Diyala Journal of Human Research

This research investigates the sources and trends of dust storms affecting the weather in Iraq during the period from 2009 to 2022, utilizing data from the Iraqi Meteorological and Seismological Agency for eight climatic stations. A total of 53 dust storms were recorded during the study period. The analysis also incorporates satellite imagery to determine the source and direction of the storms. The findings reveal that the northwestern region of Iraq (the desert between Iraq and Syria) ranked first, with 29 occurrences, constituting 54.71%. The predominant direction of the storms was from northwest to southeast, with the highest frequency of 36 occurrences, accounting for 67.92%. Most of these storms covered the entirety of Iraq, with 23 occurrences (43.39%), followed by the central and southern regions with a total of 19 occurrences (35.84%).

Climate is the fundamental factor in the occurrence of drought, prevailing in dry and semi-arid areas characterized by high daily and annual temperature ranges, scarcity and fluctuation of rainfall, resulting in increased evaporation rates, sparse vegetation cover, soil dryness, and the role of satellite data in drought detection by deriving influences and relationships for natural variables, including surface temperature using the (LST) index and vegetation cover using the (NDVI) index to detect the relationship between the two indices for Al-Miqdadiyah district. To highlight the phenomenon more clearly, seasonal (spring and autumn) for each year (1994-2023) were selected. The study relied on satellite data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The research found that NDVI values decreased in the seasons during the year 2023, while surface temperature values increased in 2023 compared to 1994 by 6°C during the spring season and 3°C during the autumn season. Furthermore, the NDVI ratio decreased during both spring and autumn seasons in 2023 by a difference of 0.2 in spring and 0.1 in autumn compared to 1994. This illustrates the impact of surface temperature on vegetation cover, as vegetation decreases with increasing temperature

This research seeks to study and explain the role of the Kufic grammatical term mentioned in the explanations of Al-Kafiya in terms of usage compared to its visual counterpart

the policy of working on the balance of the budget of Bayt al-Mal in the Arab Islamic state
The issue of the balance of the public financial budget was occupied by both sides - revenues and expenditures - the attention of the Muslim guardians of the caliphs and their governors over the regions, since the establishment of the Arab Islamic state in the early days of Islam to the end of the rule of the Abbasids, and in order to achieve balance in the budget, the necessary financial policy was developed, which is based on the preparation and implementation of the items of its paragraphs A specialized cadre of administrators and financials, as these cadres provide a detailed estimate For state expenditures based on the size of revenues expected to be actually obtained, the financial policy is intended to reform the conditions of the state and people and protect public and private interests from corruption, and the Islamic religion had a direct impact on the policy of managing and controlling the affairs of money, and also the financial policy expresses the religion of the state and its political, economic, and social philosophy, and the importance of money in life in its various aspects has been monitored and managed under the direct supervision of the Muslim caliphs on the succession of their eras and countries, so the need arose To find a specialized institution to follow up the affairs of money revenue and spending in order to achieve balance in the budget of the Arab Islamic State , this institution is the Diwan Bayt al-Mal .

The study of residential land values is one of the most important population studies in Iraqi cities, including the city of Al-Haritha, which emerged strongly, especially after the political change of 2003, under the influence of several factors, including those related to the location of the land and its spatial importance, as well as demographic, economic, social, and political factors, and because it is a spatial phenomenon whose effects are reflected on The city's land uses change and its spatial and urban expansion at the expense of agricultural lands within the city's fabric.
This means that it contains a case study of spatial variation in the city of Al-Haritha, which contains (18) residential neighborhoods for the year 2023, with also the most important factors behind the rise in land prices there. We notice that the city may deal with its trends in a very significant way, especially after the change in Yemen in Iraq, and this is an indicator towards the urban lands in the city, and for this reason, land values reach their level in the center of the city and decrease after that as a result towards its outskirts or at Its agricultural lands belong within the city.

The delegations were known to the Arabs before Islam, and after it, starting from the Era of the Prophet Muhammad, and ending with the Abbasid Era. So, the delegations were of a degree of importance that cannot be overlooked, especially as they are not limited to a specific aspect, but their objectives and reasons varied between the political, administrative, social, economic, and scientific side, as well as knowledge of the Caliphs' dealings and the systems of the Caliphate House with the general public and especially those coming to them, so some of the sons of the Arab tribes followed the dispatch to the caliphs, princes and governors, so the Banu Tamim was the same as the rest of the the Arab tribes, as their reports abounded on the caliphs of the Umayyads, Ibn Asaker mentioned in his book The History of Damascus and their delegations in the Umayyad Era on the Caliphs of Bani Umayyah.

This research aims to trace the content and representations of "satire" in the texts of the poet Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab. It sheds light on this artistic, dynamic, and evolved feature in terms of its use of imagery, complex emotions, and inferred meanings through the interrogation of satirical poetic discourse. It contributes to constructing interactions with this discourse, attempting to explore its uniqueness and creativity. Contrary to other forms of discourse, its divergence requires deep analysis and contemplation in textual readings. This interaction is enriched by the diverse synonyms of this term and its artistic utilization within its context. Examples include satire, mockery, belittlement, irony, denigration, and other aspects that characterize the poet's verses, laden with elements of satire intertwined with imagery of sorrow, pain, or complaint. Employing satire became a feature that shaped a beautiful and complete artistic construction, enriching literature and the poet's consciousness, responsive to various social, political, and cultural circumstances. This study operates on both theoretical and applied levels in exploring the artistic expression and utilization that sometimes borrowed images of humiliation, denigration, as seen in the poem "The Strange Cloud," or those deliberately political and social messages, as exemplified in the poem "The Blind Prostitute" and other contents of satire and its manifestations documented by the study and research

This research paper addresses the spatial analysis of private healthcare services in Baqubah city, as it constitutes an important part of the healthcare system in the city and Diyala province due to its significance in supporting the public health sector. It serves as a fundamental pillar by providing medicine and medical consultations through clinics and referring patients to the public sector. Additionally, there is a specialized section in hospitals where patients referred by specialized clinics are directed, constituting an integrated healthcare system. The research aims to study the distribution of private healthcare services, demonstrate their spatial relationship, analyze them, and elucidate the factors and reasons influencing their distribution. The research followed a descriptive and analytical methodology, relying on statistical data from the Directorate of Health in Diyala, the Iraqi Doctors Syndicate - Diyala Branch, the Iraqi Dental Doctors Syndicate - Diyala Branch, and the Iraqi Pharmacists Syndicate - Diyala Branch, in addition to field study. The research consists of an introduction, research problem, hypothesis, study of healthcare services' development, presentation, and analysis of results. The research concludes that the distribution of private healthcare services is controlled by several economic factors depending on investor activity. Consequently, the highest proportion of private healthcare services was observed in commercial areas, represented by Tabu Street and the central commercial area. These areas also play a role in achieving the aspirations of the Ministry of Health when the private sector participates in providing healthcare services alongside public services.

The current research aims to identify the level of attentive learning skills and their relationship to wishful thinking among female students in the kindergarten department , To achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers prepared a scale for attentive learning skills consisting of (36) items distributed over (3) areas: (the skill of emotional regulation, the skill of curiosity and open-mindedness, the skill of attention and perseverance), As well as adopting a measure of wishful thinking (Al-Dulaimi, 2022), which consists of (34) items, After verifying the psychometric properties and discriminatory power of the two scales, the two scales were applied to the research sample consisting of (250) female students in the kindergarten department , The two researchers used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data statistically, The results showed the following: There is a low level of attentive learning skills among the female students, and there are no significant differences between the female students in the second grade and the female students in the fourth grade , There are no significant differences in the level of attentive learning skills depending on the type of study (morning - evening). Female students in the kindergarten section enjoy a high level of wishful thinking , There are no significant differences between the female students in the second grade and the female students in the fourth grade in the kindergarten section. There are no significant differences between the female students in the morning study and the female students in the evening study in the level of wishful thinking , There is no significant relationship between learning skills and wishful thinking among female kindergarten students

The study entitled (The Opinions of Modern Critics in the Poetry of Amro Bin Maad Yakrub), to highlight the diversity of critical views of modern critics, and the way they exposed to the poetic texts of the poet, and the devices and means they adopted. The results reached by critics, refereed by benefiting from the experiences of their predecessors, all of which the researcher will study in three sections: the first section, which included (Objective Technical Study), the second section entitled (A Study in Graphic Images), and the third section, will discuss (An Artificial Musical Study) in selected texts from the poet's poetry, in order to stand on the aesthetic aspects of his poetic phrase.

Some ancient scholars contented themselves with describing the visible organs of the speech apparatus. Al-Khalil bin Ahmad mentioned all the organs of the speech system, so he mentioned the mouth, throat, lips, and tongue with its various parts, such as: ((the barbel of the tongue (the chin), the back of the tongue, its tip, the antrum of the mouth, the folds, the upper antrum, the uvula, the farthest part of the mouth and the farthest part of the throat (the tree of the mouth, And the mouthpiece), which is the cutting of the upper antrum, and the gums. What is notable about these scholars is that they mentioned the names of these organs and their effect on the production of linguistic sounds, and the rest of the other sounds distributed among the organs of speech, on the basis of which the exits of the sounds are arranged, which Arab scholars were able to identify. Wih the observation and experience available to them, they were able to feel these organs

Hydrological studies of water basins are of great importance in dry and semi-drid areas, and due to the climatic changes that led to a change in rainfall patterns spatially and temporally, so the importance of studying the estimating the volume of floods, which is one of the worst natural risks, which increases their seriousness is their sudden appearance, which does not allow predicting the date of their occurrence, but to follow the frequency of extreme rainfall, so the assessment of the size of the floods and the extent of the possibility of benefiting from their water resources is a vital goal for sustainable development. The research dealt with estimating the volume of floods of the Tarsaq valley basin, which is located within the borders of Iranian territory and then enters the Iraqi territory in the province of Diyala up to its estuary in the province of Wasit. The area of its total basin is (3280) km2 and includes four secondary basins. The application of hydrological equations was relied on to determine the degree of the risk of floods, as well as the use of geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques in mapping. The study showed that the region suffers from the risks of flood flows and the degree of its seriousness varies from one basin to another

The study focuses on the importance of morphometric characteristics in estimating the probability of floods, based on 20 morphometric variables that reflect the geometric, topographic, and formal characteristics in addition to the characteristics of the drainage network for the studied basin, with an area of (530.12) km2, and for the four hydrological effective secondary basins. The morphometric variables were classified into two groups based on their effect on Floods, where the first group contains variables directly related to degrees of danger, and the second group contains variables inversely related to degrees of danger. The study concluded that the degrees of danger achieved in the basins ranged between 49 as the lowest value and 62 as the highest value. Two of the basins of the study area also recorded a high probability of floods occurring.

The research proceeds from the idea of interaction between the levels of language, and the researcher chose the morphological and grammatical level to proceed from the vision that the two levels depend on each other, and the sample was in the research of inertia and derivation as two different and opposite structures whose impact can be followed in the dependencies, as the structure is a condition of these dependencies

The current research aims to know the motivation for mastery among university students and to identify the significance of the statistical differences in the gender variable (males and females). The number of individuals in the research sample reached 60 (0) male and female students, who were selected from the research population (101). As for the application sample, it was taken in a proportional manner. Randomly distributed among both genders (30) males (30) females. The current research was determined for students of the College of Basic Education (2022-2023). To process the data, the researcher used the following statistical methods (hypothetical mean, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and a t-selection for one sample. The results of the research showed The presence of the level of motivation for mastery in front of others among students of the College of Basic Education, between males and females, and in favor of females.
In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations:
1- Holding guidance seminars for doctors that address this problem and working to help them reduce and overcome it
2- Work to establish a special counseling unit for male and female students that works to provide appropriate solutions to the problems faced by students
3-- Working to activate the role of psychological and educational counseling in universities and providing the capabilities for counselors to carry out their duties to the fullest extent.
4 - Developing students’ rational thinking through curricula and activities

This research deals with the symbolic aspects of theater with all its components according to the poet Mahmoud Darwish. The research deals with the practical aspect of the collection of complete works of this poet, as the symbolism of theater appeared in a number of his poems, which formed a poetic nucleus for establishing this research, as it aims to clarify the symbols that were associated with With theater according to the poet, explaining the components of these symbols, their nature and forms, and how to benefit from them, and explaining the suggestive nature that the poet adopted in these symbols.
The research was divided into two sections, the first of which dealt with theater and literary reality, how the idea of theater arose, and what effect theater leaves on the recipient. It also talks about the relationship between drama on the one hand, and theater on the other hand. As for the second, it dealt with the applied aspect of the symbolism of theater, whether As an independent entity in itself, or by talking about the symbolism of the characters and personalities participating in the theatre, or by talking about the spectators, and explaining each symbolism of them, the research concluded that Mahmoud Darwish made the theater a symbolic image of reality, and loaded it with a number of symbols related to society and the reality of the Arab nation.

The concept of justice developed in Mesopotamia with the development of the state. After it was a personal favor in the third millennium BC that no one had the right to demand, and it could only be achieved through special relationships, the concept of justice played an important role in ancient Iraq, as it explained the keenness of the Mesopotamian kings to show themselves. In the appearance of the legislator and guardian of the law, and those seeking to implement it with the aim of spreading justice in the country, and this legal culture and concern for spreading justice was not only at the level of political authority, but we find it at the popular level. When the people realized their right to justice, one of the cuneiform texts came in the form of advice addressed to the rulers urging them to spread justice. The research was divided into an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion. The first axis included the concept of justice. While the second axis dealt with the relationship of religion with the principle of justice, the third axis discussed the law. and justice, while the conclusion covered the most important conclusions reached by the research.

The research entitled (The Inner Poem in the Poetry of Omar bin Maad Yakrub)) comes to mention the importance of the internal vocal level in selected examples of the poetry of Omar bin Maad Yakrub in his various topics. The most distinguished of which was the pride that formed the most distinguished manifestations of his poetry. The research comes in two sections and a conclusion. The first section included a brief detail about the biography of the poet and the topics of his poetry, while the second section comes to mention the internal music of his poetry, and the conclusion comes to show the most important results of the study, and the methodology was descriptive and analytical.

This research focused on clarifying the pioneering role that the press played in interpreting historical facts, analyzing them, verifying their credibility, and presenting them to the public. Al-Nour newspaper was one of those newspapers that gained wide popularity among its readers. Because its curriculum contained smooth style and accuracy in conveying information.
Since the publication of its first issue on October 12, 1968, Al-Nour newspaper has reflected many positions regarding political, social, and economic events. It has shed light on the Kurdish revolutionary movements during Ottoman control and explained the results produced by those movements that cast a shadow on the Kurdish arena. The movements of Badr Khan and Ubaidullah Al-Nahri were among the first. The movements in Kurdistan that aimed to unify the Kurdish emirates under national leadership, get rid of Ottoman control over their lands, and establish popular alliances under the name of confederation, but these alliances were not destined to succeed in achieving the goal they were seeking.

The research included investigating the grammatical preferences in the book Sharh Al-Ashmaw and discussing them in accordance with the grammar books of the great grammarians. The research was topped with an introduction in which I summarized the importance of researching between contemporary preferences and presenting them to the books of the ancients to know the grammatical development in discussing grammatical disputes, and then the investigations addressed the investigation.

There are personalities who had a great impact, whether before or after Islam. These personalities occupied an important place in the soul of the Prophet Muhammad after their conversion to Islam. This status was not limited to men, but they were both men and women By virtue of that status, they transmitted to us some prophetic narratives and hadiths related to the Prophet’s biography, in addition to their support and assistance to him, whether in times of peace or war, and their connection to the caliphate after the Prophet’s death in following his path and footsteps.

This research is pursue to indicate the effect of the Prophetic address in meaning to the receiver . We suppose to know the situation of address text have basic elements as (the speaker, the text, the receiver, and the tools for them). It also the state of receiver is the origin , which it should build on address from where the style the topic, the accepting and the denying, besides of his psychic state and emotion. It also this effect was changed by prophetic address to state and behavior was adopted by Sahaba (A companion) (May God be blessed with them). In this way they were transfer from receiving to adoption for these styles, which these are a self education stage and guide of receiver. to appoint the address and its effect in action , which it was deverised the prophetic address through its styles, sometimes be in attribute style and in other way be in request style, according to the context on that occasion, so that the effect was highly influenced in receiver.

The novelist is able to explore the profound meanings and implications of the novel by understanding the interconnected system of its elements, the mechanism of their interaction, and one of the most important relationships being the relationship between the narrator and the social setting in the novel. This study focuses on investigating the patterns of relationships resulting from this interaction, and it categorizes them into two types: the narrator residing in the social setting, and the narrator who is mobile, which can be further divided into two subcategories: physical relocation to a real place and metaphorical relocation to a virtual place.

The current research aims to study the communicative techniques of argumentation in Surah Fussilat, as it is one of the chapters that presents the truths of belief with a gathering of profound influences that captivate and convince the recipient of what is presented. This led to the exploration and clarification of these techniques and their meanings. To achieve the research goals, the focus was on the classification of Perelman and Tyteca, named by them as "Techniques of Argumentation," and they dedicated an entire chapter to it in their book "The New Rhetoric." They established arguments based on the pair of "conjunction and disjunction," each with its own methods.
The research adopted the conjunction arguments because they align with the chapter, while it neglected disjunction arguments due to the lack of clear examples. As for the techniques of communicative methods, which are the subject of the research, they are divided into four main types: quasi-logical arguments, arguments based on the structure of reality, arguments establishing a reality, and arguments built on values. Each type includes sub-arguments. The research concluded that Surah Fussilat was constructed with a solid foundation for arguments, manifesting communicative argumentation techniques according to the theorists. It encompassed all types of communicative arguments and their branches, exhibiting remarkable persuasive power through the miraculous Quranic expression that focuses on both reason and emotion in its discourse.

Metaphor in the Holy Qur’an is characterized by characteristics that it does not have in other than the Holy Qur’an, and these characteristics make it possess a suit of beauty in expression and beauty in depiction. Therefore, it - metaphor - is one of the colors of artistic depiction in the Holy Qur’an and one of its favorite tools, and through it the mental meaning is expressed. And the psychological state and the tangible event, he resorts to this picture that he drew and gives it its colors and shades. The metaphor was mentioned in Surah Hud in many places, and like other Qur’anic metaphors, it was endowed with artistic characteristics that made it of great rhetorical value, especially since it achieved its goals and objectives in every place. .
Surat Hud is one of the surahs in the Holy Qur’an that contains several topics and concepts, including the aesthetics of metaphor. Surat Hud contains many metaphors that contribute to enhancing the persuasive effect of the content.
The aesthetics of metaphor in Surah Hud highlight feelings and ideas and communicate them in a strong and convincing way. They enhance the recipient’s understanding of the content and arouse interest and contemplation, which increases the strength of the story and its ability to influence souls. The use of metaphor in Surat Hud reflects the depth and quality of the Qur’anic text and its ability to communicate with readers. In an artistic and beautiful way.
It is possible to summarize the aesthetics of metaphor in Surat Hud, which contribute to enhancing the persuasive effect of the content through the use of attractive and influential images and concepts. These metaphors deepen the reader’s understanding and motivate him to fully comprehend the content and be deeply influenced by it. The aesthetics of metaphor in Surat Hud reflect the ability of the Holy Qur’an to Deliverance and persuasion make it an artistic and spiritual experience for the reader.

This paper aims to bring to light a manuscript treatise from among the darkness of the treasuries by the esteemed Shaykh Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Qaysari (d. 1253 AH). The treatise deals with a statement by Ibn al-Hajib (d. 646 AH) that has been difficult for the students of Arabic language to understand. Al-Qaysari presents the statement in a clear and concise manner, avoiding unnecessary details. He also discusses the most important opinions that have been offered on the statement, that is: Risala fi Al-Marfuaat.
The researcher has divided this paper into two parts. The first part is the study, which provides information about the author, the commentator, and the treatise itself. Regarding the second part, which is criticism, it follows the standard scientific methodology in order to bring the treatise to light and make it available for scholars. The goal behind this is to prevent it from remaining hidden on library shelves, gathering dust.

The research aims to find out (the effect of the creative drama strategy on the achievement of second-year intermediate school students in social studies). To achieve the goal of the research, the research hypothesis is formulated as follows: There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average achievement of the female students of the experimental group who studied social studies according to the creative drama strategy and the average achievement of the female students of the control group who studied social studies in the traditional way. The researchers adopted the experimental design with partial control. Experimental designs do not reach the point of perfection in educational sciences. Experimental design requires identifying the research population and its sample. The research sample consisted of two experimental groups that studied social studies according to the creative drama strategy with (32) female students, and the control group with (32) female students who studied in the traditional method. The researchers rewarded the students of the two research groups with regard to some variables that may affect the conduct of the experiment, including: (chronological age, intelligence, social studies grades, and mothers’ and fathers’ academic achievement). At the end of the experiment, which lasted from (10/8/2023 until January 14, 2024) with one subject per week, and using a t-test for two independent samples, it was found that the female students of the experimental group outperformed the female students of the control group in the subject of social studies. The arithmetic mean for the experimental group students was (23.44), with a standard deviation of (5.12), and a degree of freedom (62), and the arithmetic mean for the control group was (18.77), with a standard deviation of (5.69), and a degree of freedom (62), and the calculated score was more than the grade tabulated at Level (0.05). The two researchers presented several recommendations and proposals in light of the results of the experiment

Global events were about to cause a deviation in the course of history, resulting from repercussions that were reflected in the geographical scope of the Arab region, which is historically important, and it is the oldest extension of settlement known to humanity, which is rich in it cultural and strategic depth and has made contributed the most to human progress for centuries. In the end, these developments led to the outbreak of a great war that would affect the European map in the future, as Iraq was part of the global conflict that the great powers shared to prove their presence and monopoly by force during the twentieth century. In fact, millions of people from all over the world were victims of these conspiracies, and Iraq was a target of strategic importance in European politics, especially Britain. The reason for the occupation of Iraq is due to its distinguished geographical location and ancient civilization, in addition to its multiple resources, such as oil, which is the engine of the global economy and the focus of permanent conflict and the imposition of influence at that time. Therefore, Britain intended to intensify its approaches and develop plans to be able to intervene indirectly by sending various missions and establishing separate residences among parts of the Arabian Gulf to collect information in a way that facilitates the imposition of military hegemony at any moment. The First World War in 1914 was an impetus for implementing what they had planned for more than four centuries ago. It invaded Iraq and overthrew the Ottoman authority, replacing it with a hybrid British-Indian civil administration. It was a reason for the outbreak of the twentieth revolution, which constituted a major milestone in the revival of history because it affected Britain’s political vision, which paved the way for the establishment of a modern state under British protection as a mandate on a land that was home to many human civilizations

The study, titled (The Yemeni Dialect in Taj al-Arous: A Phonetic-lexical Study), aims to identify the phonetic manifestations of the Yemeni dialect as an authentic Arabic dialect, characterized by many linguistic phenomena, the most prominent of which are phonetic and lexical, especially what is stated in the dictionary (Taj al-Arous and Jawaher al-Qamus), the book that It aroused many researchers; Because of the richness of its linguistic material, the originality of what it brought about the Arabs in terms of linguistic phenomena and culture, and the rich heritage of Arab civilization

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of an educational design for a model of strengthening the layers of cognitive awareness on the creative solution skills of secondary school students in mathematics. To achieve the goal, the researcher adopted an experimental design with a post-test for two equal groups. They were rewarded with (previous knowledge, intelligence, and previous achievement). The sample consisted of (67) female students, (35) female students for the experimental group and (32) female students for the control group. A test for clever thinking was prepared for fourth-year scientific students, consisting of (35) items. Validity and reliability were extracted and were good, and appropriate statistical methods were used.