JOURNAL OF AL-QALAM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

The current study aims to identify the effect of the cube strategy in developing the pivotal thinking skills of the fourth literary grade students in the subject of history. The study sample consisted of (56) students of the fourth literary grade in Hamrin High School within the day schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Kirkuk Governorate. They were randomly distributed to two equal groups in a number of related variables, with (28) students in the experimental group, and (28) students in the control group. The experimental group was taught according to the cube strategy, and the control group was taught according to the usual method. To achieve the study objectives and hypothesis, the researcher prepared a test for the pivotal thinking skills that consisted of (26) objective paragraphs of the type of multiple choice, three alternatives, distributed over eight main skills and (11) sub-skills, and each paragraph measures a skill for pivotal thinking. The researcher also formulated a number of behavioral objectives, which amounted to (36) behavioral objectives according to the three levels (remembering, comprehension, and application) that he used in preparing the teaching plans and by (9) teaching plans for each group and according to the method used. The researcher verified the validity and reliability of the tool, and applied to the study sample, by using the appropriate statistical means. The results were analyzed that showed:There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average development of pivotal thinking skills among the members of the two research groups according to the teaching method variable and in favor of the experimental. According to the results, the researcher concluded that the adoption of the cube strategy has been successful and effective in teaching history for the fourth literary grade. He also recommended attention to diversity in modern strategies when teaching history because of its role in raising the level of achievement and developing thinking among students.

Any society cannot be upright without the existence of legislation that organizes and governs the relationships that exist in it. These legislations will not achieve their goal unless they are properly and equitably applied. Justice here is not only embodied in the application of legislation, and is also embodied in the fact that these legislations are in themselves just by the authority entrusted with enacting them and bringing them into existence. The judiciary is not solely entrusted with the administration of justice. The judiciary may apply unfair legislation and thus contribute to a violation of justice. Therefore, justice within the scope of legislation passes through many stages in terms of the enactment of these legislations by the competent authority putting them into practice and apply them to those addressed by its provisions by the executive authority. The authority competent to legislate is obligated to issue the legislation in a fair manner, taking into account the conditions of the society whose relations the legislation will regulate. Legislation also comes to achieve legal stability, albeit relatively, with regard to the relationships it regulates, and to be in line with the legitimate expectations and trust of the interlocutors. The authority competent to legislate has the task to issue legislation in a fair manner، by taking into consideration the conditions of the society in which the legislation will organize such its relations، the legislation also comes to achieve a legal stability، even if relatively، regarding the relations it regulates، to come in line with the expectations and the legitimate trust of the interlocutors. Therefore، the public authority is a responsible in the process of enacting financial and financial laws، particularly، that it takes into account the aspects of justice in order to instill confidence in the interlocutors، in order to reach the possibility and inevitability of implementing these legislations، as these legislations represent a desired goal. In order to understand the aspects of this subject، we must address several aspects، including the study of functional and parallel justice represented by distributive justice and its positive reflection on the feeling of the individual and society in general. Especially in the tax penalty privacy statement.

The defect of abuse of power affects the administrative administration’s decision if the administration man who issued it deviates from the goal set by the law for each of them or targets purposes not related to the public interest. The study showed that the defect of abuse of power is related to the goal that the source of the administrative decision seeks to achieve when using his discretionary power. Therefore، it differs from other defects that affect the administrative decision، because it is not related to a material or objective matter that is easily verifiable، like other defects، but rather is related to the structure of the source of the administrative decision and its underlying motives، which are difficult to verify. The defect of abuse of power or (deviation) of it is one of the most subtle defects، and the task of the administrative judiciary in proving it is difficult and sensitive. It is not limited to formal oversight، but extends that oversight to hidden motives and hidden motives that prompted the management man to act. If it is proven، as the fate of the administrative decision is to cancel and execute it، and consider it was not، and compensation for it if the damage was caused، and the responsibility of the administration for that damage is established.

This research is concerned with studying the contributions of advanced Muslim scholars in establishing comparative religion. It seeks to highlight the prominent impact of these scientists in this scientific aspect, and the Western scholars preceded them in many of its rules and principles. Then he explained the aspect of the primacy of Islamic civilization over Western civilization to which this primacy is attributed. That is why in this research I followed the inductive and analytical method, to conclude in the end with a set of results, including: The Islamic civilization has great merit in the emergence and development of comparative religion. Muslim scholars preceded Western scholars in many scientific discoveries, including the topics, rules and principles of this science. That Muslim scholars study religions, their study was not a random and absurd study. Rather, it was a study based on a solid scientific origin.

Language is the most important means of communication and understanding between members of society, and it takes its social context as a field of action. Thus, it is a social phenomenon par excellence, affected by a number of social, religious and geographical factors. The reading of lexical formats in the light of the text is one of the most prominent levels that express the essence of the text. The text is a cultural system based on references, which shows the thinking of its users, and their ability to control the ways of crossing into meaning. Exegesis scholars have adopted in their books from those procedural insights, including the lexical level, lexical unit patterns, and lexical relations; With their wide culture, linguistic and cognitive backgrounds. By monitoring these lexical tools and means, and identifying and categorizing them, by describing, explaining and analyzing the lexical unit through textual analysis through its coordination.

It is human nature to ask about causes, search for their causes, and follow their facts. The syntax, including its structures and connotations, was not isolated from those reasons. The contemplator in Sibawayh's book finds that it is about a living linguistic system that is closely related to its user. In fact, Sibawayh takes into account a lot in his interpretations of the issue of the speaker's intention and the conditions of the addressees. The construction of the language in the book, or more accurately the linguistic lexicon in the book, was built on the level of my intention at Sibawayh; Because he was aware of the use of language. It is that language that he best accompanied, and upon which he built his linguistic deductions, and his grammatical rules, including the meanings of sentences from which one of its parts was deleted, or sentences that carry more than one meaning, or sentences that carry a meaning other than their direct linguistic meaning.

Although there are no explicit texts criminalizing the phenomenon of cyberbullying, the individual has freedom of opinion and expression. The Iraqi constitution of 2005 has guaranteed this right in accordance with the text of Article (38) of it, which states (the state guarantees what does not violate public order and morals, first: freedom of expression by all means...). This does not mean that this is absolute. The legislator has restricted it not to prejudice public order and morals. The act of bullying, which is a demeaning of others, is considered a violation of the general morals that are accepted in society. For this, it is possible to rely on the objective texts contained in the amended Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, which criminalize acts of insult, slander and assault on private life so that the offender does not escape punishment.

The endowment is one of the special Islamic financial systems, because the origin of the money is its ability to be traded and disposed of, such as selling, giving and others. We must point out here that this type of money is not permissible to dispose of in its origin, but rather to be placed on some side, where it benefits from it and benefits from its proceeds, and it is not permissible for it to dispose of it at all.

The linguistic scientific movement has been interested in studying the semantic aspects of the Qur’anic text in order to find out the secrets of its miraculousness and understand its meanings, so it has been closely linked to it. The Qur'an was the axis around which these studies revolved. The idea of this research was based on dealing with the conditions of (in) as one of the linguistic tools that depend on semantics when it appears in this or that place in the Qur’an. We wanted this research to be applied through the Book of God Almighty, so it was taken from Juz’ Tabarak as a model to show its role in determining the semantic features of the Qur’anic text in which it appears.

Praise be to Allah, who facilitates for His servants the causes of happiness, and blessings and peace be upon His Messenger Muhammad, may Allah prayers and peace be upon him, the extent of the message, the source of guidance, his family and companions, and whoever is guided by his guidance until the Day of Judgment. Our research, “The Efforts of the Scholar of Iraq, Sheikh Abdul Karim Al-Modrass in the Sciences of the Qur’an through its interpretation,” deals with the efforts of the Sheikh Al-Modrass in the sciences of the Qur’an through his exegesis, and it is a revival of the flag of Iraqi Kurdistan who lived in the twentieth century. He was the only one of his era in carrying the torch of science and literature, despite the calamities and calamities that befell his environment, which led to the stagnation of science and literature and almost obliterated its features without the efforts of the zealous people of this nation. The research consists of an introduction, two chapters, four demands, sources, a summary of the research, and results in both Arabic and English. The first topic is divided into two demands, in the first we talked about (his life and effects), and in the second requirement we talked about (the definition of his interpretation and their sources). The second topic we talk about his method in the sciences of the Qur’an through its interpretation. It is divided into two demands. In the first requirement, we talk about (the reasons for the revelation, the collection of the Qur’an, the Meccan and the Medinan, the abrogating and abrogated). In the second requirement, we talk about (the order of revelation of the Qur’an, the exact and the similar, the seven readings).

The conflict of identities is one of the chronic problems groaning in countries that suffer from deep societal division, which has exposed them to huge security risks, including making the breakdown of their national unity contract just around the corner. This is a natural result of the wrong policies followed by decision makers in managing cultural and ethnic diversity in their societies in all its forms and colors. Among the most prominent manifestations of this conflict is the state of clash between sub-identities with each other with their various titles (religious, ethnic, tribal and regional) or the conflict between the comprehensive national identity on the one hand and some sub-identities on the other. Such a conflict, both old and new, clearly and clearly expresses a serious crisis that needs radical solutions and treatments that can end the state of intersection and the continuous interaction between these various identities. Among the most prominent influencing factors that fuel and fuel such a conflict is fanaticism that rejects diversity and monopolizes the truth and truth for those who embrace it, in addition to the hate speech that drives the wedge between the components of one people, as well as the practice of discrimination at the official and popular levels alike. Among the secretions resulting from these factors are the great dangers that are embodied in the internal war that does not remain or leave, and the resulting state of division and fragmentation, the disintegration of the bonds of national unity, and the spread of underdevelopment at all levels. From this standpoint, a set of methods and means should be taken to address this dilemma, and the most prominent of these effective methods in this direction is to achieve the principle of equal citizenship on the ground and consolidate the principle of national partnership in the decision-making process that relates to the present and future of the country. The matter does not stop at this point, but several means must be adopted, most notably recognizing the privacy of sub-identities and respecting their culture, as well as criminalizing the scourge of racism that erodes the building of society, in addition to achieving criminal justice, retaliation against the perpetrators, compensation for those affected and giving everyone his right.

My research (Sabri and poetic metaphor) is an attempt to extract and clarify the figurative arts in Sabry's poems. We tried to explain and clarify the most important figurative purposes in our poet's poems and make them accessible to readers. Undoubtedly, the poet Sabry was the owner of poetic inspiration and a special talent, and he had his destiny and experience in using most of the figurative arts in his poems, and he enriched Kurdish poetry with it. Because there is no academic research dealing with metaphor in Sabry's poems, we have done this research. The content of this research consists of an introduction and three sections with results. In the introduction, we dealt with the justifications for choosing the topic and its importance. We devoted the first section to the concept and definition of truth, metaphor, mental metaphor and their types. As for the second section, in the light of the poetic examples of the poet, we discuss the sections of metaphor in Sabry’s poems, linguistic metaphor and its types, as well as the metaphorical linguistic relations and the concept of metaphor and its elements. As for the third section, it is devoted to the types of metaphor in the poems of our poet Sabry, and according to its existence or not, to the elements of metaphor (borrowed and borrowed from him), as well as according to the tangible and reasonable (borrowed and borrowed from him), and according to the compatibility of the basic elements of metaphor (borrowed and borrowed from), and in the last. We discuss in our research the conclusions and the most important findings about the figurative and allegorical arts in the poems of (Sabri), and we hope to God Almighty that our research will be a scientific gain for everyone who reads it.

The stories of the prophets are part of the Noble Qur’an and the holy books, and the biography of the prophets and their stories are sermons and lessons for people and their personalities. God Almighty mentioned in his holy book the stories of some of the prophets and messengers (PBUH) to be considered and taught by people, and the stories of the Qur’an are consistent with reality and the nature of the infallibility of the prophets and there is no contradiction in them as found in the writings of the People of the Book. Because of the lessons, sermons and lessons they contain, they are fixed stories that occurred in the exhibition of the call of the prophets (peace be upon them) to their people. They were rich in lessons that show the right approach to humanity, and rational ways in calling to Almighty Allah, and in what achieves the righteousness of the servants, their happiness, and their salvation in their life in this world and in the hereafter

After the growing awareness in society of the need to protect the rights of individuals and public liberties, which are among the priorities of the functions that the state must perform. It is not possible to accept, under any justification or pretext, the assault on the rights of individuals, even from the state itself, and also because the modern state is the state of law. This means that the state itself must be subject to the law. All of this has led to the determination of the responsibility of the state and its various agencies for the actions and behaviors issued by it that may result in damages as a result of its various activities. The French Council of State contributed to this transformation, as it initially decided the state’s responsibility for the normal actions of the administration without the actions of authority and sovereignty, and then its provisions were repeated to decide the responsibility of the administration for its actions in all the activities it undertakes and the actions it undertakes when they result in damage. We have tried, through this study, to identify the responsibility of the administration for the errors attributed to it, which would inflict damage on others, which requires compensation, by explaining what this responsibility is and what the errors are that result in administrative responsibility and the role of legislation, jurisprudence and the judiciary in setting the principles and foundations that were adopted in the report Responsibility of the administration for its illegal actions, whether legal or material. The administration's responsibility for its mistakes in Iraq was addressed through a statement of the position of the Iraqi legislation and judiciary in this regard. Through the study, we have reached some conclusions regarding the topic of the research. Some proposals that we hope will have a role in enriching this sensitive and important issue.

Since the Crusades, orientalists have been studying the civilization of Islam in general and the Holy Qur’an in particular, and they made money, efforts and studies sponsored by two institutions over the past centuries, the church and the government. For this purpose, I sent two types of Orientalists, priests and university academics. These efforts have yielded a strange mixture of results, most of which do not reveal the truth of this Qur’an, but rather have been distorted and distorted, due to lack of understanding once and deliberately and intentionally on several occasions. In order to repel the accusations and refutation of suspicions, it has become clear that there are countless Muslim scholars, ancient and modern, so May Almighty Allah reward them with the best reward. This study presented by the researcher is in the context of refuting suspicions about the concept of interpretation presented by the Britannica or (Encyclopedia Britannica) .

Alienation is a phenomenon that affects all human beings. Its causes vary. But only the poet can express it and refer to it through poetic verses. The strangeness of poets at every stage has its importance and with us. Among the Kurdish poets who use this type of poetry the most (Muhammad Omar Othman), but he referred to this feeling or phenomenon beautifully and smoothly. It is clear among his poetic poems, the reason that the poet lived in alienation. This study aims to reveal the role and importance of literature and the capabilities and talents of the poet (Mohammed Omar Othman). The content of this research consists of a chapter and four sections dealing with the first topic: the term, definition and concept of alienation. The second section deals with the reasons for the emergence of alienation. The third topic: it deals with the types of alienation. This is all part of the conversation. As for the fourth and final topic, which is the applied aspect, the focus was on the interpretation and distinction of poems in which the phenomenon of alienation appears. In the end, the most important results of the research were presented. The list of sources and references is arranged and a summary is presented in Kurdish, Arabic and English.

The referral theory in private international law has differing views of jurisprudence, judicial rulings and comparative laws. Some views of jurisprudence, the judiciary, and comparative laws have tended to reject the idea or theory of referral in private international law relations disputes. Other opinions tended to reduce the rejection of the referral that arises as a result of the difference in the rules of attribution in the law of the state of the judge before whom the dispute is heard. The foreign law to which she referred is the rule of attribution in the law of the judge's country. The difference is clear in matters of personal status, in contrast to the issues of international trade contracts, which Most attribution rules in countries may agree on the same attribution controls used when determining the applicable law. The referral differs before the court of each state to which the dispute is presented, because each court is linked to its own legal legislation, and the judge does not have to choose this legislation alone. Different laws lead to imbalance solutions. This opens the way for jurisprudence to enrich those differences of opinion. The opinions of jurisprudence differed according to the different solutions in the national legislation and the courts, some of them went to reject the idea of referral, and some of them accepted it, and each of them had his arguments and support for that, which may sometimes differ with the rulings of the judiciary and comparative laws.