Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

The aim of this study was evaluating Zinc, Copper and Cu/Zn ratio in sera of women with breast cancer (BC) in Kirkuk City. The study involved 60 breast cancer women (20 on chemotherapy, 20 pre-operation, and 20 post-operation) and 20 women with benign breast tumors (BBT) as a disease control, all compared to 20 apparently healthy control women. Serum used to evaluate the levels of zinc and copper in control and patient groups, Cu/Zn ratio was also calculated. The results showed a highly significant (P<0.01) reduction in the mean serum zinc level of the total BC group (77.65 ± 8.49 µg/dl) and in its subgroups (on chemotherapy, pre- and post-operation) (78.85 ± 5.26; 72.8 ± 10.08; 81.3 ± 7.37 µg/dl) respectively and in benign breast tumor (82.55 ± 4.9 µg/dl), compared to that of healthy control (HC) group (93.55 ± 12.88 µg/dl ).While a highly significant (P<0.01) elevation of mean serum copper concentration was found in total BC (150.92 ± 14.78 µg/dl) and in (Chemotherapy, Pre & Post-operation ) breast cancer subgroups (148.65 ± 13.16, 154.9 ± 15.16, 149.2 ± 15.39 µg/dl) respectively, and in BBT (148.45±16.57 µg/dl) compared to HC (122.5 ± 13.33 µg/dl). In addition to a highly significant elevation in the mean serum Cu/Zn ratio in the total BC group (1.96 ± 0.36) and in breast cancer patients on Chemotherapy, Pre-operation and Post-operation (1.88 ± 0.19), (2.17 ± 0.52), (1.83 ± 0.13) respectively and in benign breast tumor (1.79 ± 0.22) compared to that of the HC group (1.32 ± 0.21) (p< 0.01). It is concluded from this study that the elevation of copper and Cu/Zn ratio may indicate increased oxidative stress in breast cancer which implicated in the etiology of breast cancer.

Abstract
To study and evaluate the effect of selenium and its relationship with prostate tumors,
one hundred samples were taken for the study, including 60 patients with prostate cancer and 40
healthy subjects from Iraqi men. The levels of the serum selenium were measured in the samples
of infected men with prostate tumor and healthy subjects, after the samples were drawn from the
study cases. Flameless Atomic Absorption used for measuring. The data were statistically
analyzed by SPSS. Also prostate specific antegene (PSA) was measured as an indicator of
prostate tumor. The results showed that there was a significant difference between patients with
prostate tumor and selenium trace element, which was observed in malignantprostatecancer
patients (4.27 ± 0.93), benign prostate cancer patients (6.12 ± 0.54) and healthy (9.30 ± 1.72))
When comparing study groups, according to the severity of prostate disease in men The study
recommends to provide adequate support and guidance for them and give selenium to men after
the age of 45 years.

Copper- silicon alloy was prepared by CNC machining into disc shapes with diameter 18mm
and thickness of 3mm using CNC machine to obtain more accuracy dimensions .Grinding and
polishing process were carried out for all samples, and conducted to Nd-YAG laser treatment.
Laser conditions involved laser fluency of 500mJ, wavelength of 1064nm, and different number
of laser pulses (20, 40 and 60 pulses). The samples were subjected to wear system measurements
before and after laser treatment to calculate the wear rate with different situations. The results
revealed that the wear rate was reduced by 15% after laser treatment

This study was carried out to investigate the role of both Vitamin C and calcium chloride
in protection against the deterioration effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure on kidney
function .Fifty adult male rats were used, which divided randomly into five equal groups, the
first group: The animals of this group served as control group administrated distilled water orally
by gavage. Second group: administrated NaF (5.2mg/kg.bw/day) orally by gavage. Third group:
administrated NaF (5.2mg/kg.bw/day) + Calcium Chloride (20mg/kg.bw/day) orally by gavage.
Fourth group: administrated NaF (5.2mg/kg.bw/day) + Vitamin C (100mg/kg.bw/day) was given
orally by gavage. Fifth group: administrated NaF (5.2mg/kg.bw/day) + Calcium Chloride
(20mg/kg.bw/day) + Vitamin C (100mg/kg.bw/day) orally by gavage. The treatment continued
for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed under anesthesia. Blood
samples were taken and the serum was separated for the study of the urea, creatinine, and total
protein and tissue samples of the kidney were taken for histological changes. The study showed
a significant increase in the concentration of creatinine and urea in the fluoride treated group
compared to the control group, while a significant improvements in these parameters were
observed in all treated groups and in different degrees compared to the non-treated fluoride
group. However, histological examination of the kidney in NaF treated group shows enlarged
glomerulus, destruction of cuboidal epithelium of renal tubules. .

This study aimed to estimate the percentage of bacterial infection among infertile males in
Iraq with special reference to the predominant bacterial type.One hundred and five samples
were collected from infertile patients as well as fertile individual, Seventy samples were
collected from male individuals suffering from infertility either primary or secondary,
as well as 35 samples were collected from fertile persons serve as a control group .All
samples collected in this study were subjected to inoculation on proper media to
investigate bacterio-spermia. Seminal plasma of liquefied samples were collected from all
samples by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 7min, plasma were stored frozen (-80) until
use. Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay technique ( Elisa) was used to detect Chlamydia
tracumatis IgA antibody in seminal plasma. The result of this study revealed that 39%
of all samples (fertile and infertile patients) has got infected with one or more of
bacterial spices, Neisseria gonorrhea was isolated from 51.2% of all individuals followed
by Staphylococcus aureus which collected from 36% of samples, E.coli were isolated
from 12% of all individuals.

This study was included (76) subjects, (46) child with diabetic patients, and (30) of them were
healthy child considered as a control group. The average age of those children were (3- 13) years.
All the samples were collected from the Yarmok hospital in Baghdad. The period between
August 2014 to December 2015. All samples were estimated by Complete Blood Picture (CBP)
by manual procedure and used whole blood, and Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG) estimated by
enzymatic method.
The study showed that the age group (9-11) is the most among the group of children with diabetes
type I. Serum sugar level increased was highly significant (p<0.01) in comparison between
control and patient. And the results showed there is significance (p<0.05) between the child
patients and control groups in no. of WBC.c. In compared between the neutrophil cell count the
results showed there is significance (p<0.05) between the studies group, while showed highly
significant (p<0.05) from children and healthy children in lymphocytes cell count. And showed
there is non-significant (p<0.05) in monocytes, eosinophil and basophile cells count.
The aim of this study is to assess the role of the white blood cells of children with type I diabetes
patients and the aged between (3-13) years.

The pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of nine isolate of (E. coli, P. aerugensa and S.
aureus) to five antibiotics ceftazidime (CAZ), azithromycin (AZM), amoxicillin-clavulanate
(AMC), ciprofloxacin (CIPR), and cefoxitin (CTX) was determined using disc diffusion method.
The results showed that S. aureus isolates were 100% resistant all to antibiotics AMC, CAZ,
CTX (Extended-spectrum β-lactamases). While 66.6% of isolates were AZM resistant and
33.3% of S. aureus isolates resist CIP. All E. coli isolate (100%) were resistant to (CTX and
CAZ) and 66.6% of E. coli isolates were resistant to CIPR and AMC. P. aerugensa were 100%
resistant to AMC and 66.6% resistant to CAZ, CTX and CIP and 33.3% resistant to AZM

Larval development of Fasciola hepatica in abnormal snail intermediate host Lymnaea
palustris was studied. This incompatible host-parasite relationship was investigated under
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine the fate of penetrated miracidia.
It is believed that no larval development beyond the sporocyst was allowed to proceed by the
defense system of L. palustris. This reaction was in the form of defense cell (haemocytes)
aggregation around sporocyst. These haemocytes vary in appearance under TEM, some have a
vary electron dense cytoplasm, others are much more electron lucid. These appeared to correspond
to granulocytes and amoebocytes respectively, as described by other workers. Intermediate cells
XXZAAAre were found in close contact with sporocyst and pore cells were also reported.
In L. palustris 18 days old, the location of sporocyst proved to be difficult. This could be due to
the very efficient defense mechanism of the snail at this age and its capability to destroy and
remove the sporocyst within three days post exposure, thus snails 0 day old was used.

The prevalence of candidacies caused by Candida albicans has increased years ago. The
samples (Vaginal swabs; urethral swabs; urine; and ear swabs) were cultured on Sabourauds
Dextrose Agar and CHROM agar™Candida to detect Candida albicans in patients clinically
suffered from candidiasis.
Six hundred and five clinical samples were collected from patients whose ages ranged from (20
– 69) years. All Candida albicans isolates were identified by using microscopic examination in
wet smear and stained smear; in addition to germ tube test and API Candida. The highest rate of
Candida albicans infections were 73.3% in pregnant women in age group (20 – 43) years; 43.7
% in men of (30 – 39) years old and (33.3) % in men and (37.9) % in female with urinary tract
infection. Susceptibility testing of Candida albicans to six antifungal drugs was carried out by
disc diffusion method; They were Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole,
Cotrimazol and Itraconazole. Resistant Candida albicans isolates resistance were found against
Fluconazole (45.45) %; Ketoconazole and Itraconazole (13.6) %respectively. 100%of
susceptibility was observed for Cotrimazol, Amphotericin B and Nystatin.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex polygenic disease whose environmental and genetic factors
contribute to both of the predisposition and developing of disease. The current study was
conducted to determine the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR, -DQ) and correlate
to this variation with disease severity and detected on the role of cellular immune response in
pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Fifty blood samples were collected from RA patients and
50 healthy control group with no history of inflammatory arthritis. The HLA class II (DR, DQ)
estimated serologically by using micro lymphocytotoxicity test. The result indicated that a highly
significant frequencies of HLA-DR4 and DR53 antigens were observed in RA as compared to
healthy group (P<0.001). Our results revealed that there are significant higher frequencies of
HLA-DQ3 antigen (P<0.001) in RA group as compared to control groups. Additionally, the
percentage of CD8+ has been decreased in patients in comparison with healthy group, whereas
the percentage of CD4+ T-cell has been slightly increased in patients in comparison with healthy
control group with nonsignificant differences. The results of this study proved that nonsignificant correlation which was observed between cellular immune response (CD4 and CD8)
among patients.

Autoimmune diseases are complex and happens when the human immune system
attacks tissue host for unknown etiology or maybe by some other genetic cofactors or
environmental agents (mainly viral particles, bacterial and other infectious agents; by acting as a
major cofactors and serving as important initiators in the disease progression for a specific
autoimmune sickness and not causing illness on their own) or even as complications or
opportunistic infections associated with the disease. The present study aimed to: (I) study the
linking of certain infectious viral agents with human autoimmune diseases. (II) Determine
possible roles of some studied clinico-pathological factors like; gender, age and to investigate
the prevalence of Seropositivity of the antibodies titer of EBV, Rubella virus and CMV with
autoimmune diseases development in human. In this study, four groups candidates of Celiac
diseases (CD) n=31, Diabetes Mellitus –I (DM-I) n=30, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) n=30 &
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) n=30 were studied from 1st
– 30th of January 2017 at
Medical City \ Baghdad. Demographic and laboratory data were collected. All the samples were
examined for the presence of EBV VCA-IgG, Rubella IgG and CMV IgM by Indirect and
Sandwich ELISA techniques by using a commercial kits from DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATIONS
CO. \ USA. A total of 121 autoimmune disease patients were studied , the overall positive results
for EBV VCA IgG was (68.6 %) while for Rubella IgG was (50.4%) and for CMV IgG was
(52.1%) with significant differences in comparing with the negative results (p < 0.05).
Celiac disease and diabetic type-I patients had been detected with high Seropositivity for EBV
VCA IgG as (22.3%) for each of them, While the high positive results of Rubella IgG was
detected in Celiac disease patients as (16.5%). Finally, the diabetic Type-I patients showed the
most high Seropositivity for CMV IgG as (17.4%) in significant differences with the negative
results regarding to all the other positive ones (p < 0.05).

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by chronic
inflammation and joint destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of Rheumatoid
factor (RF) and C- Reactive protein in Iraqi RA patients. Blood samples were obtained from 50
RA patients (males and females) referred to Rheumatology consultation clinic in Baghdad teaching
hospital, Medical city, with a mean age of 40.88±18.75 years. On the other hand, blood samples
were obtained from 50 healthy controls with a mean age of 38.90±14.73 years. Results showed
that Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected in all serum samples taken from RA patients (100%
positive results) with 100% negative results in healthy controls while C- Reactive protein (CRP)
was detected in 70% of serum samples taken from the same patients.

Fifty-three CFS patients were enrolled in this study to clarify the main clinical features
which shed light on this syndrome and how to discriminate between it and other disorders. Several
parameters had been investigated and the results were compared with 35 apparently healthy control
volunteers group. The current results revealed that there was highly significant difference between
CFS in comparison with control group in main clinical symptoms particularly impaired
concentration or temporary loss of memory, headache & generalized fatigue of new types in
addition to, unrefreshing sleep and muscle pain (P= <0.001). The present results showed that CFS
incidence was higher among females than males who are at age group (20-40) years. Furthermore,
majority of CFS patients were over-weight (i.e. BMI =25.9 Kg/m2
). Women showed higher
severity of symptoms than men, particularly obese ones. Finally, it could be concluded that the
neuropathy (i.e. cognition) is the main distinct symptom beside unrefreshing sleep made the stock
of parameters that differentiate CFS from healthy individuals.

This study was carried out for ninety patients with renal failure in Al karama hospital/ Baghdad
compared with (fifty) healthy as control group. To determine hemaglobulin PCV, and serum urea,
glucose, albumin, potassium, glutamic pyruvic transminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic
transminase (GOT) were measure for both group. The patients had known from its disease on based
history and clinical examination. This study showed elevated in significant difference of mean
value (p<0.01) at all level serum (Na+, K+) concentration, albumin, urea and glutamic pyruvic
transminase (GPT) between patients group and healthy control. the result also appeared no
significant (p<0.05) in level of glutamic oxaloacetic transminase GOT between them.