Al-Kut University College Journal

The world in general, and Iraq in particular, is moving towards the digital economy through the automation of all economic sectors. From a traditional economy to an active and technical digital one, the research problem crystallizes by asking that the Iraqi economy suffers from bureaucratic and traditional procedures in the economy as well as the preference for human capital rather than automation. To shift from a past economy to an updated and developed economy, while the research hypothesis was through the existence of a direct relationship between the digital economy and the technologies that help the transition to a developed world. As for the conclusion reached by the two researchers, it was in the presence of bureaucracy, complex towards the digital economy. The most important recommendations put forward by the researchers were that the policies for digitization should be activated The economy is part of the government curriculum, as well as supporting and financing the endeavors towards the Iraqi digital economy in all its sectors.

Sustainable development is one of the main directions that countries aspire to, and set plans and policies in order to harmonize with their standards and shift towards patterns of economic activities that take into account the requirements of sustainable development.The research aims to determine the orientations of Iraqi banks towards financing sustainable development, as it is one of the most important financial institutions in providing financial services and a basic pillar in financing economic projects. Towards beneficial uses and in a way that achieves the maximum possible benefit, in addition to many other jobs and activities that lead in their entirety to improving economic performance. To advance the Iraqi banking sector while achieving sustainable development for the country.

The purpose of this research is that the multi-year budget method is one of the methods of federal budgets which can help and contribute to embodying the preparation of the typical federal budget in Iraq by taking advantage of the application of scientific principles and rules that would ensure the optimal allocation and investment of the state's financial resources and achieve The best performance and the reduction of waste of public money. Therefore, this form, more than any other, can enhance the strength, success and safety of the financial activity of the state's administrative system that adopts it, as it focuses on the volume of public expenditures and public revenues expected to be obtained in light of the fluctuation of global oil prices and the goals to be achieved, furthermore, how these objectives can be set. Therefore, applying a multi-year budget requires making some amendments to the laws and financial and accounting instructions because they are outside the requirements of preparing the traditional Iraqi budget for the success of this system. The multi-year budget plan is for the years 2023-2025. The plan includes, for each year of the budget in which growth expectations are included, the expected size of government expenditures, the expected state revenues, the total deficit expectations, the volume of expenditures according to the instructions, the amount of the allowed deficit, the expected amount of the deficit and the amount of the allowed deficit. Publication of the multi-year budget plan also allows decision-makers to the general public to know the extent of the budget commitments that the government has undertaken in the coming years in the face of the financial frameworks and objectives set by law. The investment budget's scope and the project plan's inclusion by the funds allotted to it are also important considerations.

The banking system in most economies of the world has a privileged position in economic activity due to its direct connection with most branches of economic activities, as banks grant bank credit from loans and banking facilities provided to their customers in exchange for future payment in order to achieve their economic goals, so granting credit is directly linked to the economic conditions of the country, which is directly reflected on The credit function and banking stability, as the study aims to measure and analyze the impact of bank credit on the unemployment index in Iraq, considering bank credit as an independent variable and the unemployment index as a dependent variable within the period (2004-2019), and then the problem of the study for this relationship is based on the basic question that shows ( The extent of the impact of bank credit on the economic variable, the objective of the study), and the study hypothesis indicates that there is an inverse relationship between bank credit and unemployment, by applying the vector autoregressive model test (VAR). The explanatory (unemployment) showed an inverse and statistically insignificant effect.

The manufacturing sector is one of the important pillars of economic development in developing countries (including Arab ones), and the issue of defining the concept of the manufacturing industry is one of the priorities for research in it because it paves the way for understanding the importance of these industries in achieving sustainable development. It has received increasing attention from regional and international economic organizations, research groups and study centers for its effective role in achieving sustainable growth, social justice and environmental protection. Therefore, many countries began seeking to develop development plans and programs in order to improve human development. In this research, the reality of the manufacturing industry sector in Iraq and its importance in achieving sustainable development was studied, as the research problem indicates the decline of the industrial sector and manufacturing industries due to the exposure of this sector to great damages, and these industries began to decline in the quantities of production and the lack of necessary funds, and the research reached results The most important of which is to support small industries and crafts with less difficult guarantee conditions and with great and encouraging benefits. Investment funds must be established. These funds can be financed by the government, banks, charitable institutions and social security institutions. Work to educate young people about the importance of self-employment, pay attention to technical education and link education outputs to the industrial sector. And work to implement laws and legislation. Which support the industrial sector in Iraq, and which pertain to workers and protect their rights, so the research recommends the need to pay attention to the strengths and weaknesses of industrial projects, and work to address the problems and obstacles facing the manufacturing sector in Iraq, and improve the productivity of products in proportion to the standards of product quality.

Sovereign wealth funds are a prominent feature of all countries that depend on a certain revenue, especially the oil sector and unstable economies for financial sustainability, as they are considered financial bodies of a governmental nature. The private sector, and the research problem lies in the fact that rentier countries that depend on the oil sector are exposed to financial shocks as a result of low oil prices, global financial crises, oil depletion, and others that negatively affect public spending in particular, especially investment spending and the economy in general, which called for a mechanism to ensure Investing money in a wise, useful and efficient way. The hypothesis of the research is that sovereign funds have an important role in investing financial surpluses, enhancing the domestic investment aspect, diversifying sources of income and achieving financial sustainability.The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was that countries that depend on exporting raw materials (crude oil) and enjoy a large financial surplus depend on foreign investments because internal investments are not feasible due to the narrowness of the local market and the inflexibility of the productive apparatus. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which Managing sovereign funds alongside the private sector is the best internal model for achieving the country's developmental aspects.

Fiscal policy expresses the economic role of the state, so the political parties seek to use the state's general budget to achieve their goals by maximizing the electoral votes they obtain through their economic program that is embodied in the state's general budget, so the political conflict appears over the general budget, so we find that the budget does not approve with their deadlines specified in the Financial Management Law No. 6 of 2019, and that the budgets are devoid of the general objectives that they seek to achieve, and that the budgets are considered a planning deficit and most of them end up with a surplus, and the budget is still prepared according to the style of items drawn by the British occupation after the occupation of Iraq in the twenties of the last century, These are the most important problems that budgets suffer from and need serious treatment and reform of fiscal policy.

The Public budget deficit and the exchange rate are indicators with a clear impact on the level of economic activity and the means used when adopting one of the monetary and fiscal policies to stimulate the national economy.The research problem is represented in the confusion in the decisions taken by the government to raise and lower the Iraqi dinar against the dollar and its negative effects in terms of economic and social.The research hypotheses came to the fact that the devaluation of the dinar is a step in the right direction and has a positive impact on the Iraqi economy at the present time and in the future, but its timing and size are not appropriate. Confusion and lack of confidence in the currency. The last hypothesis is the existence of a reciprocal relationship between the exchange rate and the general budget deficit.The objectives of the research were to identify the reality of the Iraqi economy and the exchange system used and come up with some recommendations that may contribute to correcting the course of the collapsed Iraqi economy.The study concluded that there are two options for the Iraqi economy:The first: to continuation with the rentier consumption behavior and deterioration of development, and the depletion of Iraq's economic future.Second: development option is the right national choice that has no alternative in building the future of the Iraqi economy and social.The research hypotheses have been proven, with the exception of the absence of a reciprocal relationship between the exchange rate and the budget deficit, but rather the existence of a one-way relationship from the budget deficit towards the exchange rate.

The Hammurabi Construction Contracting Company is one of the ancient and important companies in the field of construction and maintenance of roads and bridges. It will work to raise its financial performance, and the research aims to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the company and develop plans to raise the efficiency of the company's financial performance. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are:The ratios of the criteria used (liquidity ratio, capital utilization ratio, and asset turnover index ratio) are low, which are indications of a decline in the level of its financial performance.

The main objective of the economic decision-makers is to provide welfare for the society, and the sub-goals that economic policies aim to achieve are derived from it. The Central Bank did not deviate from this framework as it set its objectives to achieve the welfare of the Iraqi society. Therefore, it worked throughout the period after 2003 to provide the appropriate environment for economic activity. From reducing inflation and raising other achievements, but monetary policies pursued by the regional neighboring countries of Iraq desiring them to expand trade by devaluing their currencies, benefiting from raising and gnawing at independence of central bank through political interventions and placing the central bank within the list of political quotas, which affected activity Clearly productive economic, so this research revolves around this problem and tries to indicate the effects of the exchange rate policy and the volatility of this variable according to political desires away from the economic necessities governing it with those countries and reached results including that the regional neighboring countries, especially Turkey and Iran, are continuing to reduce The value of their currencies and that their trade is constantly expanding with Iraq and that there is a commercial conflict between them to acquire a larger share in the Iraqi market and this conflict exceeded the limits of commercial secrecy to public statements and here the Central Bank and the Iraqi government must take short, medium and long-term measures to protect local production and increase it by providing the appropriate environment It has to limit competing foreign goods and direct Iraqi economic life towards production instead of import, independence of the Central Bank must be protected and made away from political influences, as confirmed by the Constitution and Bank Law No. 56 of 2004 because is the court economy.

The research aims to identify the importance of sovereign funds in achieving sustainable development, especially in rentier countries that suffer from the absence of economic diversification, in addition to their close association between external variables, which makes them more vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. Iraq, like rentier countries, suffers from the impact of changes in oil prices. The global oil resource as a result of the absence of economic diversification and the absence of the relevant sovereign fund to preserve the wealth of the national economy, so the need for the importance of sovereign funds and their role in investing oil surpluses to provide adequate financial space in light of the economic shocks that the Iraqi economy is exposed to from time to time, so he The research assumes that the sovereign wealth fund plays an effective role in achieving sustainable development in a way that contributes to achieving financial and economic stability and preserving the rights of future generations.

The study aims to measure the dimensions of the competitive advantage of lean supply chain management using the integration of the Delphi method and the hierarchical analysis process (AHP). The research problem is that most of the decision makers in the higher managements of service or production organizations rely on self-experience or a single criterion in the administrative decision-making process to solve problems, and therefore the resources and human capabilities of these organizations are missed, as well as loss of opportunity to develop their performance, which is reflected in the level of quality of services provided. The importance of this research comes from explaining how to apply the integration of the Delphi method and the hierarchical analysis process in measuring the dimensions of the competitive advantage of lean supply chain management.

This research paper aims to evaluate the performance of health institutions using the integration of data envelope analysis and the method of programming with objectives in Al-Karamah Teaching Hospital because of its importance to keep pace with developments in the field of health in the current century if traditional methods of decision-making in health management are no longer feasible and effective after the emergence of trends Modern management focuses on the need to rely on programming with goals that provide managers with the possibility of making an optimal decision within the units. It has been communicated that there is a positive relationship between the optimal exploitation of the material and human resources of the hospital that is managed The hospital and the number of patients within the units, that is, whenever there is an exploitation such as resources and the availability of human and material resources, the patient’s opinion on the health service provided is satisfactory, and vice versa. The study showed many results, the most important of which is the existence of a shortage in some medical personnel and equipment. Quantitative and mathematical studies in health plans and projects, and studying and developing these models in all service and production sectors to help make sound decisions.

The study aims to know the concept and characteristics of dollarization and the reasons that led some economies to use the foreign currency instead of the local currency to conduct transactions or as a store of value in the national economy, as well as measuring the relationship between dollarization rates and monetary variables. Long and short term between inflation rates in Iraq and dollarization rates, and this is identical to the logic of economic theory. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which was the reduction of the phenomenon of dollarization and its risks by adopting an approach that encourages the use of the local currency and enhances its attractiveness as a means of mediation.

This study aims to measure the relative efficiency of banking performance in Iraqi commercial banks and to identify the most important factors affecting the efficiency of banking performance by defining the appropriate multi-criteria decision-making model. It is to measure the relative efficiency of the decision-making units by using the data envelope analysis model (DEA) using the BCC model, which is one of the common data envelope analysis models. The (BCC) model was applied to measure the efficiency levels of 15 commercial banks operating in Iraq between 2015-2021. The results of the study showed that the factors affecting the efficiency of banking performance in commercial banks are economic and financial factors. Inputs (capital and deposits) and outputs (investments and loans) were used to measure the efficiency of commercial banks, and we found that several banks are considered efficient during the study period.

Universities around the world are keen to develop leadership and encourage students to start their own projects and not wait for government jobs. The Entrepreneurial stage usually begins with the entrepreneurial intention, and when the intention is rooted, it turns into entrepreneurial readiness. In our research, we try to measure the impact of some skills acquired in the Business Administration department by students senior on entrepreneurial readiness at Wasit University and Kut University College. The research sample included: Students of the fourth stage / morning studies at both universities. The questionnaire was distributed by 150 questionnaires, were dustbathed, of which 132 questionnaires were returned for analysis. The research concluded that there is an effect of the six acquired skills on entrepreneurial readiness with different effects, and this requires increasing focus on some skills, reconsidering the content of study materials, and adding other materials.

Background: One of the most recent advances in drug design and delivery is the introduction of combined drugs, also known as fixed dose combinations (FDC), which have numerous benefits for patients and pharmacists. ‎Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the FDCs available in Wasit-Government pharmacies for the treatment of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. ‎Methods: The drug information was obtained from the drug sheet contained in the drug pack, which included the generic and brand names, constituents, route of administration, manufacturer, and country sources. ‎Results: The proportion of FDCs was 33.7 (127 out of 377 drugs). Patients with chronic diseases received 24 out of 127 prescriptions (18.9%). The sources of 23 drugs were 19 pharmaceuticals from 16 countries, and the source of one FDC was unknown. Only 11 FDCs were recommended for the treatment of hypertension (n=5) and diabetes (n=6). ‎Conclusion: The main barriers to the value of long-term use of FDCs in hypertension and diabetes management were a lack of available and inadequate resources for FDCs.

In the last two decades, Wireless control systems, became an active research topic. This is due to its flexibility and reduction in implementation costs. However, these systems suffer from problems concerning the implementation issues. These problems arise due to the limitation in data rates and the considerable delay in the wireless network, and the ability to manage this network. To overcome this conflict, this paper presents a way to implement a wireless sensor/ actuator network that uses a wireless sensor network for the measurement phase. This network is driven by a TinyOS system; while a CAN field bus is employed for the actuator drive. The CAN field bus software is implemented by using C, while the code for the wireless sensor nodes is written in nesC language. The resulting distributed control system (DCS) is used to control the temperature of a water path. Velocity PID control algorithm was implemented to insure that the control system satisfies the bumpless transfer and also anti-windup concepts such manual/auto changeover does not affect the operation. simple GUI was also designed to monitor, set point changing, PID tuning, and control the switching between manual and auto operation. Real-time experimental results are obtained for the system to prove its operation.

Ground station remote control of drones is the key for advancing this technology into commercial use. For example, reliable ground control is required when human intervention is needed. Manual flights were also required to collect various data sets for training the deep-control system. This axiom applies even more to drones, where there is no easy way to capture the best possible navigational footage. In this case, enhancing the ground control capabilities of drones through precise control devices. To enhance the ground control experience and thus the quality of the footage, we suggest robust remoting- system to a full-immersive experience, providing the operator with a clear vision, and first-person perspective (FPV) view through a Head-Mounted -Display (HMD). We do practical tests by having users (n=10) try to fly the drone in the suggested area. Flight tests have shown that users operating our system can successfully fully position perception, and land using the HMD headset. This only affects mesoscopic vision. The immersive experience gives a more accurate and realistic rhythm during the process of controlling the drone, which achieves an enjoyable flying experience. Our method provides higher accuracy of flight perception, leading to higher accuracy, which translates into fine flight data for training comprehensive drone control policies. The system depends on developing the ability to see the drone by using artificial intelligence techniques that stimulate the capabilities of virtual reality in enhancing the vision of users. This was evident through the tests conducted on the ten people as samples, whose results were approved during this approach.

OBJECTIVES: Both absolute and restrictive iron deficiency with a highly ferritin level has been observed in COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir and Favipiravir are currently used in the management of COVID-19 without clinical or laboratory evidence that these drugs are potentially harmful to the blood elements. This study aims at the determination of the effect of remdesivir and favipiravir on the red cell indices that discriminate the absolute from restrictive iron deficiency. MATERIALS and METHODS: A total number of 149 COVID-19 patients were included in this cross-sectional study; 70 patients were treated with health care (Group I); 17 patients were treated with remdesivir (Group II); and 62 patients were treated with favipiravir (Group III). Complete blood count, red cell indices, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer were determined as primary outcomes.RESULTS: There are no significant differences in the hematological indices, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer between treated groups. Significant differences between the studied groups who have been observed in the Lal and Shine index, and England and Fraser’s index. The red cell indices of patients treated with remdesivir indicated that the patients have significantly restrictive iron deficiency compared with patients treated with favipiravir. These changes are not related to the d-dimer levels.CONCLUSION: Patients treated with favipiravir showed improvement of the iron utilization by tissues as the percentage of patients who have restrictive iron deficient is lower than the corresponding percentage of absolute iron deficiency compared with patients treated with remdesivir.

Since the first case of the new coronavirus was reported in December 2019 in China, most countries suffer from spread of the virus. During the spread of virus waves, many of psychological and societal disturbances appeared that could disturb the action of the population. Fear of illness made the situation difficult. The objective of this study was to assess the level of anxiety among the general population in Iraq throughout the corona virus pandemic. The method used for the descriptive-analytic study at during the Covid-19 pandemic, which affected the world in general and Iraq in particular from March 20 to April 5, 2021, a nonprobability convenience sample was carried out in Iraq by using Google samples forms online and a self-reported questionnaire given to 1330 participants, The finding indicated that there (16.4%) of the sample have normal anxiety level, (43.5%) of the sample have mild anxiety level and (27.7%) of the sample have moderate anxiety level, (10.8%) of the sample have severe anxiety level, (1.5%) of the sample have extremely severe anxiety level.

Background: In recent years, corticosteroids have become popular in cosmetic formulations due to their anti-inflammatory and skin-lightening properties. This trend is driven by the growing beauty obsession in the modern world, where people are willing to try anything to enhance their appearance. The main objective of this study is to assess the use of corticosteroids in cosmetic formulations in the beauty obsession world. Methods: A descriptive (questionnaire-based) study involving315 participants that were carried out from Jan.2023to Mars 2023. Participants consented to participate after they were given full details of the study and its intended aims. Results: Majority of the females were in age group from 21_30 years old 54%. The doctor was main descriptor for cosmetic formulations43%.the aim behind the use of cosmetic formulations, treatment of acne scar was in the top use of cosmetic formulations33% and the least one was black spot 13%.The main side effects after the use of cosmetic formulation product was acne 28% and only 7% of users show no side effect and more than 54%were accepted to use steroid in cosmetic formulations while, 46% refused to use steroid as component in cosmetic preparation. Conclusions: As we notice in this study, the misuse of steroid in cosmetic formulations is common in Iraq, because of ignorance of the side effects or the obsession with beauty, and this is considered a health problem that must be studied in the community while providing appropriate solutions by increasing people's awareness about steroid and its negative effects.

This study sought to examine the mucoviscosity-associated gene A in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, by using polymerase chain reaction. From November 2020 to February 2021, 40 Klebsiella. pneumoniae isolates were gathered from several hospitals in AL-Kut City. the isolates were collected from medical samples in healthcare settings. Based on API20E and the Vitek-2 compact system, all K. pneumoniae isolates were identified. The disc diffusion method was used to test the sensitivity of 12 antibiotics. Ampicillin and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid had a 100% level of antibiotic resistance, while Imipenem had a 5% degree of resistance. To find the mucoviscosity-associated gene A (mag A), polymerase chain reaction was used. Results from the PCR method revealed that 25% of samples were positive.

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the relative efficiency of healthcare organizations in Thi Qar Province by considering their inputs and outputs. The study employs the CCR model, developed by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes, to provide insights into organizational performance. The assessment of seven hospitals reveals varying levels of efficiency among them. Four hospitals achieved a remarkable relative efficiency of 100%, indicating their optimal utilization of resources to achieve the desired outcomes. Conversely, the remaining four hospitals exhibited lower efficiencies, ranging from 59% to 79%. The study emphasizes the potential for the improvement in the inefficient hospitals' performance. By reducing inputs, such as optimizing resource allocation and minimizing wastage, these organizations can enhance their efficiency levels and overall effectiveness. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the underperforming hospitals can learn from the reference units that have achieved full efficiency. Analyzing the practices and strategies implemented by the highly efficient hospitals can serve as benchmarks for the inefficient units, enabling them to adopt similar approaches and improve their own efficiency.

One of the critical challenges across several industry sectors is fruit grading and classification. One of the most popular fruits in food products is the orange fruit because there are many value-added products produced from it. Due to the shared traits of the varieties with various tastes and uses, even in major markets, It would be challenging at times to instantly label numerous classifications of this fruit when there is a need for success. Three varieties of orange fruit that are currently popular in the Iraqi marketplace were studied in this research. We propose a fast and cost-effective way to automate the classification of this fruit, we suggest an effective classification framework system based on the most recent deep learning algorithms and clustering approaches. To determine the most effective model for classifying this fruit, we trained, evaluated, and contrasted the results within many deep-learning models. The accuracy was assessed to be 99.1%, indicating the reliability of the suggested method.

Objective: The study aims at: the evaluation of parental feeding practices’ of the children with autism, and identify the relationship between parental feeding practices and demographics’ variables of parents. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted on parents of autistic kid in Baghdad city from the period of October 15, 2021 to April 18, 2022. A non-probability sample of 100 autistic children with100 of their parents. A survey is constructed for the determination of the study throughout a review of relevant literature. It composed of two parts; the chief part is concerned with sociodemographic features of the parents; the next part to assess feeding practices followed by parents towards autistic child which consists of (30) questions concerning 3 domains distributed as Behavioral feeding domain, Healthy feeding domain, and Guidance feeding domain. The validity and the reliability were achieved through the application of alpha Cronbach correlation coefficient (0.88) which means that the design of the questionnaire was valid for the study. Statistical analysis methods were used to analyze and evaluate the results of the study under the application of the statistical package (SPSS). Results: The study findings an demonstrate overall evaluation of the domains of parents’ feeding practices of behavioral feeding, healthy feeding and guidance feeding show that such practices have experienced moderate level of performance. Recommendations: The study recommends that: parents of autism children should be very well, focused on the importance of feeding practices. So, an instruction program can be designed, and implemented for such purpose.

This case study explores the implementation and effectiveness of the ISO 15189 standard in the teaching laboratories of Kut University College, with a focus on medical and health sciences. The study aims at identifying areas for improvement, evaluating the effectiveness of the standard, and making recommendations to improve laboratory quality. Data collection methods include document analysis, interviews, and direct observation of laboratory practices. The results will reveal the status of implementation of ISO 15189, the strengths and weaknesses of the process, and its impact on laboratory quality and efficiency. As the results appeared in the first (Management) requirement, with a percentage of application (75.83%), and the second (technical) requirement. They also showed a percentage of application (66.66%). This study is considered as a basis for developing strategies to enhance the quality of educational laboratories at Kut University College. The study contributes to existing knowledge about the implementation of ISO 15189 in educational laboratories, and offers a unique perspective within the context of an educational institution. The results can support improved learning experiences for students, the development of skilled professionals, and the advancement of medical and health sciences education respectively.

In this work, a thin film of Modification Waste Polystyrene (MPS) with Sulfuric acid have been prepared by using spin coating method. The optical properties have been evaluated by means of transmittance and reflectance spectra, measured in the wavelength range of 300 to 900 nm. The thin films' optical constants, including refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k), were calculated. The studies on optical absorption spectra studies revealed that the indirect allowed transition is the absorption mechanism. The optical energy gap has been calculated to be 2.554 eV.