Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

Process modeling or computer simulation is one of the most important studies which gives the engineer a whole description about certain processes including all the mathematical relationships that are relating the process variables.
Transport phenomena on fixed bed reactor was studied because of their importance and their effects on the catalyst performance in all chemical reactions.
Simultaneous mass , heat and pressure drop were studied and all the process variables such as temperature, rate of reaction , pressure along length of the reactor were calculated and the data obtained from the mathematical package showed that with the increase the reaction temperature the process


production , rate of reaction and pressure drop will increase.

An increasing importance is given to the Economic Feasibility Study of Petroleum Projects. The reason behind that is the critical role played by the Petroleum Industry in Society, Economy and Foreign Trade. In general, Petroleum Industry is involved with the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources to satisfy the country's needs (households and industrial sectors) and to export these resources, in order to, gain foreign currencies which are necessary for


funding the country's social and economic requirements. Petroleum Projects have diversity features in terms of location, size, capital, technology and risks. On the Other hand, because of the importance of the Petroleum Industry, high significance should be given to the Economic Feasibility Study, especially the necessary of good knowledge of the nature of Petroleum Activities, Projects and Contracts, as well as the fundamentals of Advanced Feasibility Study.

Corrosion tests on commercial carbon steel pipe in aerated 0.1N HCl solution under static and flow conditions with ranges of rotation velocity of 400–1400 rpm and temperature of 35 – 60ºC, were carried out by weight loss method, in absence and presence of several inhibitors which were thiourea, ethylenediamine, diethano-lamine and formaldehyde as an adsorption type inhibitors in concentration range 400 – 2000 ppm using rotating cylinder arrangement. The experimental results showed that the corrosion rate in absence and presence of inhibitors is increased with the increasing temperature of the corrosive solution and the rotational velocity and is decreased with increasing the inhibitors concentration for the whole range of



temperatures and rotational velocities. Highest inhibition efficiency was attained by thiourea with considerable efficiencies for other inhibitors. The order of corrosion inhibitors efficiencies was as follows: thiourea > ethylenediamine > diethanolamine > formaldehyde. Under static conditions maximum inhibition efficiency obtained was 77.59% for thiourea and the minimum inhibition efficiency was 37.12% for formaldehyde depending on inhibitor concentration and temperature. Also the results revealed that the inhibitors efficiency increases with increasing its concentration and decreases with increasing agitation speed and temperature. The thiouurea was found to be good inhibitor even at high agitation velocity while the formaldehyde failed to inhibit corrosion at high

Salt hydrate phase change materials used for thermal storage in space heating and cooling applications have low material costs, but high packaging costs. A more economic installed storage may be possible with medium priced, high latent heat. Latent heat storage is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density, with a smaller temperature difference between storing and releasing heat. This paper work on latent heat storage and provides an insight to recent efforts to develop new classes of phase change materials (PCMs) for

use in energy storage. There are large numbers of phase change materials that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. Hydrated salts have larger energy storage density and higher thermal conductivity but experience super cooling and phase segregation, and hence, their application requires the use of some nucleating and thickening agents. Sodium carb-onate, sodium phosphate and sodium sulfate tested as phase change material by crystallization in this work.

This research work is to study the performance of evaporative cooling system using new type of packing with different shapes (saddle, counter current wavy, and triangular splash) and materials (glass, thermoplastic, and resistance wood) of packing for an air –water cooling system . The basis of the installation is the evaporative cooling system,1.75 m height and 40 x 40 cm outside cross section. The fluids in this system are air which moving from the bottom to the top of cooling system (mass flow rates ranging between 0.07 and 0.18 kg/s) and the water which are moving from top to bottom of cooling evaporator ((mass flow rates ranging between 0.11 and 0.27kg/s)). The inlet water temperatures ranging
between 35 and 55oC .The packing heights were changed during the research in order to get the temperature profile and the relation of these temperatures with the other variables in the cooling system, the packing heights ranging between 35 to 140 cm. The overall volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients and tower characteristics, were predicted as a function of the fluids flow rates.
A computer program used to solve and find the relation between the variables in the system and the functions (overall volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients, number of transfer coefficient, the temperature variation along the tower).


The results show that :
1-At maximum air mass flow and
minimum water mass flow, the
mass transfer coefficients would
be on the maximum value and
vice-versa.
2- The thermoplastic packing was
much more efficient than glass
and wood by efficiency about 12
to 18 %. ,also the results showed
that The triangular packing was
much more efficient than wavy
and glass by efficiency about 5 to
11 %.
3-The temperatures distribution
were not constant in all layers; the temperatures distribution in the first layer were not very well, this happened because the distribution of water in the packing surface was just know happened, while in the other layers the temperature distrib-ution and profile were so good.

The aim of this study is to detect the radioactivity of radionuclides and measure the specific activities and the uranium concentration in (19) samples of crude oil and oil waste were brought from two oil locations Dora refinery, Bijie refinery.
The measurements in this study were done by using two techniques:
1- Gamma rays spectroscopy system was used to measure the specific activity for radionuclides. This system is consist of high purity of germanium detector (HPGe) with personal computer as multi channel analyzer (MCA) that computerized to plot the radioactive spectrum and compute the specific activities of the radionuclides. There are seven radionuclides are detected:
(Bi-214, Ra-226, TI-208, Bi-212, Pb-212, K-40, and Cs-137), these radionuclides included; two

radionuclides (Bi-214,Ra-226) belong to the U-238 series, three radionuclides (TI-208, Bi-212, Pb-212) belong to Th-232series, one natural radionuclide (K-40), and one artificial radionuclide (Cs-137).
For Dora refinery samples, the averages of specific activities of (Bi-214, Ra-226) were (7.79, 16.08) Bq/kg respectively, the averages of specific activities of (TI-208, Bi-212, Pb-212) were (7.95,4.05,5.75) Bq/kg , the average of specific activities of (Cs-137) was (0.64) Bq/kg , the average of specific activities of (K-40) was (99.3) Bq/kg.
For Bijie refinery samples, the average of specific activities of (Bi-214) was (0.39) Bq/kg, the averages specific activities of (Bi-212, Pb-212) were (0.02,0.01) Bq/kg, the average of specific activities of (K-40) was (2.28) Bq/kg , and three radionuclides (Ra-226, TI-208, and Cs-137) were not appeared in Bijie samples.
2- solid state nuclear track detectors technique (SSNTDs), the uranium concentration determined by using CR-39 track detector and fission fragment track technique, the nuclear reaction used as source of uranium fission fragment is U-235 (n-f) obtained by the bombardment of U-235with thermal neutrons emitted from (Am-Be) neutron source with flux (5000 n/cm2.s) for seven days, the concentration were calculated by
comparison with the standard samples. The uranium concentration in Dora refinery samples were ranged between (0.95-3.34) ppm with average (2.03) ppm for solid samples and (1.25) ppm for liquid samples. The uranium concentration in Bijie refinery samples were ranged from (0.42-1.46) ppm with average (0.55) ppm in the solid samples and (1.24) ppm in the liquid samples, these results are agreement with the permissible limit from IAEA, the permissible limit is (1mSv/y) for the public.

The effect of mixed corrosion inhibitors in cooling system was evaluated by using carbon steel specimens and weight loss analysis. The carbon steel specimens which immersed in mixture of sodium phosphate ( Na2HPO4 ) used as corrosion inhibitor and sodium glocunate ( C6 H11 NaO7 ) as scale dispersant at different concentrations (20,40, 60, 80 ppm) and at temperature 25°C for (1-5) days. The corrosion inhibitors efficiency was calculated by using uninhibited and inhibited water to give 98.1%. The result of these investigation indicate that the corrosion rate decrease with increase the corrosion inhibitors concentration at 80 ppm and for 5 days, (i.e. corrosion rate= 0.042 gmd).

A study has been done based on data received from one of the southern Iraqi's oil fields, consists of eighty eight experimental points of oil viscosity at known pressure and temperature above the bubble point pressure.
Fourteen formulas assumed to define the effect of pressure and temperature change on undersaturated oil viscosity. Every formula gives a value of viscosity at any temperature and pressure (above bubble point) depending on a known value of
viscosity at known pressure and temperature. Depending on the least squares method, the constants of these formulas are calculated.
A formula appeared to have the minimum average absolute error (4.8 %) with a value of correlation coefficient equal to (0.8996) is selected to be the best formula adopted in this study. The most proper formula has been compared with two correlations (Khan's correlation and Vasquez and Beggs correlation) and it appeared to be better than the both correlations.