Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal

The current study has been done to determine the pathogenic bacteria that are associated with appendicitis. This study includes ninety samples of removed appendices taken from patients who were diagnosed with appendicitis infection by specialized doctors in general Basrah Hospital and Al-Sadir Teaching Hospital for the period between September 2023 and June 2023. The percentage of samples that gave positive culture was 80 (88.9%), while 10 (11.1%) of these samples had negative culture. The study found 15 different bacterial isolates, with Escherichia coli being the most common at 80 (44.9%), while other species appeared in lower percentages. Shigella dysenteriae 14 (7.9%), Salmonella enterica typhi 10 (6.5%), and other strains with lower percentages Laboratory diagnosis for blood samples included an estimate of total WBCs and found that 31% of patients have natural WBC values, while the other patients have high values. The most common bacteria showed that all isolates were resistant to most antibiotics used in the test, especially for the lactam group, and the isolates of E. coli were multi-resistant to antibiotics. The plasmid profiles of E. coli isolates were investigated to study the correlation between plasmid profiles and antibiotic-resistant markers, and results from agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that all E. coli isolates contain one plasmid band. This study includes the detection of some genes that encode beta-lactamase enzymes in E. coli, which are responsible for multi antibiotic resistance. These genes were loaded on plasmid DNA for ten isolates, and it found that 5 (50%) of isolates have the blaTEM gene, 40% have the blaCTX gene, and 1 (10) has the blaSHV gene. This study also considered the general appearance of appendix samples: some are enlarged and surrounded by vesicles, some have fibrous walls and are ulcerated with mixed colors, and then the histological changes were examined. The study showed changes in the histological structure of the excess, including extensive congestion of blood vessels and veins in the serosa and subserosal layers and increased amounts of diffuse lymphoid tissue in the layers of the appendix walls.

The study was completed in Basra Governorate in the central part of Shatt Al-Arab River, and two stations were chosen to carry out the study. The first one is near the island of Sindbad located on the coordinates "N30 ° 34´18.4872", E 47 ° 46´44.9292 ", the next station is proximate the Al-Sadr Educational Hospital within about N30 ° 30´34.6608 ", E74 ° 51´7.2108". Samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of one year, during the low tide, and for the period from September 2018 until August 2019. Some environmental factors of water were measured as well as (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, light penetration, salinity, total dissolved salts, total hardness, reactive nitrate, reactive nitrite and reactive phosphate). The WQI (Canadian Model) was used for assessment as an efficient method for assessing the water environment and determining its suitability. Zooplankton were collected and diagnosed, both quantitative and qualitatively. The results of the study showed that the temperature ranges ranged between (14-37) ° C, pH values were between (7.1-8.1), Dissolved oxygen (6-11) mg.L-1, the biological oxygen demand was between (0.5-3.5) mg.L-1, the light penetration values were between (22.5-165) cm, salinity ranged between (0.9-15.42) ‰, total dissolved salts between (1646-17158) mg.L-1, total hardness between (4800-480) mg.CaCo3.L-1, reactive nitrate are between (0.02-3.24) μg nitrogen atom. l-1, reactive nitrite values were between (0.02-1.21) μg nitrogen atom.L-1, and reactive phosphate was between (0.01-0.86) μg phosphorous atom. l-1. The water quality index on record the highest value (61.46) in the fourth category Marginal in the summer for the first station, and the lowest value was recorded (33.11) in the fifth group Poor in the winter for the next station. 98 taxa of zooplankton, which recorded in the 1st station, 61 Rotifera, 15 Cladocera, 12 Copepoda, 7 miscellaneous groups and 3 Ostracoda. 79 taxa of zooplankton recorded in the 2nd station, 53 Rotifera, 13 Copepoda, 5 Cladocera, 5 miscellaneous groups and 3 Ostracoda. The maximum total density of zooplankton was 3561.53 and 1532.95 ind.L-1 for the first and second stations respectively. Statistical analysis was applied to make clear the relationship between environmental factors and zooplankton in the aquatic environment

The dispersion of ammonia gas NH3 in poultry farming operations is considered a significant challenge that poses a threat to production. Given its direct impact on the general welfare of poultry, this will negatively impact the quality of the final product. The medication underwent a metabolic transformation in the laboratory, which involved a sequence of three successive events. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified from the ileum area of the small intestine of fowl during the early phase. During the following stage, the bacteria that were separated were stimulated on a sterile skim milk medium for three consecutive occasions. The third stage entailed the generation of physiologically metabolized molecules referred to as "postbiotics" or biologically active compounds.

This study introduces a novel index for assessing the trophic status of aquatic environments, leveraging the zooplankton community as a bioindicator. The assessment was conducted across three distinct regions: the southern sections of the Eastern Al-Hammar, Al-Chebiyesh Marshes and the Euphrates River, over a period from November 2020 to October 2021. Employing Carlson's methodology as a foundation, the research aimed to validate the efficacy of zooplankton abundance as a metric for trophic state evaluation. Through systematic sampling of zooplankton across selected sites, data on individual counts per liter and biomass (wet weight in mg/L), alongside the biomass-to-individual ratio, were subjected to linear regression analysis against Carlson’s trophic status indices. This process facilitated the derivation of formulae capable of deducing the trophic state from zooplankton metrics. Findings revealed that the trophic status, as indicated by the Zooplankton-based Trophic State Index (TSIZOO), predominantly classified the aquatic environments within the mesotrophic category, with values ranging between 43.37 and 43.39. The biomass-to-individual ratio of zooplankton further suggested a Meso-eutrophic classification, marked by a value of 46.3. This study underscores the utility of zooplankton communities as reliable indicators for the trophic classification of water bodies, providing a nuanced understanding of aquatic ecosystem health.

Oxidative stress is a physiological imbalance caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the body's capacity to neutralize or detoxify them. Postmenopausal women are one of the many demographic groups impacted by oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress in postmenopausal women and compare it with fertile women. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 50 Iraqi women from the city of Shatrah, Iraq, of which 25 were postmenopausal women with an age range of 46-51 years and 25 fertile women with an age range of 40-45 years. The results indicated a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in MDA levels and body fat percentage and a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) in SOD and CAT levels in postmenopausal women compared to fertile women, while there was a non-significant difference (p>0.05) in GPX levels. Regarding the correlation between oxidative stress parameters and body fat percentage, the results showed a positive significant correlation with MDA (r= 0.5, p= 0.012) and a negative significant correlation with SOD (r= -0.444, p= 0.026) and CAT (r= -0.575, p= 0.002), while there was a non-significant correlation with GPX (r= -0.257, p= 0.214). The study concluded that postmenopausal women suffer from an increased level of oxidative stress, which makes them more susceptible to several diseases such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.

An escalating trend in breast cancer incidence was noticed worldwide and globally rushed over the last three decades. In Iraq, there is a lack of studies detailing the time based and geographical distribution of cancer and breast cancer. The study aimed to address this gap by examining the incidence rates and trends of cancer and breast cancer in Basra city center and its districts over a five-year period from 2017-2021. Data were collected from the Ministry of Health, The Iraqi Cancer Registry and related data base. The study included Basra center, Diyar, Mudainah, Qurna, Hartha, Zubair, Shatt Alarab and Abu Alkhaseeb districts. The annual incidence rate of cancer revealed consistent upward in Center, Zubair and Abu Alkhaseeb. Shatt Alarab showed a higher rate among other districts while the center displayed the highest peaking at 144 in 2021. The results showed variable trends across these districts with Zubair and AbuAlkhaseeb demonstrated consistent increase in breast cancer disease. The center showed the highest growth over the study period. This study shed light on the localized trend of breast cancer in Basra and highlights the need for targeted awareness campaigns, activating the role of early detection clinics and the need for interventions in lifestyle.

Background: Chronic hyperglycaemia, also known as high blood glucose, is a metabolic disorder that develops when the body cannot produce enough insulin or when its response to insulin is compromised. Insulin is a crucial hormone that plays a vital role in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The current study aimed to investigate the potential associations between osteonectin with zinc ions (Zn+2), sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), chloride ions (Cl-), systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood pressure during diastole (DBP) and glucose levels in the blood while fasting in people who have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: This research involved 42 patients from Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital, along with 42 apparently seems healthy controls (HCs). Zn+2 and osteonectin levels in the serum were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum levels of Na+, K+ and Cl- levels were estimated using the C4000 device. Results: Serum osteonectin (µg/mL) in T2DM patients was higher than in controls (P < 0.0001), while Zn+2, K+, Cl-, SBP, DBP in T2DM patents were lower than controls. A significant positive correlation was detected between osteonectin with K+ but, a non-significant positive correlation of osteonectin with Na+, SBP, DBP, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was detected, osteonectin showed a strong inverse relationship with Cl- and Zn+2, according to the findings. Rreceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicate that osteonectin was weaker sensitive marker in diagnosis of T2DM. in addition, SBP, MAP are intermediate markers, while osteonectin, Na+, K+, Cl-, Zn+2 , and DBP were markers with poor predictive values, with area under curve (AUC) gave less than 0.6. Conclusion : Patients' serum osteonectin levels were greater than those of healthy controls were. osteonectin also showed weak correlations with zinc and the other variables studied, and the best correlation for osteonectin was with sodium ions.

Background: When a schwannoma affects the mandibular branch from the trigeminal nerve, the solid mass enlarges the foramen ovale, with components below, in the masticatory space, and above, in the middle cranial fossa. Atrophy of the masticator muscles is common. the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa are adjacent and continuous spaces, masses that arise in one space can easily spread to the other. the tumors of the infratemporal fossa are uncommon and rarely, they may arise from within the infratemporal fossa itself. endoscopic access to this area often begins with surgical access to the pterygopalatine fossa, with more lateral dissection allowing entry to the infratemporal fossa. Schwannomas are very uncommon in children (except when associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. The advantages of the endoscopic technique are numerous, including Relatively straightforward access is achieved to the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa, areas traditionally considered difficult to reach. Case Description: A.Q.K, an 8-year-old boy, presented with a three-month history of right eye painless protrusion, blurring of vision and a one-week history of swelling over the right cheek. On examination; There was a noticeable right-sided facial swelling with right eye protrusion, globe displacement Antero superiorly, A radiological examination showed large soft tissue mass involved Right pterygopalatine fossa & infratemporal fossa, Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma Complete excision was achieved using modified endoscopic danker’s approach. conclusion: Right. Maxillary sinus. The post-operative period was uneventful. The target for our case report is highlighting the rarity of this lesion (Infratemporal schwannoma of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal trunk in an 8years old boy), Emphasizing the significance of an accurate diagnosis and including this tumor in the differential diagnosis of facial asymmetry. The endoscopic technique provides a magnified and multiangled view for more precise discrimination of the dissection planes between the tumor and the adjacent structures. This technique obviates the need for external facial incisions or intra-oral incisions and helps in good surgical outcomes and quick healing and recovery.

The impacts of zinc oxide nano-extract from O. majorana leaves on the histological structure of the lung of albino rats were investigated in the current study. There were fourty- two rats that are rats are divided into six groups of seven animals. The first group (negative control) received 0.3 ml of normal saline subcutaneously. The second group (positive control group) received L. donovani parasite injections. The third group treatment with nano extract of zinc oxide (10 mg/kg) from O. majorana leaves was given subcutaneously. The fourth treat with nano extract of zinc oxide (15 mg/kg) from O. majorana leaves, fifth, and sixth groups got nano-extractors (10 and 15 mg/kg) and were infected with L.donovani. The animal was subsequently given 0.3 ml of nano-extract three times a week for a month. Moreover, the findings revealed that there are several changes in their lung structure; inflammatory cell infiltration into the alveolar gaps, eosinophilic inflammation, regenerative proliferation of airway epithelial cells, and thickening of the bronchial muscle wall were frequently seen. After exposure to low levels of ZnO NPs., lymphocytes and eosinophils grew somewhat. Mild increases in lymphocytes and eosinophils were seen after exposure to low doses of ZnO NPs in L.donovani-infected tissue. The histological changes on the lung treated with Nano-extract (zinc oxide) of the O. majorana leaves at different concentrations were employed for treating the histological shifts and reducing the damage caused by the parasite. Thus, the effectiveness of the nano-extract is effective in reducing the influences and resisting the parasite. Histological changes in the lung in groups treated with the nano extract showed resistance to the parasite in terms of its lack of effect on causing histological changes compared to the positive control group. The concentration of the crude essential oil, which was (15mg/ml), gave the highest percentage of growth inhibition for the parasite lung tissue and showed few fibrosis around the alveolar sacs in the group treated. In contrast, the second concentration of the essential oil, which was (10mg/ml), showed a lower percentage of inhibition and cellular killing of the parasite’s visceral cells. Aim of study: There is a need for novel therapeutic techniques. Recent breakthroughs in nanosystems have investigated passive and active targeting ways to increase medication concentrations while reducing undesirable toxicity and side effects to healthy tissues. The utilization of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery has the potential to reduce medication dosage and address difficulties linked to conventional drug treatment, including rapid clearance, insolubility in aqueous environments, and a lack of selectivity that leads to non-specific cellular toxicity.

About one-third of humans have the bacterium S. aureus, recognized for its opportunistic tendency to invade the anterior nares. S. aureus and/or (MRSA) can colonize the anterior nares and go on to colonize the skin and other anatomical areas. As such, these pathogens have the capacity to cause a wide variety of endogenous diseases. To examine the frequency of nasal carriage of S. aureus or MRSA among some diabetic patients in Iraq/Baghdad, nasal swabs were collected from 50 Type 2 diabetic patients and 50 control subjects. 50 blood samples were collected (patients with T2DM) collected from different age groups and the duration of the disease in patients who attended “The Specialist Center for Diseases of Endocrine and Diabetes” in Baghdad. Another 50 blood samples were collected from normal healthy controls at different ages and genders. The period of study was from February 2021 and April 2022. The results showed that there were highly significant differences between T2DM patients and healthy controls in FBG and HbA1c at (P≤0.01). A nasal swab was obtained to detect colonization by S. aureus. A repeat swab was obtained from all patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls to estimate persistent S. aureus carriage. According to the morphology of the cultures and biochemical characteristics, API staph was used to confirm the diagnosis. and molecular detection using nuc gene, the S. aureus isolates were identified MRSA isolates were identified by PCR using a specific primer of mecA The prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization was 52% and of the persistent carriage 30%. From all patients with Type 2 diabetes, and The prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization was 32% and of the persistent carriage 12% in control healthy. with 24% of the total patients being colonized specifically with MRSA.

contamination food with Vibrio cholera causes acute diarrhea responsible for ~99,000 deaths per year worldwide and has been extensively studied in human patients. However, there is limited data in animal tissues about the effect of oral infection with vibrio cholera on pathology and immunology or DNA damage in the reproductive organs of laboratory animals. Reporting data showed that Bacterial infection with Vibrio's cholera caused liver necrosis; kidney abscesses and brain degeneration with increased expression of CD4's and CD8's marker's. A well as causing generic's damage and mutations in XY and XX gens.

Infertility is the most common endocrine disease occurring in women of reproductive age. The aim of study to determine the D2 dopamine receptors gene expression and clarify altered concentrations of dopamine in infertile women and controls. Also, to assess their role in infertility and their correlation with measured biochemical parameters.This study was carried out in the Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Postgraduate Studies - University of Baghdad through the period from January 2023 - April 2023, Methods, The patients were taken from the Kamal Al-Samarraee Infertility Treatment Hospital in Baghdad; the study was included 100 individuals 50 controls and 50 infertile females diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS ). Biochemical examinations were done include Serum concentrations of Dopamine (DA), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin were measured by Enzyme-linked Immuno sorbent assay ELISA and Automated Immune Assay (AIA) kits. The RNA was extracted from whole fresh blood. The Concentration and Purity of RNA Based on a nanodrop device were performed, then converted to cDNA to measure the level of gene expression for DRD2 by using Real-Time PCR technique, then converted to cDNA to measure the level of gene expression for DRD2 by using Real-Time PCR technique. Results: In this study, the results showed a significant decrease in Dopamine levels in infertile Women in comparison to the control group (P< 0.01). In addition, the analysis of hormone levels (LH), (FSH) and (PRL) in infertile females showed a highly significant increase in PRL and LH compared to the control group (P≤0.01) and a non-significant difference in the level of (FSH). The results of the fold expression of DRD2 showed down-regulated in patients, whereas it was up-regulated in the control group. In conclusion, According to the results of gene expression of the DRD2 gene, Dopamine can be utilized as a biomarker for early diagnosis of female infertility in Iraqi females as one of the laboratory diagnostic methods.

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles by using microorganisms has developed into an eco-friendly method for nanoparticle synthesis because of its cheapness, simplicity, and non-toxic properties. Iron supplements such as ferrous sulfate are the most used drug for treating iron deficiency anemia, but this supplement report can yield undesirable side effects. The nanoparticles synthesized in this study were iron oxide and chitosan–iron oxide nanoparticles. The dose of nanoparticles has more bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate. Furthermore, both doses of nanoparticles cause lower inflammation than ferrous sulfate and more efficiently restored of serum iron, ferritin and transferrin to normal range. According to the following, we was suggested the mechanism of Fe3O4 entered to the erythrocyte as figure in research content: • Coating with chitosan by formation chelating agent with iron. • Increased the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Ferritin, Total Antioxidant Capacity, Serum iron. • Decrease the level of Transferrin. • Increase of Conductivity of erythrocytes. • Alteration of RBC shape band in UV-visible scan. • Changing in Electrophoresis of erythrocytes bands

Evaluation of the Level of trace minerals in serum is one of the important things that can give us evidence of acute kidney injury, as high concentrations of some trace minerals such as (Iron, lead, Cadmium, and Copper) and low concentrations of other minerals such as (Zinc) in the serum are considered one of the evidence of acute kidney injury, Objective: is to try to prove that increasing the concentrations of some trace minerals can cause nephrotoxicity and acute kidney failure, while their presence in normal proportions in serum is beneficial to human body as antioxidants or cofactor. The study included 124 blood samples collected from men and women who suffer from acute Kidney injury and 108 blood samples collected from control groups, wtoto 35-greater need from (≤35-≥56 years). The levels of Iron, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc and Copper were determined in the serum of both patients with acute kidney injury and a control group. The results indicated a significant increase in the level of (Iron, Lead, Cadmium, and Copper) compared to control group, while a significant decrease in the level of Zinc compared to the control group.

Antenatal care (ANC) is prenatal care that should start as soon as possible after conception and continue throughout the pregnancy. The fundamental goal of ANC is to have a pregnant woman and her unborn child are healthy. This study's objectives are to assess the prevalence the prenatal care service consumption pattern among pregnant women and to identify the variables influencing pregnant women's use of prenatal care services (age, age at marriage, education, occupation, and parity, planning pregnancy, type of family, perceive of quality ANC services by availability of doctors, analysis, treatment, ultrasound, and tetanus toxoid vaccine). The study found ANC utilization use rate (20%) is lower and needs to further improvement. There is a significant relationship between respondents’ education and consumption of ANC services with (p. value <0.05). Significant relationships exist between mothers from autonomous families, the presence of a doctor during ANC visits, availability of ultrasound services, and consumption of ANC services (p. value <0.05).In this study, other factors such as the mode of transportation, availability of analysis services, treatment services, and tetanus vaccine did not significantly impact ANC utilization.

Diarrhea is a significant cause of illness and death in many parts of the world and people of all ages. Fecal-oral transmission and intake of food and water polluted with pathogenic organisms are the major causes of acute infectious diarrhea, based on research. This investigation was carried out to isolate various bacteria that cause diarrhea in children below 5 years, and 80 stool samples were collected The study included the effect of age and area of residence on the incidence of diarrhea. These samples were planted on selective and differential culture media, which included the media of the MacConkey agar and blood agar, as well as the use of biochemical tests to diagnose these isolates using Vitek compact 2. The results of the study showed that 60 bacteria isolates belonging to seven different genera were obtained, Escherichia coli, SalmonellaTyphimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter areogenosa, and Proteus mirabilis. And at the rates of 23.33%, 20%, 16.66%, 16.66%, 15%, 5%, and 3.33%, respectively. The results showed that the age group (1-2 years) recorded a high percentage of diarrhea. The sensitivity test showed that all the isolates were 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and 100% Amoxicillin resistant, while these isolates varied in their sensitivity to the rest of the antibiotics. Finally, this investigation confirmed that diarrhea in children under the age of five was caused by multiple-drug resistant, gram-negative enterobacteria.