosis among patients with
breast cancer whom were lived in urban (57.75%) compared with those living in rural. The
results showed a high rate of breast cancer patients with toxoplasmosis (59.15%) in grade 2
compared with other grades. Stage III of breast cancer showed a high rate of infection with
toxoplasmosis (66.19%) compared with other stages.

Colorectal cancer is a third most prevalent cause of tumorigenesis and several
pathogenic bacteria have been correlated with aggressive cases of cancer i.e., genotoxin
(colibactin) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study was designed to investigate the
pathogenic E. coli isolates from colorectal tissue were characterized based on morphology,
antibiotic resistance pattern and risk factors association with CRC. Moreover, E. coli isolates
were screened for the presence of the Pks (polyketide synthase) Island specifically targeting
colibactin genes (cIbB and uidA). This results revealed a significant increase in the mean of
age in CRC patients compared to the benign group (P:0.001). In addition, the CRC incidence
was increased significantly in urban areas (72.5%) compared to rural areas (27.5%)
(P:0.001). Moreover, 100% of these isolates were resistant to Meropenem and 80% of these
isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Rifampin, and Erythromycin. The
presence of cIbB and uidA genes did not show a significant association when comparing
colorectal tissues to benign colon tissues. This is the first study on identification and
antimicrobial resistance of E.coli among CRC patients in this setting. This work provides
local, specific data, which are crucial to understand and combat CRC in Iraq.

Background: Asthma is a common and chronic respiratory disease that affects over 300 million
people worldwide and causes significant sickness and mortality.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of most common Aerobic bacteria
among asthma patients and its relation to demographic data in Iraqi population
Materials and Methods: 130 people participated in the current study, which was carried out
at the Al-Nasiriya Teaching Hospital from October 2023 to June 2024. Of them, 100 patients had
asthma, 70 had bacterial infections, 30 did not, and 30 served as a control group. The ages span
from 3 to 80. The conventional methods that rely on culture to identify common pathogenic
bacterial species
Result: This study was involved 70 patients with asthma for identification of common bacteria
and showed that the most common isolated bacteria was S. aureus 24 (34.29%, then S. pneumonia
20 (28.57%), then P. aeruginosa 14(20.00%), while the lowest isolated bacteria was K. pneumonia
12 (17.14%), the present study also recorded a non-significant decrease in the frequency of bacteria
in asthmatic patients.

Background: Detection of malignant infiltration in axillary lymph node remains a significant
predictive factor in breast cancer with a significant impact on prognosis and staging. Elastography
new ultrasound method developed that measures the stiffness of tissue can diagnose early
malignant change in the cortex of lymph node and can help to decrease the use of invasive
procedures.
Aim of the study: Analyzing strain elastography findings in borderline axillary lymph nodes
in breast cancer patients.
Patients and method: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the Breast Center/Shar
Hospital / Sulaymaniyah City/ Iraq, in a period of one year between October 2022 and October
2023. Forty-two patients 2 males and 40 females with newly diagnosed breast cancer were
included in the study, we examined the patients with conventional ultrasound and elastography
with a 7.5-12MHz superficial linear transducer using Samsung HS60 and Samsung V7 ultrasound
machines. After determining whether borderline axillary LNs were present ultrasound
elastography was performed for the borderline lymph node, and each case was properly described
and reported. After gray-scale ultrasonography, Elastography (real-time Elastography) was
conducted. In our study, we used a 5-point scoring system. To determine the strain ratio, a circular
region of interest (ROI) was positioned in the axillary fat, and the second ROI was set at the same
level and of the same size over the stiffest part of the lymph node being studied. The final reference
was the histopathological result of the core needle biopsy of the examined lymph node.
Results: A total of 42 patients were studied, the age range was between 33- 77 years old. 54.8%
(n=23) of our patients were negative for malignant cells, whereas 45.2% (n=19) were positive. The
strain ratio (SR) of the negative results for malignant cells (1.8 ± 0.9) was much lower than the
positive results (4.7 ± 1.4). Two-thirds (65.2%, n=15) of the negative results had SR less than 2.1
and the rest 34.8% (n=8) were ≥ 2.1. On the contrary, the positive results, (94.7%, n=18) were ≥
2.1, and only 5.3% (n=1) was below 2.1, with a statistically highly significant difference
(P<0.001). Regarding elasticity score, more than half (56.5%, n=13) of the patients with negative
results for malignant cells have score 2, about one-third (34.8%, n=8) have score 3, and 4.3% (n=1)
have score 4, also, score 1 was 4.3% (n=1). Paradoxically, the majority of the positives (52.6%,
n=10) have score 3, followed by score 4 (21.1%, n=4) then score 2 (15.8%, n=3) then score 5
(10.5%, n=2). With a significant difference (P=0.027).
Conclusion: The strain ratio and elasticity score of malignant borderline axillary lymph node is
much higher than that of benign lymph node, making this new ultrasound method superior to B
mode in the detection of early malignant infiltration to the cortex of axillary lymph node. These
two non-invasive methods (B-mode ultrasound and elastography) can be used together to increase
diagnostic accuracy. 65.2%, (n=15) of the negative results had SR less than 2.1 whereas 94.7%
(n=18) of malignant cases had a strain ratio ≥ 2.1. Regarding elasticity score 60% of benign cases
had scores 2 and 1, whereas 84% of malignant cases had scores 3,4, and 5.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by elevation of oxidative stress (OS)
and measuring the antioxidants biomarkers like vitamin E (VE), lipid profiles, uric acid (UA),
selenium (Se), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) may help to improve patients’ outcomes and
disease progression and disease progression. Objective: The current study aims to detect the
role of OS in SCD and the protection effect of antioxidants. Methods: A case-control study was
included three study groups; sickle cell anemia (SCA), sickle cell trait (SCT), and healthy
controls (HC). Colorimetric, atomic absorption spectrophotometric, and enzyme-linked
immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were performed to assess the levels of VE, Se,
SOD, UA, and lipid profile in the blood (serum and plasma). Results: Sickle cell disease and
SCT subjects had statistically reduced SOD, VE, and Se levels than the HC, with no significant
differences between SCD and SCT patients. When comparing SCD and SCT groups to HC,
lipid profiles reflected higher concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and
very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The antioxidant biomarkers (VE, Se, and SOD) and lipid
profiles illustrate significant correlational inter-relationships among the study groups.
Conclusions: When compared to HC, subjects with SCD and SCT had considerably lower
levels of VE, Se, and SOD, speculating a higher OS. On the contrary, these patients had higher
concentrations of TC, TG, and VLDL and lower concentrations of high-density lipoprotein
(HDL). The results verified that OS and dyslipidemia are common in SCD and SCT,
emphasizing the utility need for lipid-lowering and antioxidant treatment determinants.

The most prevalent parasite infection in worldwide is toxoplasmosis that associated
with a number of problems such as thyroid diseases. The aim of the following study was to
investigate relationship between basophil and eosinophil in patients with autoimmune thyroid
diseases (AITD) who had T.gondii and estimation its association body mass index. The
following study was included 100 patients with (AITD) and 70 as healthy control whom entered
Thi-Qar specialized diabetes endocrine & metabolism center in Nasiriyah city, southern Iraq.
The samples were collected during period extended from July to November (2023) and tested by
using serological method (ELISA) to determine the presence of anti T.gondii (IgG) antibodies
and complete blood count(CBC) and determine BMI of patients. The results showed 33% of
(AITD) patients infected with T. gondii and did not show significant differences in basophil and
eosinophil results and elevated of BMI in hashimotos patients while decreased in Gravis patients.

Currently, one of the biggest health issues facing pregnant women is abortion. There
are a plethora of reasons why abortion occur, but few women are aware of them, particularly
since the chromosomes of the fetus, which carry its genetic makeup, may be faulty. The Thi- Qar
governorate served as the study's site comprising 200 blood samples drawn 60 blood samples for
pregnant women, and 140 blood samples drawn from women who had abortions and were
between the ages of 18 and 42. Was used device complete blood count (CBC) the reaction tests
blood example WBC, RBC PLT and PCV. Also use kite test blood groups and SPSS version 26
were used to statistically analyze all of the study's data.

conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are helpful in characterizing tumor
aggressiveness, but grading using conventional MR imaging alone is often unreliable. Proton MR
Spectroscopy (MRS) is a well-established technique for quantifying the brain regional biochemistry
by providing valuable information on the metabolic composition within an area of tissue and
comparing the relative concentration of these metabolites. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
contribution of short and intermediate TE MRS in differentiation of high and low grade gliomas.
Patients and Methods: a prospective cross sectional study conducted on selected patients with
untreated gliomas whom were referred to the radiology department presenting with different
neurological symptoms from April 2018 to February 2019. 1.5 Tesla MRI and MRS were performed
before any interventional procedure. Histopathological diagnosis was obtained and all tumors
enrolled were graded according to the current World Health Organization criteria. The main
metabolites identified by MRS were N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) at 2.02 ppm, creatine (Cr) at 3.0 ppm,
choline containing compounds (Cho) at 3.2 ppm. The following metabolic ratios were calculated
using standard commercial software: NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and Cho/NAA at both short and intermediate
TE.
Results: a total of 22 patients; (12 male and 8 females, age ranged 18–70 years). At intermediate TE,
the difference between high and low grade tumors was statistically significant in Cho metabolite
related ratios (Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr), p-value 0.001 and 0.003 respectively. At short TE, the
difference between high and low grade tumors was statistically significant in Cho metabolite related
ratios (Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr), P <0.001 and 0.01 respectively. On other hand, NAA/Cr ratio was
statistically insignificant in differentiating low and high grade tumors.
Conclusion: MRS is a non-invasive technique that provides an insight into the underlying biological
structure of brain gliomas and in turn improves the diagnostic accuracy. Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios
were the most valuable indicators in assessing the tumor grade.

Background: Malassezia are lipophilic yeasts that coexist symbiotically on the skin of humans
and other warm-blooded animals. They assume two forms: unicellular yeasts and pseudofilamentous
yeasts. Malassezia yeasts are opportunistic and exhibit coexistence with their host without adverse
effects. However, they are capable of causing infection in humans under specific circumstances that
facilitate their growth, such as a compromised immune system and a pH change. Approximately 80%
of healthy individuals harbor Malassezia yeasts, which naturally colonize the epidermis of humans
around three months after birth.
The Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is induced by Malassezia yeast. The yeasts invade the outermost
keratinized layer of human skin and induce several alterations in this layer, such as the formation of
different-colored patches on the skin. The spots are scaly and can be classified into two types:
hypopigmentation, which refers to a condition where the spots are lighter than the skin tone, and
hyperpigmentation, which characterizes a condition where the spots are darker than the skin color,
resulting in red spots. This condition manifests on many regions of the skin, encompassing the arms,
upper body, neck, and face. Furthermore, it manifests on the hair, and it is rarely observed to impact
the nails. This infection may be asymptomatic or it is accompanied by mild pruritus.
Objective: This study aims to isolate and phenotypically identify Malassezia species from pityriasis
versicolor patients, as well as compare their prevalence in patients with that of healthy individuals.
Methods: About 72 skin scraping samples were collected from patients diagnosed by the
dermatologist as pityriasis versicolor patients and 30 skin swabs from healthy individuals at the period
from Jul-2023 to Dec-2023. All samples were tested for morphological identification and anti-fungal
sensitivity of Malassezia Spp.
Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of Malassezia species infection was higher among
patients aged 31-40 years (40% in 24 patients) and 21-30 years (35% in 21 patients). The chest region
had the greatest incidence of infection (37.33% in 23 patients) and neck (30.00% in 18 patients).
Observation of clinical data verified the existence of hyperpigmented lesions in 40 patients and
hypopigmented lesions in 20 patients. All isolates of Malassezia shown significant resistance to
ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, amphotericin, and itraconazole treatments. Notably,
ten isolates exhibited the greatest sensitivity to nystatin.
Conclusion: The prevalence of Malassezia species infection is higher in males compared to
females, and it is quite uncommon in children. They either induce direct disease or actively contribute
to the progression of pre-existing skin disorders.

Background and Objectives: Masseter hypertrophy (MH) is characterized by abnormal
enlargement of the masseter muscle (MM), leading to aesthetic concerns and functional
impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type
A (BTX-A) injections for the reduction of masseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH).
Methods: A prospective clinical study was carried out in the Maxillofacial Department of
Rizgary Teaching Hospital from February 2018 to August 2019 and 19 patients were included
who were suffering from MH. The condition was clinically diagnosed. With the diluted BTX
A (30IU in ringer lactates injected at five masseter points, 6 iu each points ), Pre-injection and
post-injection performance measurements were performed at 12 weeks on a patient-self-reported
scale using a visual analog scale (VAS).
Results: This study's findings indicate that 12 weeks after the administration of BTX-A, there
was a significant efficacy in reducing MMH, with only one patient exhibiting no change in
muscle hypertrophy post-injection but after injection was reduced and one patient . exhibit
herniation
Conclusion: This study established that the use of BTX-A significantly decreased MMH.
These results suggest that BTX-A can be utilized as a safe and risk-free method with maximum
effectiveness in treating MMH.

This article examines the pathophysiological processes behind health problems
resulting from tobacco use in individuals with HIV, as well as the potential interactions between
these mechanisms and HIV infection. HIV-infected persons experience a more pronounced
health impact from smoking tobacco in comparison to others who are not infected. Smoking in
people living with HIV (PLWH) is influenced by various factors, such as the presence of mental
health conditions, alcohol and drug consumption, the quality of their health-related well-being,
smoking habits within their social circles, and limited healthcare accessibility. People living with
HIV (PLWH) who smoke are more susceptible to many infections connected with HIV and other
health issues, such as a diminished response to antiretroviral drugs, a weakened immune system,
lower cognitive abilities, poor lung function, and cardiovascular disease.
Aim: The objective of the study is to examine the correlation between smoking and the
probability of contracting HIV. Smoking is recognized to impair the immune system and
heighten susceptibility to infections and chronic illnesses, which can be especially harmful to
individuals already impaired by HIV.
Methods: The journals were collected using the systematic literature review approach,
adhering to the guidelines developed by the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews
and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The procedure consists of four phases: identification, screening,
eligibility, and inclusion for satisfactory outcomes. The literature review was carried out by
systematically scanning scientific papers using internet-based databases like Google Scholar,
Science Direct, BMJ Open, and Lontar UI. The search was conducted using exact combinations
of keywords. The topics of interest are HIV, tobacco usage, and those who have HIV and engage
in smoking.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a developing technology that has a great impact on
various aspects, application of AI in healthcare has drawn a significant attention worldwide. Within
radiology, the ongoing integration of AI holds great potential for improving medical imaging and
helping in the detection of precise abnormalities, opening new field of enhancement and carrying
a lot of concerns that will be discussed.
Aim of the study: Is to explore the knowledge and acceptance of the radiologists and medical
students upon AI technology and measure the significant differences between these two
generations and what are the potential benefits and major concerns.
Martial and methods: Cross-sectional prospective descriptive study, based on online
questionnaire.
Results: The study involved 158 individuals, among them, 42 were identified as radiologists,
while 116 were medical students, 85.7% of the studied sample comprised highly experienced
radiologists with more than 10 years of expertise in their field. Diagnostic radiology emerged as
the primary specialty within the vast majority of this studied sample. The other participants
encompass students ranging from the 2nd to the 6th stages of their education, alongside recently
graduated individuals. Most of these students possess a level of familiarity, ranging from moderate
to extensive. The majority within both the radiologist and student groups indicated a moderate
level of familiarity with AI concepts, also concepts of AI seem widely accepted overall.
Radiologists primarily see potential benefits of AI in medical decision support, aiming to enhance
the quality and efficiency of diagnostic radiology.
Conclusion: AI is set to transform healthcare, particularly in radiology, by enhancing
diagnostics. Concerns exist about its effects on jobs, privacy, and the personal touch in care.
Medical students lack AI knowledge, pointing to the need for better AI education in medical
training through practical experience and ongoing learning.

In this article: A series of new heterocyclic molecules with five and six members were
prepared from 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative with a terminal primary amine group and was used to
synthesize a Schiff base (6) by interaction with 5-chloro salicylaldehyde and using ethanol as a
solvent. After that, it was able to prepare numerous chemical compounds utilizing the Schiff base.
Which contains a C=N group with (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-mercaptobenzoic acid, valine, alanine,
and sodium azide) to prepare hydroqinazoline (6a), thiazinone derivative (6b), and imidazolidine
derivatives, (6c,6d). TLC follows these reactions and Melting points for derivatives were
measured. These compounds were determined by 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and FT-IR spectra, along
with studying the biological activity of the prepared derivatives.

Background: Paranasal sinus diseases are increasingly common worldwide. Early diagnosis and timely
therapy are vital to avoid prolonged issues. The variable anatomy of these sinuses can significantly impact
subsequent pathology.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of sinonasal anatomical variants (SNAVs) in a sample population
in Duhok city, assess their correlation with sex, and evaluate the association of these variants with sinonasal
inflammatory changes using computed tomography.
Patients and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 100 patients from specialized
imaging centers in Duhok city over 6months (February to July2024). Multiple CT coronal, axial, and
sagittal sections were analyzed to evaluate the prevalence of sinonasal variants, affected sinuses, and their
association with sinonasal inflammatory changes.
Results: The study included 100 patients aged 12 to 69 years, with an equal gender distribution. The
frequency of SNAVs was 1097 (average 10.97 variants per case). SNAVs were more prevalent in females
(52.4%) compared to males (47.58%). Ethmoid air cells were the most common (46.7%), followed by
sphenoid sinus variation (27.5%). While SNAVs occurred in both genders at varying rates, significant
gender-based differences were found only for ethmoidal air cells and frontal sinus variants. The study found
no significant differences in sinusitis prevalence for most SNAVs by gender, except for ethmoidal air cells
elongation, where females showed an increased prevalence of sinusitis.
Conclusion: Understanding SNAVs and their impact on sinus surgery and disease is crucial. Gender
influences the prevalence of certain SNAVs and their association with sinusitis, indicating the need for a
tailored approach in clinical management.

Increased production of IL-32 proinflammatory cytokine, has been demonstrated in
Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric mucosal inflammation. IL-32, a newly characterized cytokine, is
thought to be a key mediator in host responses to bacterial infections.
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) was discovered in 1983 and has been identified as the
main pathogenic factor for gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers and gastric cancer which is the third most
common cause of cancer-related death in the world The bacterium is a micro-aerophilic, curved, gram
negative bacteria, infection causes chronic gastritis. IL32, proinflammatory cytokine secreted by NK cell,
macrophage, endothelial cell and monocyte, the studies showed that increase expression of IL-32 is
elevated in human gastritis and gastric cancer tissues.
Aim of study: The study aimed to determined the relation of some demographic parameters to gastric
disorders due to H.pylori and assessment of IL-32 concentration.
Material and methods: The study design is a case - control . was performed in Thi-Qar Province,
Iraq, from Nov-2023 to Jan-2024. The diseases was diagnosed by physician and UBT. Serum samples
were taken from 180 participants in various age included (120 cases and 60 controls) . The ELISA
technique used to detects level IL-32 .
Results: The present study showed a significant difference at p. value <0.05, between patients and
control group according to sex, the highest percentage of infection in female were 69.17%, also, a
significant difference was recorded according to age groups, where the highest percent record in second
age group(16-30) 34.17%. With regard residency the study investigated a significant difference was urban
scored 70.83% of patients. IL-32 level was showed increased in the patients compared to control group,
at p.value <0.05.
Conclusion: H. Pylori infection generally associated with demographic data such as sex and age. High
increase in the level IL-32 indicated that the gastric H. pylori diseases induced strong systemic immune
response.

Background: Owing to the significance of the carabelli cusp in anthropological studies, dental
morphology, genetic and evolutionary insights, forensic odontology and, more specifically,
clinical dentistry extensive investigation is required about its prevalence, types (small ridge,
groove, prominence) and its impact on dentistry, namely the development of dental caries.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of the carabelli cusp, types (small ridge, groove,
prominence), and whether it is unilateral (present on one side only) or bilateral (present on both
sides). Additionally, to see if its presence makes people more susceptible to dental caries.
Methods: This study included 90 fifth-grade undergraduate dental students from College of
Dentistry, University of Baghdad. Baseline data were obtained from clinical examination,
students’ information were arranged in case sheets which included name, gender, presence of
carabelli cusp, its type on the mesiopalatal cusp (small ridge, groove, prominence), it being
unilateral or bilateral and presence of caries or not. Data analyzed achieved by using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.
Results: According to our case sheets (77%) of the participants showed presence of the
Carabelli cusp and it was predominantly bilateral (68%). Furthermore, it was predominantly seen
among males (61%). The groove type, with (37.68%) was the most common type and it showed
the highest percentage of caries distribution with (38.46%).
Conclusions: Based on our study findings, the Carabelli cusp is frequent in the population
examined within the time of this study and to have it bilaterally. Additionally, the risk of caries is
raised due the challenge of keeping these areas clean.

Background: Psoriasis is a skin disease caused by an overactive immune system, affecting up
to 3% of the population. It is characterized by chronic inflammation and excessive growth of skin
cells due to interactions between immune cells and skin cells. Recently, researchers have observed
connections between psoriasis and other systemic diseases, suggesting that skin inflammation may
be related to inflammation throughout the body. Hepcidin is a peptide hormone transcription in
the hepatocytes, is a significant iron homeostasis regulator that was just recently identified. The
interaction between positive and negative stimulation is crucial in defining the net levels of
Hepcidin, even though the iron store and inflammatory regulation activate Hepcidin and hypoxia,
anemia, excessive iron load, and enhanced erythropoiesis all adversely control Hepcidin
expression.
Methods : In a case-control study, 120 psoriasis patients and 120 seemingly healthy controls
matched for age and sex were included., ages ranging from 18-60 years, who attended Al-Nasiriya
Teaching Hospital specialized dermatology and venereology consultant from December 2023 to
June 2024. five milliliters of blood were drawn via venin puncture. According to the
manufacturer's instructions, Hepcidin in serum will be measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Sunlong, China, REF SL0868Hu). and serum hs CRP using
routine standard method.
Results :The results indicate that the level of serum Hepcidin significantly decreased (P<0.05).),
and higher significantly increase in hs-CRP (P<0.001) in psoriatic patients as compared to the
control subjects, also indicate that the mean hsCRP value is statistically significantly higher
(P<0.001), in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis than in patients with mild psoriasis.
Conclusions Psoriasis was associated with significantly decreased serum hepcidin levels
compared to control subjects, suggesting that Hepcidin may be involved in the disturbed iron status
reflecting the influence of psoriasis etiologies on Hepcidin expression. And also proposed that
serum hsCRP was an effective psoriasis severity marker that might be applied to monitor the
disease's progression and, used together with PASI, as a worldwide measure of disease severity.

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represent a significant danger to public
health worldwide, complicating treatment strategies and contributing to high mortality rates.
Among the prominent pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit
robust resistance profiles against multiple antibiotics, necessitating the exploration of alternative
therapeutic options. Shilajit, a traditional medicinal substance originating from the Himalayas
and other mountainous regions, has garnered attention for its diverse biological activities,
including antimicrobial properties.
Objectives: This study investigates the potential of Shilajit aqueous extract against clinically
isolated MDR strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa from the Kalar District, Iraq.
Methodology: Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated using disk diffusion and broth micro
dilution methods. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. All
experiments were performed in triplicate, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Results demonstrated significant inhibition of S. aureus at concentrations above 25
mg/mL, while no activity was observed against P. aeruginosa. These findings underscore the
potential of Shilajit as a natural resource for developing alternative therapies amidst the growing
concern of antibiotic resistance.
Conclusions: Shilajit's efficacy against S. aureus highlights its promise as a targeted treatment
option, advocating for further exploration into its mechanisms and broader application in
combating antibiotic-resistant infections.
Recommendations: Preventive programs focusing on encouraging the use of Shilajit and
similar natural products should be considered. Further research is recommended to explore the
mechanisms of Shilajit's antibacterial activity and to evaluate its efficacy in clinical settings.

Background: On the first day of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, azithromycin (AZM) was one of
the most commonly utilised drugs, even though there is no scientific evidence to support its
usage in treating COVID-19. Because it encourages the establishment of drug-resistant bacterial
strains, which makes it more tough to successfully treat a range of bacterial infections, its free
egress has generated worries about public health. Perfect for learning how to combat COVID-19
infections using antibiotics that are effective against azole-group fever (AZM)-resistant bacteria.
Methods: In order to mimic cases of tonsillitis, pharynx infections, or respiratory tract
infections, a control group consisting of 25 samples were used from healthy individuals as a
control group and 37 bacterial isolates was maintained apart from cases that had previously
contracted the corona virus. Ten scholarly articles were completely reviewed. All extra criteria
were met by studies published between 2015 and 2023 that dealt with AZM resistance in bacteria
during the treatment of bacteriosis or the fight against COVID-19.
Results: indicated that out of 25 control samples, 13 (or 52% of the total) responded positively
to AZM whereas 12 (or 48% of the total) were resistant. In addition, 26 (70.27%) of the bacteria
that were isolated were completely resistant to the antibiotic, whereas 11 (29.72%) of the isolates
were found to be susceptible.
Conclusions: Implicit bacterial resistance to AZM is directly correlated with the careless use
of this medication. Because AZM, an antibiotic drug, is widely used to treat a variety of bacterial
diseases, the emergence of resistance bacteria poses a significant threat to public health.

Background: in patient with major hypertrophy and ptosis a free nipple dermo
glandular flap is procedure of choice a major limitation of this technique is in sufficient
breast projection, using of lateral based dermo-glandular flap can added additional tissue
to increase projection and good filling.
Methods: Marking based on principle of breast; when excised tissue made, marked for
diamond dermo- glandular flap from breast tissue before to excise then de- epithelized
and fix on pectoral fascia.
Results: 8 cases done by this technique; the depending criteria include major breast
hypertrophy and ptosis more than 1500 g, Nipple -areolar transposition >15 cm; no major
complication just superficial Slugging of nipple areolar graft, that heal spontaneously
with good improvement in symptoms and good breast projection and Shape
Conclusions: using lateral based dermo-glandular flap give good shape and breast
projection and effective in major breast hypertrophy and Ptosis.

Background: Any area of the urinary system—the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra—is
susceptible to infection when a UTI occurs. The urethra and bladder are the most common sites
of infection in the lower urinary tract. When microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and parasites evolve to resist antibiotics, a phenomenon known as antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) happens. This makes infections more difficult to cure and raises the likelihood of disease
transmission, serious illness, and death. The researchers in this study set out to quantify the
prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Iraqi residents and to determine which bacterial
strains were resistant to antibiotics.
Methods: The study included 100 patients who were classified into 75 that were diagnosed
with UTI patients, their ages ranged between (16) to (67) years, (45) females and (30) males. In
addition to 25 uninfected individuals as controls, their ages ranged between (15) to (59) years,
(15) females and (10) males. All participants in the study underwent identical laboratory tests to
diagnose UTIs, identify the types of bacterial isolates, and determine their antibiotic resistance
patterns
Results: The result of the present study shows that E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and
pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common types of UTI-associated bacteria with the
percentage of 44.71%, 38.57% and 15.71% respectively.
Conclusion: pseudomonas aeruginosa had been developed its resistance to several antibiotics
and had great predisposition to be MDR.

Membranes were prepared from laboratory bovine gelatin with polyvinyl alcohol in
fixed proportions of 1/1 (wt/wt), using plasticizers (glycerol and sorbitol), adding magnesium
oxide nanoparticles to them, and comparing them to unreinforced membranes, and measuring the
mechanical properties of these membranes, which were the thickness of the membrane and
tensile capacity. In addition to elongation, solubility, and antimicrobial activity. It was noted that
the thickness of laboratory bovine gelatin membranes supported with magnesium oxide
nanoparticles is 30 mm, which is more than the thickness of the unsupported gelatin membrane,
which is 6 mm. The results indicated that the greatest tensile strength (γM Scma Max) that the
model could withstand (the strength of the model) was for the membrane made from laboratory
gelatin with 1 gm of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 18 gm of glycerol, and 10 ml of nano solution,
and it reached 117 MPa with a pouring ratio of 10 ml. However, the lowest tensile strength (σM)
was 0.0705 MPa for the membrane made from laboratory gelatin with 1 gm polyvinyl alcohol
PVA, 18 gm glycerol, and 10 ml of nano solution with a casting ratio of 15 ml, and the best
flexibility (the greatest elongation) (Epsilon At break (εM % Upsilon at break) was for the
membrane made from laboratory gelatin with 1 g of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 18 g of glycerol,
and 10 ml of nano solution, and it reached 117 MPa with a pouring ratio of 43.3 with 10 ml. It
was noted that the solubility of the membranes supported with magnesium oxide nanoparticles
was lower than the solubility of the membranes not supported with magnesium oxide
nanoparticles. It was found that there was a high inhibitory activity for nanogelatin membrane
solutions compared to membrane solutions not supported by nanoparticles against all types of
selected pathogenic bacteria. The highest inhibitory activity obtained for the nanogelatin
membrane was against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, then against Esherichia coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, respectively, although less. The effect of gelatin film on
Esherichia coli bacteria.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health issue characterized by a
gradual loss of kidney function over time, poor outcomes, and substantial healthcare costs.
Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infection in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) and to determine if there is a link
between HCV infection and interleukin-6 levels.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1st to
September 20th , 2024. The study involved 200 patients with chronic renal disease undergoing
hemodialysis, aged 20-75 years, who were admitted to Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Dhi Qar.
Additionally, 50 healthy control individuals aged 18-50 years, who visited the Main Blood Bank
for blood donation and had no apparent disease, were included. Blood samples (5 ml) were
collected via vein puncture from each participant for serological testing to detect HCV-specific
antibodies, IL-6 levels using ELISA, and HCV viral load determination by PCR.
Results: Our results indicated that 18% of HD patients were infected with HCV. Among the
HD patients, 83.33% of those who tested positive for HCV antibodies by ELISA were confirmed
to HCV-positive by PCR. None of the ELISA-negative HD patients or individuals in the control
group tested positive by PCR. The highest rate of HCV infection (44.44%) among patients had a
viral load between 9,000 and 11,000 IU/mL. The study also demonstrated that HD patients with
HCV infection had the highest mean levels of IL-6 compared to HD patients without HCV
infection.

Background: Human fasciolosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. The disease is increasing and
affecting countries and areas not affected before. Animal trafficking and animal raising contribute
to the disease.
Objectives: Characterize the epidemiology and the clinical presentations of the disease in Iraqi
Kurdistan.
Patients & methods: Thirty-six patients were diagnosed with human fasciolosis. The
epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the infestation was studied and evaluated.
Results: Among the 36 patients, half of the patients were male and the other half was females. The
diagnosis was suspected from the clinical presentation, characterized by imaging’s and confirmed
by serology and or stool ova.
Conclusions: Human fasciolosis is an emerging disease in Iraqi Kurdistan. It should enter in the
differential diagnosis of liver abscess, eosinophilia, moving objects in the cholecystectmomt
field& ERCP.

This study was carried out in Thi-Qar Province, Al-Rifa'i district
which included a collection of a total of 640 samples of stool, from patients who have
referred to general Al-Rifa'i Hospital and some medical centers from July to October
2023. The ages of patients ranged from ≤ 2 years to more than 55 years, and the sex of
them were 265 males and 375 females. Giardia lamblia (trophozoite and cyst), 15
(2.34%).

Background: Intramedullary nailing is an efficacious method for the treatment of diaphyseal
tibial fractures. Nonetheless, infrapatellar intramedullary nailing may readily induce angulation and
rotational displacement at the fracture termini, hence elevating the risk of postoperative infection.
We were shown successful reduction and stabilization with intramedullary nailing. We employed
locked intramedullary nailing for the management of tibial fractures.
Aim of Study: We aim to evaluate the outcome of our strategy for managing tibial fractures
through the use of a locked intramedullary nail. We also aim to assess the effectiveness of this
device, making it a viable treatment option for such damage.
Methods and Result: Between January 2022 and March 2023, 50 patients were enrolled for
tibial fracture fixation with locked intramedullary nailing. There were 40 males and ten females.
The average age was 35 years (range: 20 to 60). The average follow-up duration was (8). We
collected age, gender, fracture type, fracture features, union rate, healing duration, and
complications where, in form of time from injury to surgery days, there was no appreciable
statistical variation depending on gender categories.
Conclusion: The application of intramedullary nail fixation has proven to be an effective
technique and is considered a viable treatment option for tibial fractures in our country. This method
is associated with a high rate of union and favorable functional outcomes, with no observed
functional impairments.

Background : Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious novel respiratory
disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Symptoms are Fever or chill ,Cough
,Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing ,Fatigue ,Muscle or body aches ,Headache
,New loss of taste or smell ,Sore throat ,Congestion or runny nose ,Nausea or vomiting
and Diarrhea. HCWs are at high risk of getting or transmit the infection to the community
Objective: To determine the magnitude of knowledge, attitude and practice to word
COVID-19 among healthcare workers.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, done in a new Baghdad sector for primary health
care, The data collated between Jan. and Jun, 2022. A convenient sample of 205
participants of HCWs. A self-administered questionnaire was done by direct interview
with HCWs. which evaluate their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID
19and their association with their demographic factors .The questionnaire answer either
by( yes, no, don’t know)each right answer given 1 score ,wrong or don’t know 0 score.
Regarding knowledge score (poor < 50%,fair 50%-75%,good >75%) ,attitude
score(positive>50%,negative<50%),practice score(good>50%,bad<50%).
Results: more than one third of participant found in age group(30-39),the most
common information about COVID-19 were Iraq MOH and WHO website (73.2%) the
mean knowledge score were
significant difference among
gender(female
21.16,p=0.001),educational level(higher education22.16,p=0.003),profession(medical
specialties 21.79,p-0.001) respectively .The mean attitude score were highly significant
among gender (female 8.27,p=0.001),profession(medical specialty 9.02,p=0.017).The
mean score for general practice were significantly high in age 30-39yr
(9.05,p=0.001),married(8.95,p=0.001),higher
education(8.54,p=0.036),medical
specialists(9.04,0.001)respectively.
Conclusion and Recommendations: There was a significant gap of knowledge
,attitude and practice more seen in a HCWs from health staff and administrator than the
HCWs from medical staff this mean we need more training courses about COVID-19
knowledge ,attitude and practice to increase their confidence in battling the current
outbreak and preparing them for any future surges of the disease .

In light of growing concerns about the spread of antibiotic resistance and its consequences for public health,
this review article deeply examines the intricate relationship between wastewater contamination and the
appearance and spread of antibiotic resistance. Water that has been used and contaminated by different
human activities, such as household, industrial, health institutions, and agricultural processes, is referred to
as wastewater, which is usually released into the environment and can cause several diseases, including the
spreading of antibiotic resistance which is a threat to public health. Antibiotics have been a crucial
discovery, saving millions from infectious diseases. On the other hand, their misuse spawn’s antibiotic
resistance (AR), an enormous threat to global health. This review examines wastewater's important role in
supporting AR, underlining how it affects pathogen development and the spread of resistance globally.
Wastewater acts as a breeding ground for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and resistance genes (ARGs),
causing health concerns to humans and animals. Human actions in several sources, such as hospitals and
agriculture, increase the spread of ARBs and ARGs. Wastewater is released into surface waterways,
contaminating irrigation systems and household water. Agricultural products are essential for humans, but
now agriculture is a standard route for AR transmission.
Furthermore, the review highlighted groundwater and surface water contamination by residual antibiotics.
The linked cycle of antibiotic resistance from agriculture to humans and animals shows the need for
comprehensive measures. In summary, the review highlights the severe problems of antibiotic resistance
(AR) in wastewater and calls for vigilante action against the misuse of antibiotics to maintain antibiotics'
long-term effectiveness in maintaining world health.

Background: Foreign body aspiration occurs when a foreign body enters the airway which can
cause dyspnea or choking. Whatever the type of the object, any aspiration can be a life-threatening
situation and demands timely recognition and action to minimize risk of complications.
Aim of Study: To evaluate demographic information and bronchoscopic findings in adult patients
with airway foreign body aspiration and its removal and to compare it with regional, national and
international studies.
Patients and Methods: This is a randomized retrospective study for bronchoscopically managed
thirty adult patients with foreign body inhalation in single center study, done in the thoracic and
vascular department, Medical City complex /Baghdad/Iraq during the period from 1st January 2017
till 31 December 2020. History taking, physical examination and laboratory findings were recorded
for all the patients with radiological assessment by CXR and CT-scan. After confirmation of
diagnosis, patients were scheduled for bronchoscopic intervention.
Results: In this study 28 patients were females and 2 patients were males. The female to male ratio
was 14:1. The commonest age group affected was those in their 3rd decade followed by those in
their second and forth decade. Metallic pin was the most common foreign body and was seen in
93% of patients. Rigid bronchoscopy was successful in extracting the foreign body in 93% of the
patients and thoracotomy was needed in the remaining.