Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The current research aims to identify the effect of the Center of the Universe and Spotlight strategies on the achievement of history among fourth-grade literary students and the development of their critical thinking.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the experimental method. The study sample consisted of (103) students distributed into three groups, with (35) students in the first experimental group. The history subject was studied using the center of the universe strategy. (34) Students in the second experimental group studied the history subject using the spotlight strategy and (34) students were in the control group that studied the same subject in the traditional way. The researcher conducted equality between the research groups in the variables (previous knowledge, intelligence test, chronological age, critical thinking test), and the researcher prepared a post-achievement test consisting of (40) items. It was of the type of multiple choice and essay paragraphs, and its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were confirmed. The critical thinking scale prepared by (Al-Makadami: 2012) was adopted, and the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data statistically. The study found that the students of the two experimental groups outperformed the students of the control group in the achievement test and the critical thinking test.

The current research aims to evaluate the performance of secondary school social studies teachers according to total quality management standards. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach. The study population consisted of all secondary school social studies teachers, totaling 722 teachers from the original research population in the Al-Rusafa/3 Directorate of Education.
To evaluate the performance of social studies teachers, the researcher designed a questionnaire to collect information and data. A list of standards was identified, including sub-indicators for each standard, which secondary school teachers (middle and high school levels) should possess. These were distributed across five standards and 44 items, which were validated.
The researcher used weighted averages, percentage weights, and Chi-square to statistically analyze the data. The results showed variation between the two stages. The "Teaching Ethics" standard ranked first for middle school, while the "Mastery of Subject Matter" standard ranked first for high school. Conversely, the "Assessment" standard ranked last for middle school, and the "Lesson Planning" standard ranked last for high school. Additionally, the findings revealed that many social studies teachers lacked the ability to diversify their teaching methods.

This research focuses on a literary text titled Opposition as a Stylistic Feature in the Poem \\\\"(La ankuthan biwaedi ethan) by Salim Barakat, the Kurdish-Syrian poet. It is a stylistic analysis aimed at exploring the linguistic, semantic, and rhetorical coherence of opposition within the poetic text.
The motivation behind selecting this research lies in the attempt to establish a new rhetorical project centered around the poet Salim Barakat, using this poem as a means to reach Arab stylistic standards.
Research Objectives: To examine the linguistic, semantic, and rhetorical styles that characterize Salim Barakat\\\\'s language, revealing the stylistic features that set him apart from others.
To highlight the importance of stylistic application in analyzing the poetic discourse of \\\\"I Shall Certainly Fulfill My Promise\\\\" by Salim Barakat, uncovering its secrets and exploring its deeper structure.
Research Methodology: The researcher will adopt a descriptive-analytical and stylistic approach, focusing on the analysis and interpretation of texts to reveal their objective and artistic characteristics.
Research Plan: This study includes an introduction, a preface, and three sections as follows: The introduction covers the research problem, reasons for selecting the topic, its significance, objectives, methodology, and research plan.
The preface: an introduction to the life of the poet.
The first section: opposition at the linguistic level.
The second section: opposition at the semantic level.
The third section: opposition at the rhetorical level.
Conclusion: including the key findings, recommendations, and a bibliography of sources and references.
I ask God for success and guidance in this humble effort, for success comes only from Him.

The present research aims to find out the effect of a counseling program using cognitive reconstruction style for development cognitive flexibility among Student in the secondary schools. The researcher built the cognitive flexibility scale consisting of (30) items . The researcher used the quasi-experimental method, and the partial control design, the non-random selection control group design with pre- and post-test; as the scale was applied to the statistical analysis sample of (400) students. Then the researcher extracted the statistical characteristics of the scale. It was concluded that all items of the scale have a statistically significant differences and correlation. The validity and reliability of the scale were approved as the reliability coefficient by the test and retest method was (0.80), and the reliability value by the Cronbach’s alpha method was (0.77). The scale consisted of (30) items. The researcher designed an indicative program using cognitive reconstruction style for Meichenbaum and applied on a sample of (10) students as an experimental group. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test in favor of the experimental group. Considering these results, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research problem crystallizes around one of the personality types represented by the narcissistic personality, which prompted the researcher to raise the following question:
What is the academic narcissistic entitlement among female kindergarten students and its relationship to impression management?
Therefore, two objectives were identified to verify the research procedures, which are as follows:
1- Identifying the academic narcissistic entitlement among female students in the kindergarten department and its relationship to impression management.
2- Measuring the relationship between the narcissistic personality of kindergarten students and impression management.
Since the current research aims to reveal academic narcissistic entitlement among female students in the kindergarten department and its relationship to impression management.
Therefore, (the researcher) adopted the descriptive approach (correlational relationship) in designing her research procedures, as it is the most appropriate scientific method to achieve the goal of the research, as the research community consisted of female students in the kindergarten department at the College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University, numbering (450) students distributed among four. Academic stages: Fourth grade female students (114) were selected as a sample for the research.
To show the results, the researcher used the statistical package (SPSS), the most prominent of which are:
1- (34%) of female students in the fourth grade/kindergarten section have a personality that tends toward narcissism. This may be due to their behavior with their peers in the educational situation.

The conclusions are:
1- That the female students of the fourth grade/kindergarten section have a narcissistic personality may affect their job performance in the teaching task in kindergarten, since the student will be dealing with an age group that is at the beginning of its maturity.

The problem with research lies in the patterns, hierarchies, or harmonious sequences—call them what you will—that are governed by a single term: syntax. If all of this is broken, it will cause astonishment or difficulty in understanding. How can one explain the influence between words and sentences in light of new relationships that are pre-determined to be incorrect!
The concept of “Alhikayah” is not a typical substitute for syntax; Semitic languages often tend to eliminate syntax as an alternative. However, “Alhikayah” is not the same; it is an attempt to break the rules and constraints. It is closer to poetic necessity but differs in that necessity is acceptable in balancing prosody and grammar. Necessity is a profitable deal between grammar and music, whereas narration does not adhere to a deal imposed by meters and rhythms. It is imposed with seriousness and intentionality in the play of text and meaning. This explains the value of research, as Alhikayah is a high literary value, especially when it is a prominent factor in textual overlap or intertextuality. Here lies the importance of this research, as it attempts to blend the grammatical system with the linguistic and literary systems. It transitions from understanding Alhikayah grammatically to seeing it as a form of linguistic fossilization, used by the writer to create temporal recall, collage, or intertextuality.
This research undertakes the study of the phenomenon of Alhikayah that breaks the rules of syntax in one of the Semitic languages, namely Arabic, in light of the phenomenon of linguistic fossilization and its grammatical and semantic applications, especially in intertextual techniques. It adopts an analytical approach by deconstructing the elements of the research and highlighting their linguistic and literary value simultaneously.

Arab critical theory occupied the thought of many critics and a long time ago, and for several reasons. Including their sense of cultural dependency, as well as facing many problems in the application of Western curricula to the Arab reality distinguished by its own turmoil. In which the feeling of researchers who live in a state of complete lack of understanding of these curricula created a kind of cultural duality. This matter made us go back to some sources to discuss where the problem lies in finding an original Arab critical theory commensurate with the literary text. Knowing the existence of an Arab critical theory is not only in the interest of the critic, but also in the interest of the creator and the reader, who will not feel that there is a distance of a crack between the text and interpretation.

The aim of this research is to verify the psychometric characteristics of the daily biorhythm scale (morning - evening) according to the variables of gender, specialization and achievement percentage of undergraduate students in the city of Aleppo in the Arab Republic. Theoretical and 50 students from applied colleges, the sample consisted of (43) males and (57) females, their ages ranged between (19-25) years, with an arithmetic mean (21.8) and a standard deviation (0.643), and the daily daily rhythm scale (morning) was used Evening) prepared by Terman et al. (2001), and the general estimate of the total academic materials obtained by each member of the sample for the year 2022/2023, and the results of the research showed:
1. That there are statistically significant differences in the rhythm pattern and the default average, which means that the rhythm pattern is higher than the average among the sample.
2. There were no statistically significant differences in the average rhythm pattern according to the specialty variable and rate variable.
3. There were statistically significant differences in the average rhythm pattern according to the gender variable in favor of males.

The current research aims to reach proposed educational objectives for achieving self-monitoring among university students. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach in addition to using the Delphi method for future studies. The researcher prepared a questionnaire containing educational objectives related to achieving self-monitoring among university students, which was obtained. It was obtained through a reconnaissance questionnaire and previous studies, as well as the literature that dealt with the subject of the research. This questionnaire was presented in three rounds to the (20) experts who hold the rank of professor to demonstrate the suitability of these proposed objectives for achieving self-control among university students. The research showed that all the goals mentioned in the questionnaire have received the approval of the experts, and the number of proposed goals has reached (29).

The current research aims to reach proposed educational objectives for achieving self-monitoring among university students. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach in addition to using the Delphi method for future studies. The researcher prepared a questionnaire containing educational objectives related to achieving self-monitoring among university students, which was obtained. It was obtained through a reconnaissance questionnaire and previous studies, as well as the literature that dealt with the subject of the research. This questionnaire was presented in three rounds to the (20) experts who hold the rank of professor to demonstrate the suitability of these proposed objectives for achieving self-control among university students. The research showed that all the goals mentioned in the questionnaire have received the approval of the experts, and the number of proposed goals has reached (29).

Teacher’s performance is one of the arguable issues in the organization. Sustainable Transformational leadership and its dimensions play a big role to change the nature of teacher’s performance in the organization. In this study, sustainable transformational leadership dimensions were discussed and examined through (SNA) social network analysis as a tool to analyze and understand results. Data collection were conducted and 30 respondents participated in the questionnaire. Organizations are educational sectors and they are 3 organizations and mentioned as symbols in the study. This study, shows that both sustainable occupational training SOT and sustainable social training SST as dimensions of sustainable transformational leadership approach able to enhance and engage teachers if the method of applying the dimensions is correct to keep improving sustainably. Organizations A and B are positive regarding the SOT and SST; however, organization C is negative regarding the SOT and SST.

The present study deals with phrasal verbs. A phrasal verb can be used either intransitive when there is no noun phrase, or transitive when there is a noun phrase. Almost all transitive phrasal verbs allow adverb movement while such movement is not possible with the preposition. Phrasal verbs usually represent single semantic units that cannot be derived from the individual meanings of the two parts.
Frequently used phrasal verbs in spoken and written discourse, the Corpus of Contemporary English was used.
The problem of phrasal verb misunderstandings can be seen as a sign of deceptive teaching, insufficient attention, or lack of practice in this language domain by the instructor. In a circumstance like this, students lose control and become unable to understand or master phrasal verbs, which makes it difficult for them to employ and interpret them. The two main aspects of the resultant issue are as follows:
1- No way of telling what they mean just by looking at the individual words. The meaning of "put off", for example may have nothing to do with "put".
2- One phrasal verb may have several meanings. It is only by looking at the context that we can tell the meaning it has in any situation.
This research aims at achieving the following objectives:
1. Providing clarification on phrasal verbs, a crucial English language structure that is said to be essential for speaking and comprehending spoken English.
2. Examining the morphological and lexical diversity of English phrasal verbs.
3. Drawing attention to the connection between phrasal verb acquisition and the growth of students' communicative skills.
In order to achieve the objectives planned for this research, the researcher followed the following procedures :
1. Providing accurate, thorough information regarding phrasal verbs in English in the theoretical portion of the study.
2. Using an exam to gauge how well students comprehend and apply English phrasal verbs in suitable situations.
3. The paper ends with conclusion and list of reference.
These two potential grammatical links go by two distinct names. A phrasal prepositional verb will be the connected verb when the particle is both an adverb and a preposition. The conclusion is that there is inconsistency in the nomenclature of phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs are primarily used to refer to particle verbs in modern syntactic theories; prepositional verbs are not included in this category.

During the beginning of the 20th century, many people believed in the American Dream, which stated that anyone, no matter their background, gender, or race, could achieve success and recognition in society. However, the American Dream is slowly fading and transforming into more of an illusion after the economic recession of the 1930s. Death of a Salesman focuses on the Loman’s family, with each member having their own ideas about how to attain happiness. The family is continuously haunted by the American Dream in the story, as it offers hope for a brighter future while simultaneously destroying their present circumstances. Willy Loman believed that he could accomplish anything as long as he had the love and approval of others, embodying the American Dream. He thought that by beginning on a grand scale, individuals would finish in a grand way and would never be content with their current possessions. His continual fixation on the past justifies his circumstances by revealing the root causes behind his previous decisions. Willy is so immersed in his idealized life that he gets lost in the present moment, trapped in his thoughts, and tries to take his own life numerous times. In the end, one of Willy's attempts will be the final thing he achieved.

Higher education institutions throughout the world have regards to face-to-face classes globally as concerns about the COVID-19 outbreak and efforts to contain the virus rise. The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed emerging global educational systems. It is obvious that society needs adaptable and strong educational institutions to deal with uncertain futures. Using a meta-analysis approach, this study looked at pertinent literature to understand the importance of continuous learning under these particular circumstances. Universities all across the world are moving more and more toward online learning, or e learning, according to research. In addition to resources and people, research indicates that student motivation, accessibility, readiness, and self-assurance are critical components of ICT integrated learning. This paper makes the case that staff should use gadgets and technology to enhance learning, especially in light of the current unique conditions. Findings also propose online and remote learning as a necessity in times of lock downs and social distancing due to COVID-19 pandemic. It also provides a strong platform for further research.

The hot seat strategy gives learners the opportunity to be active in their learning by asking questions, discussing and dialogue, and emphasizing their role and positive position in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the hot seat strategy on female students’ achievement and attitudes towards geography. A quasi-experimental experiment was designed and implemented, specifically a pre test post test- control-group design with a quantitative approach. The study sample consisted of 50 second middle school students, Bagdad, Iraq. According to the T-test analysis, there were differences between treatment and control groups in academic achievement as well as in attitudes towards Geography in post- test mean scores in favor of the treatment group. This shows the effectiveness of the hot seat strategy intervention.

Students in Iraq, who study using traditional methods, face difficulties in understanding the language. Textbooks and teachers are considered secondary resources in constructivist and collaborative learning, where the focus is on student interaction and building connections between what they already know and what they are learning.This research examines how the 5Es educational framework affects the motivation of fifth-grade students and their ability to acquire new English vocabulary. It may contribute to research on the 5Es model and its impact on the motivation and success of students learning English as a foreign language. A total of 100 fifth-grade students studying English as a foreign language participated in the study. They spend six hours weekly learning English, focusing on reading, writing, listening, and speaking. There were 65 students in the control group and 35 in the experimental group. The experimental group participated in a 10-week program consisting of 20 sessions developed by the researcher using the 5Es instructional model. Learners can use the 5Es framework to build a deep understanding of an unfamiliar topic from start to finish. In comparison, the control group was taught by the researcher using the traditional method. The results showed that the experimental group achieved significantly greater progress than the control group. The experimental group also demonstrated statistically significant improvements in both their motivation and their learning of English vocabulary between the pre- and post-tests.