Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

challenges facing the Iraqi economy, so the Iraqi authorities were forced to turn to the International Monetary Fund, which helps countries face their crises and implements corrective policies aimed at stabilizing the economy and its growth and providing preventive financing for the impacts and challenges facing developing countries, especially Iraq. funding for the reconstruction, which is estimated at (88) billion dollars, and the international community has pledged to contribute (30) billion dollars, and this funding is still limited due to the economic and social problems that affected the activity. variables, where there is a large fiscal deficit, an increase in public debt levels and political instability, which led to the creation of successive economic crises that forced the country to resort to financial institutions to improve its economic situation despite the pros and cons of these financial institutions.

The recent technological developments and innovations that have taken place at the international level have led to a revolution in the world of information and communications, and this is one of the most important features of the modern era that affected society and individuals began to deal on its basis because it harnesses modern technologies to give individuals new options that reduce time and effort and reduce the cost, and thus what I produce This development affected various economic, legal, social and cultural sectors, and since the banking sector is one of the most important economic sectors, therefore,it was affected by this development and this appeared through the development of traditional payment methods and their conversion to electronic payment methods.
The Iraqi banking sector has witnessed, after the year 2003, an openness to the outside world through the use of modern banking technologies in providing services to customers in order to keep abreast of developments and developments in the international banking sector. Thus, Iraqi banks have sought to develop their services through the use of information technologies and the application of electronic payment systems and means in order to diversify the banking services it provides and to create new services as well as to increase the spread of banking services in addition to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of banking work and increasing its profits, Thus, the research section was divided into three sections, as the first topic dealt with the nature and types of electronic payment methods. As for the second topic, it touched on the main components of the project to develop and modernize the payment system in Iraq. In the third topic, the factors affecting the spread of electronic payment methods in Iraq were discussed.

E-business has become in the light of the new global digital economy, knowledge and an important requirement and a necessity for sustainable development, as the revolution in information and communication technology has made a qualitative leap in innovating the most successful methods and methods in promoting products and services, opening the door wide to free competition in a world that is not governed by only the features of self-confidence first and others secondly and seeks Research to assess the Iraqi readiness for electronic commerce through a set of indicators for the seven policies that have been identified internationally by the International Trade and Development Organization to assess the readiness of countries.

The study confirms that digital technologies have become closely related to labor markets, by providing the labor market with qualifications, human capital with skills and high experience, and on the efficiency of the performance of the digital transformation process, and therefore the hypothesis of the study is based on the existence of positive repercussions for the digital economy and investment in it in order to address the challenges that Facing the Iraqi labor market and then the digital transformation process, the study aims to demonstrate the reality of the digital technology sector in the Iraqi labor market by monitoring the qualitative indicators related to digital transformation, and then analyzing the reality of the relationship between digital technologies and the labor market. The importance of the study lies in the link between digital technologies and the labor market and the role of digital technologies in stimulating the labor market.
Keyword: Labor Market - Digital Economy - Digital Technologies

global developments in the oil refining industry are related to the ability of the producing countries to raise the level of operational performance of the refineries by increasing the filtering capacities, raising the percentage of hydrogen treatment process capacity and raising the ratio of operations to improve the octane number to the distillation capacity, to diversify production with a variety of goods with high added value, and reach the level Productivity, which meets global environmental standards and enhances its competitiveness in global markets. Achieving this goal collides with a number of environmental, economic and technological difficulties and constraints. In order to discuss these topics, the research was divided into six axes, the first focused on introducing the oil industry and petroleum products. As for the second axis, it dealt with the importance of the oil refining industry, and the third dealt with developments in the oil refining industry in the world, the fourth discussed the operational performance of oil refineries in the world, the fifth reviewed the experience of Saudi Arabia, and the sixth discussed briefly the Chinese experience in the field of the refining industry.
The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a geographical shift in the global oil refining industry in favor of the Asia-Pacific region, and that the total filtering capacity will increase by about 7.8 million b / d during the period 2018-2023, and most of this increase will come from the Asia-Pacific and the Middle East regions, Especially in countries that produce points such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Iran,
The research recommended the necessity of dealing with the refining industry as a strategic industry, by adopting strategies aimed at producing and exporting high-quality petroleum products that are compatible with international standards.

The analysis of the reality of the financial fragility of the financial system especially the banking system side of it is recent and it has become an increasingly important goal in the context of macroeconomic policy-making especially its financial and monetary parts and among the reasons that have made attention towards the issue of the fragility of the financial system and that it has priority within The concerns of financial monetary and economic policymakers around the world are the need for sudden financing operations especially investment which necessitated the study and analysis of the impact of the state of the fragility of the financial system in Iraq on the state potential or ability of the country's financial and banking system to face the necessary financing operations especially domestic investment The fragility of the financial system expresses a state of deterioration and instability of the financial system whether the banking side of it (the financial and banking institutions) or the financial market side in a manner in which it does not perform its functions efficiently especially the allocation of resources directing them or making them ready for any sudden financing that could aid the economic situation in the country

For more than three decades, researchers have embarked on a quantitative and analytical tool called DEA to measure and evaluate performance. This tool has been applied in various and varied economic and administrative branches and sectors ... in many contexts around the world.
The main objective of this research is to measure the technical efficiency in the cement industry, as the research sample included eleven factories distributed over three regions of Iraq, the Northern Cement Company, the Central Cement Company, and the Southern Cement Company.
The methodology adopted by this research is based on the use of DEA data envelope analysis, which is a non-parameter linear programming method.
The research concluded that the companies under investigation were not, for the most part, technically efficient. The efficient companies constituted (27%) in 2018 from the total companies that achieved this percentage to (18%) in 2019.
some restrictions faced the researchers in obtaining statistical data at the factory level at the Ministry of Planning, the Ministry of Industry and the General Company for Construction Industries, as the case required her to go to the governorates in light of the current circumstance, but the researcher did not obtain data for all factories in Iraq.
This research is the first attempt in Iraq and at the level of the industry and its branches. It was conducted and stood on the level of performance of these factories, as the researcher tried to associate the results of performance efficiency and the results of the total factor productivity with each other to come out with a vision consistent in its output.

This research deals with national employment policies and their roles in achieving the goal of decent work for all. The research proceeded from the hypothesis that national employment policies are unable to resolve the problem of unemployment and underemployment, and therefore they are unable to provide a decent work for all. For a while this research aims to identify national employment policies and their ability to raise employment rates and provide a decent work for all, and what are the challenges that faced and prevent them from achieving this goal. For that the sustainable development goals were reviewed, and identified the goals that leading to achieve the decent work for all, and what are the resulting from achieving this goal. Also it was identified the strategies and policies that pursued by Iraqi government to achieve this goal, and what are the difficulties and challenges that faced these policies.
This research found that employment policies in Iraq are already unable to address employment rates to the required level due to the economies and social challenges, and the chief among them is the institutional challenges.