Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

In this experiment we study the effect of acetic acids on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of one day old broiler chicks 215 of Cobb-500 strain and 215 of Ross-308 strain were distributed randomly into 3 treatments and 3 replicates. Broiler chickens in control group (T1) were drinking only tap water, T2 and T3 were added 1% and 2% acetic acid mixed in drinking tap water.The results showed significantly increase (P<0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, better feed conversion, Villi height and crypt depth of (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and Lactobacillus content when added acetic acid 1% and 2% in the treatments T2 and T3 respectively in the both strains Ross-300 and Cobb-500 as compared with T1 (control), While, the results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in mortality, Enterococcus and E. Coli content in the treatments T2 and T3 for both strains especially T3 when added 2% acetic acid to drinking water. While, there were non- significant effect between the two strains (Ross-308 and Cobb-500).

This study was carried out on male rats to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effect of different doses of Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves. The analgesic effect studied by using formalin test, 20 male rats divided to a four groups (5 each), first group exposed water orally only before injection of formalin, second group exposed orally with Diclofenac at a dose 0.71mg/kg B.W before injection of formalin, Third and fourth groups orally incubated with Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves at a dose (50 and 100mg/kg BW) respectively. While the sedative effect studied by using pentobarbitone sleeping time test and open field test, in each test 15 male rats used and divided to a three groups one of them treated with distillated water and the other two groups treated with Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves at a dose (50 and 100mg/kg BW) respectively. Results of formalin test showed a significant reduction in the mean value of nociceptive response in Diclofenac group specially at late phase while, groups treated with Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves revealed a significant reduction in the nociceptive response value at the both phases (early and late phase) moreover the group treated with 100mg/kg showed the highest attenuation in the mean value of nociceptive response compared to 50mg/ kg treated group. Furthermore, the dose 100mg/kg produced the potent sedative effect in pentobarbitone sleeping time test and open field test. These results pointed to analgesic and sedative effect of Ocimum basilicum may duo to its consistence of the active analgesic and sedative compounds and its effect are in a dose dependent manner

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using Pomegranate Peel extract on spent hen meat on some physical and chemical characteristics. The minced hen meat was immersed separately in 0, 0.5, 1and 1.5% of the Pomegranate Peel extract. Meat samples were stored individually for 0.3 and 6 week at -18 C°. The results showed the immersion of minced spent hen with Pomegranate Peel extract a significant decrease (P<0.05) in water holding capacity, pH, metmyoglobin pigment, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and a Simple decrease in cooking loss , drip loss. Also a significant increase (P<0.05) in concentration of myoglobin. It can be concluded that immersion of minced spent hen meat in Pomegranate Peel extract improve the quality of meat when stored under frozen -180C up to 6 weeks.

This study was conducted in the Al-Rasheida station, Mosul, public agricultural research to estimate the effect of adding the Nigella sativa seeds and Fenugreek seeds individually or jointly in the ration on the production of milk, its chemical composition , growth of lambs, and some blood parameters on ewes, in the last period of pregnancy, fifteen days before birth, was chosen 32 pregnant ewes comparable ages (3-4 years) and weights (48.45 ±1.58 kg), animals were distributed to four groups and fed on four rations equal in crude protein and energy, but they differ in the proportion of seed used, first ration (control) the second ration (Nigella sativa seeds ) the third ration (fenugreek seeds) and the fourth ration (Nigella sativa seeds + fenugreek seeds) to end of lactation season and very dry ewes. The results indicated high significant (P ≤ 0.05) in the production of milk and protein, and lambs weights in third ration (Fenugreek seeds) and fourth (fenugreek seeds + Nigella Sativa seeds) while outperformed ration second ( Nigella Sativa seeds) significantly in milk fat, also did not notice the presence of significant differences of the impact of the medicinal plants of red blood cells , white , hemoglobin concentration packed cell volume percentage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of water treated magnetically in semen characteristics of rams. Twelve Awassi adult rams 2- 3 years old were distributed randomly on 3 treatments by 4 rams each group transactions were as follows (T1) represents the control group that dealt with Normal drinking water (non-magnetic) (T2) represents rams which drank magnetically treated water which passed through magnetic device with strength of 700 gauss . (T3) represents the third treatment drank magnetically treated water which passed through magnetic device with strength of 1400 gauss . Semen was collected from rams twice a week during the period of the experiment using electro-ejaculator for collecting semen. Semen traits included in this experiment were: ejaculate volume, semen color , pH of semen , mass activity and individual motility of spermatozoa, spermatozoa concentration, percentages of live and dead spermatozoa and abnormal spermatozoa. Results revealed that treated of rams with magnetically treated water resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase as regards the total means of individual motility of spermatozoa , percentage of live sperm and significant (p < 0.05) decrease with relation to the total means of percentages of dead spermatozoa, abnormal spermatozoa , pH of semen and that the third treatment dealt with water magnetized strongly 1400 gauss gave the best results compared to other treatments. It could be concluded from the results of this experiment that treated rams drinking magnetic water showed a significant improvement in some semen characteristics of Rams . therefore it can be used magnetically treated water technology as one of the important means to enhance the reproductive efficiency of the rams in addition continue to provide drinking magnetized water for a longer period of time may give better results with respect to the semen characteristics of rams.

In this study was used diode lasers to kill Escherichia coli.Two types of diode laser have been used. The first one 3-watt 810 nm wavelength and the second 7 watt wavelength 1064 nm. Irradiation of samples was taken place from the physiological saline containing the Escherichia coli in three sizes 0.3,0.2, 0.1 cm ³ in test tubes of size 0.5 cm³. Samples were irradiated at different periods of time for each laser. The results showed that after each irradiation a highest kill of 100% of the bacteria occurred by used laser diode (3 W) through a period of 20 minutes. In the diode laser (7 W) a recording of the highest kill rate of 100% has been obtained in 1.5 min period.

This study was carried out in Plastic house , Horticulture and landscape Design Dept , College of Agriculture and Forestry , Mosul University, to study the effect of three organic fertilizers ( Nutrigreen , Vit org , Humi max ) on the vegetative growth and chemical content of Yucca aloifolia L. plants . Three concentration of fertilizer used ( zero , 1 , 2 ml per pot diameter 30 cm ) added to the soil . The results refers that the organic fertilizer Humi max was the best than other fertilizers especially on the concentration 2 ml / l on all studies parameters which the total increase on height of stem 8.99 cm , while the total increase on leaves number 17.87 in the end study . The stems diameters of plants were 3.00 cm while the leaves area was 2987.96 cm2 in the end of the study . The concentrations percentage reached to 70 % for Chlorophyll and 8.11 % for phosphorus and 4.79 % for nitrogen and 4.54 for potassium in the end of the study

The experiment was carried out at the Field of Agric.& Forestry \ Duhok University during two seasons (2011,2012). General and specific combining abilities were evaluated for estimating their effects and reciprocal effect. Gene action a heritability for yield its components within the method of a full – diallel crosses among four varieties of faba bean v1Z: -(1) Spain, (2) Turkish ,(3) Italy and (4) local variety and their F1, hybrids. Using Randomized complete block design with three replication ,according Griffing,(1956)and Hayman,(1954) methods . The results showed that general and specific combining ability was significant for most studied characters. The reciprocal effect was significant for all studied characters . The result also showed that the components of SCA was higher than the GCA variance for all studied character except protein percentage, it can be predicated for non additive gene action for this characters. Broad sense heritability was high for all the characters, while narrow sense heritability was higher for number of branch\plant, number of seed\plant , seeds yield| plant and protein percentage ,which indicate additive gene action for these characters . Average degree of dominance were higher more than one for all characters except number of branch \plant, number of seeds\pod, this indicated over dominance control for these character.

The results showed that fixed cost represented (35 %) of the total cost and the variable cost amounted to approximately (65%) the total cost of Wadi Alajal, and that the optimal size of the production of dates amounted to approximately (5.20) tons per hectare ,and that production was more than the average actual production of dates for the Wadi Alajal by nearly (1.98) tons per hectare , while reported results that the production that maximize profit of dates have hit (11.7) tons per hectare for Wadi Alajal, , and for community sample as a whole and that production is more than the actual production of dates By (8.48) tons per hectare. It also showed the results of the field study that the average price per ton of harvest dates had been hit (1192.00) dinars for the total samples used.

This study was carried out during (2010/2011) growing season in the Vegetative Field Research, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design , College of Agriculture and Forestry , Mosul University . The aim study of this research was to study Diallel Analysis using Hayman Method to study genetic architecture of yield and it's component in Peas (Pisum sativum L.) . Seven genetic line peas were used in this study namely (1=G.S.C.22763 , 2=P.S.305301572 , 3= Thomas Laxton , 4= Solara, 5=Pitet Provael , 6= Duna Pea , 7= English) . These genotypes were crossed in all possible combinations (Full Diallels Cross) . The seeds of seven parents and their F1's including reciprocals. Using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication . The following traits were studies : number of days to 50% flowering , number of flowers per plant, number of days for dry pods, numbers of pods per plant, 100 seeds weight , pod weight and the total seeds yield per donum. Results showed that the value of ( a, b1 , b2 , and b3) were significantly for all characters except for pod weight , the √ H1/D was les than one for the number of flowers per plant and 100 seeds weight , the value of (p¯q¯) was les than 0.25 for all traits except for pod weight , the value of KD/KR was more than one for the number of days to 50% flowering , number of flowers per plant , number of pods per plant and total seeds yield per donum . The broad sense heritability was higher for all characters except the number of days to 50% flowering and pod weight , the line regression between (Wr/Vr) was cut the head line over the original point for all characters.

Field studies were carried out in the middle of Iraq during 2009 - 2012 to detect and identify the species of genus Agriotes spp that infest Potato tubers (Solanum tubersum L. ) by using Molecular diagnosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for both adults and larvae . The results showed that there are five species of Agriotes infest Potato tubers in Spring and Autumn cultivation . These species are : Agriotes brevis (Candeze) , Agriotes lineatus(Linnaeus) Agriotes obscurus (Linnaeus) , Agriotes sputator(Linnaeus) Agriotes ustulatus (Schaller). A genetic diversity within the species of the genus Agriotes was found.

Pots factorial experiment of three factors was carried out ,using sterilized silty clay loam soil ,under RCBD. the experiment included (36) experimental units of a combination of bio- inoculate Mycorrhiza , G.mosseae , in two treatments [M0]with out fertilization ,and [M1] with fertilization ,and bio fertilizers consists of A. niger of two treatments [A0] with out fertilization and [A1] with fertilization , in one source of phosphorous , the rock phosphate three levels [P0] with out fertilization , [P1] application of full fertilizers recommendation of Rock phosphate , [P2] double of the fertilizers recommendation of the rock phosphate , in three replicates . A. niger was isolated and diagnosed, using 2 fungal isolates in different areas ( taji, abu ghraib) the most efficient isolate of solublizing phosphorous in rock phosphate in Martins Medium for fungi was chosen and used as bio fertilizer in the experiment . Mycorrhiza was collected from the (Ministry of science and Tecnology) that consists of (spores + infected mycorrhizal roots and dry soil) . Results showed that there was a significant increase in plants heights ,shoots dry weight when bio fertilizers applied individually or as group . they showed highest values in the first period of growth (branching ) when bio fertilizers applied in an interacted way (G.mosseae and Aspergillus niger) where values of plant heights were (14,15) cm and the dry weight of shoot system were (7.40,7.80) gm/pot when addition the equivalent recommendation of fertilizers and double recommendation of fertilizers of rock phosphate respectively . also, the application of fungal bio fertilizers individually and pairly led to a significant increase in the shoot system of phosphorous (0.2035,0.2218)% and phosphorous in soil (20.76,29.52)mg kg-1 . the highest values were in the first growth period (branching stage) when double bio fertilizers applied and addition equivalent recommendation of the fertilizers and double recommendation of fertilizers rock phosphate respectively ., wheat roots infection ratios were increased significantly when fungi available with same of (G.mosseae and A. niger ) as compared to the application of Mycorrhiza individually ,while results showed a decrease in the infection ratio in wheat plants roots when recommendation and double recommendation of rock phosphate application .

The experiment was conducted in the fruit nursery of College of Agriculture / Tikrit University , during the 2012 growing season , to study the effect of spray with ascorbic acid and number of sprays on vegetative growth characteristics of Apricot transplants cv. "Labeeb" , which grown on apricot seedling rootstocks . R.C.B.D. was used to apply seven treatments that an interactions between three concentrations of ascorbic acid ( 125 , 250 and 375 mg.L-1 ), number of sprays ( 2 and 4 times in the growth season ) and control treatment . The apricot transplants responded to spray of ascorbic acid especially with higher concentration and number of sprays . The treatments T5 and T7 ( four times spray with 250 mg.L-1 and four times spray with 375 mg.L-1 respectively ) increased significantly all vegetative growth characteristics ( single leaf area, total leaves area , main stem diameter, transplant height , diameter and length of branches ) , while the increment for number of branches was insignificant . The best results were in T7 treatment .

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of eight varieties of Peas (Pisum sativum L.) viz, (Carina ، Early on World ،English ،Granger ، Green Feast ، Jof ، Little Marvel and Major).The experiment was carried out in the Field Dept. of Hort. & Landscape Design, College of Agric. & Forestry , Mosul University , during growing seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 , were sowing by using Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. To study genetic , phenotype variations , heritability and expected genetic advance and determine phenotypic and genotypic correlation for studied characters. Combined analysis results exhibited significant differences that the mean squares varieties between the two growing seasons for all the studied characters. A significant varieties x year interaction effect was found for all the studied characters except the number of pods/plant , pod length and 100 seed weight. The results showed that the mean varieties were differed significantly for all the studied characters , Little Marvel variety was highly superior for green , dry pods yield , seeds yield and biological yield. There was a high genetic variation for number of pods/plant , for green , dry pods yield , seeds yield and biological yield. High heritability for pod length , number of seeds/pod , 100 seed weight , green , dry pods yield and seeds yield , which means that most of the phenotype variation between varieties was due to genetic. High expected genetic advance for number of pods/plant 100 seed weight , green , dry pods yield and seeds yield. The higher phenotypic and genotypic correlations were found between dry pods yield and seeds yield.

A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season 2011 in Alrashid District southern of Baghdad to assess the impact of water shortages when applying Alternate partial furrow irrigation and organic matter during growth stages of sunflower compared with Conventional furrow irrigation on the growth and yield of sunflower. The experiment was conducted at two levels of organic fertilizers (with and without organic fertilizer). The experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) Split Plot Design with three replications. The experiment included six treatments: Conventional furrow irrigation(CFI), Alternate partial furrow irrigation during growth stages except initial stage the conventional irrigation was applied (APFIi), Alternate partial furrow irrigation during growth stages except the vegetative growth stage the conventional irrigation was applied (APFIv), Alternate partial furrow irrigation during growth stages except the flowering stage the conventional irrigation has been applied (APFIf), Alternate partial furrow irrigation during growth stages except phase composition of winning stage the conventional irrigation has been applied (APFIm) and finally Alternate partial furrow irrigation during all growth stages of sunflower (APFI). The treatment of irrigations was distributed on the main plot randomly while the treatment of manure was distributed on secondary plot. The depth and time of irrigation were identified depending on the attrition of soil moisture by assessing the moisture content until the depletion of 50-60% of available water. The equation of water balance was used to determine depth of water for each stages of plant growth (initial, vegetative growth, flowering, grain maturity). The results showed that the depth of irrigation water differ depending on irrigation methods and levels of organic manure. The average depth of irrigation water for two levels of manure were 800 mm.season-1 for the CFI, but when Alternate partial furrow irrigation applied the depth of water decreased at 37, 21, 35, 35 and 42% for APFLi, APFIv, APFIf, APFIm, and APFI respectively. No significant differences among the irrigation treatments in high plant, leaf area, head diameter, number of seeds, weight of 500 seeds and seeds yield. This means that partial irrigation did not reduce sunflower growth factors when followed Alternate partial furrow irrigation.

This study was carried out in plant diseases laboratory Diyala agriculture directorate during season 2011 to evaluate licorice extract and sodium hypochloride and uses different packages on qualitative characters on onion that storage in temperature 13-31C and humidity 52-75 % The results of this study showed superior treatments of AlFal + sodium hypo chloride and AlFal + licorice extract in reduces weight loss percent which reached 8.55 , 9.97 % respectively and reduces damage percent which reached 13.55 ,14.97 % respectively after (14) days from storage of onion and prolong storage period of onion which reached 18 day.

Spatial variability of some soil physical and chemical properties were studied for 31 km transect between Euphrates and Tigris the central concept of every unit map was detected. The pedons are morphologically described and soil sample were collected from the horizons and prepared for laboratory analysis. Particle size distribution, bulk density, soil salinity, exchangeable sodium Percentage, total carbonate and cation exchange capacity were measured. Ten time series models were postulated to identify the suitable model by AIC and to determine the model parameters and calculates the coefficient of variance. The results showed that the coefficient of variance ranged between 5.95-120.04% , 4.89-8.37% , 104.1-109.9 % for percentage of sand , silt and clay respectively . The time series analysis showed that there are suitable model MA(1) for sand variation and AR(1) for silt and clay , while the suitable models for chemical properties were AR(1) for soil salinity variation with coefficient of variation 23.9-42% , ARMA (1,1) for ESP variation for Ap and C2 horizon while AR(1) , MA(1) and MA(2) for CEC and total carbonates. The results of autocorrelation were low 0.188-0.488 for all studied properties, the autocorrelation were high at 250m for percentage of sand, EC, total carbonate and ESP, while the highest value was 10000 m for bulk density.

This study was carried out in the agricultural station of the horticultural and landscape department / College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University, during the season of 2010 to study the effect of spraying nutrition Alga 600 (with the concentration of control, 4ml/ltr, and 6ml/ltr) and variety local and foreign on the growth yield of radish. RCBD design were used as an experimental factor in three replications. The results showed that spraying Alga 600 by 4 and 6 ml/ 1tr caused a significant increased in most properties studied as compared with control treatment . Concerning variety, it has been noticed that the local variety showed significant increase in most properties studied as compared with the foreign variety. The interaction between spraying Alga 600 and the variety of the whole properties give a significant results as compared with the control treatment.

The experiment was conducted in the green house of the College of Agriculture , University of Diyala for the season 2009 – 2010 on sandy loam soil . RCBD system was applied with three replications . The experiment included two water factors , magnetic and non-magnetic water , and four depth of water applications (surface drip irrigation (D0) , subsurface at depth of 5 , 10 ,and15 cm namely D5 , D10 , and D15 , respectively . Polyethylene pipes of 5cm in diameter were used to produced different length of pipes which located near each plant under the dripper . Magnetic device of 1500 gauss was used to produce magnetized water. The results explained that there is a highly significant differences by using magnetic water for all treatments in growth Parameters ( plant height , leaf area , dry root weight ,vegetative dry weight) and yield as compared with non-magnetic water. The depth of water application at 5 cm (D0) was highly significant in all growth parameters as compared with other depth of water applications. The highest value of plant height , leaf area , vegetative dry weight , and dry root weight at D5 and magnetic water treatments are 146.33 cm , 9472.66 cm2/plant , 98.48gm/plant, and 4.4 gm/plant , respectively . The highest value of total yield at the D5 with magnetic water treatment is 27.61 ton/ha as compared with 20.21 ton/ha at D15 treatment

This study was carried out during fall season of ( 2012-2013) at experimental field , Horticulture Department , College of Agriculture – University of Diyala, to study the moisture depletion concentrations of Potassium and Boron applied on foliar on Plant height ,leaf area, grain yield, proline and protein contend of faba bean (Vicia faba, L.) cultivar (Babylon). The layout of the experiments was Split- split plot design as RCBD with three replicates. Three concentration of Potassium 4500 ,5000 ,5500mgK.L-1added as K2SO4 (41%K)and three concentrations of Boron 0 , 300 , 350 mgB.L-1 used Boric acid (17.4%B) and three periods of irrigation after25,50,75% depletion of available water . Foliar application were applied at three times during of plant growth. Results drawn from this experiment are summarized as follows: The differ significantly in all of characters with increasing Potassium concentrations . Plant height ,leaf area and grain yield increased with the second level of Boron concentration (5000) mgB.L-1.. The differ were significantly between Potassium levels and water stress levels in most of characters. Plant height ,leaf area and grain yield increased with the interaction between water stress levels x the second Boron levels . Also the most of characters were significantly influenced by interaction between moisture levels x Potassium and boron concentrations . Boron did not effect the proline and protein content , proline and protein increase with water stress.

Field experiment was carried out in Diyala province during the agricultural season 2012 eastern city of Baquba.The soil texture was Silty Clay, to study the effect of organic matter (cows residues) (0, 8, 16 tons.ha-1) and fertilizer potassium (potassium Sulphate) is (0, 240, 480 ) kg.ha-1 / potassium sulfate and irrigation levels of (100% and 80% and 60%) of water available to plant on growth and yield the cotton crop (var.Lashata),The experimental design in split with R.C.B.D design was applied with three replications , the results showed significant differences for levels of irrigation in all properties as more than 100% level to give the highest quotient did not differ significantly from the 80% level, as well as the results showed that the levels of organic matter has significant effect on all traits as it gave added 16 tons.ha-1 higher yield did not differ significantly from the level 8 tons.ha-1, and the levels of potassium fertilization significant effect on all properties , as it gave the second level to 240 kg.ha-1 up yield did not differ significantly from the third level, and had interaction significant effect among the three factors for all traits except early maturity character, as given first and second level of irrigation with the second level of organic matter and potassium fertilization gave higher yield compared with the levels and three factors

The experiment was conducted out at the field of college Agriculture and Forestry at two agricultural seasons 2009 – 2010 and 2010 – 2011 in clay loam soil. The aim of the present research is to study the effect of two varieties: RPG902 and Bristo, and two tillage systems: minimum tillage (at the depth 8 – 10 cm) using a disk harrow and convential tillage (at the depth 18 – 20 cm) using mold board plow, and three mulching levels: control (without mulching), mulching with 2000 and 4000 kg.ha-1 wheat straw, on the growth and yield of rapeseed. The experiment was laid out as factorial experiment in split – plot design with three replicates. The tillage system engaged the main – plots, whereas two varieties and mulching considered as sub – plots. The result of two seasons reveled that minimum tillage and mulching with wheat straw showed a greater water retention capacity with low bulk density and high soil porosity compared with convential tillage and without mulching treatments, this led to improved soil structure and plant growth. The following characters were significant surpass: no. siliqua / plant, 1000 seed wt. , seed yield and oil percentage affected by RPG902 variety. The previous characters were also surpass at the minimum tillage except for 1000 seed wt. . using mulching with wheat straw led to significant increase in most of characters studied. The highest no. Siliqua / plant, seed yield and oil percentage were achieved by interaction RPG902 variety with minimum tillage for both seasons, whereas interaction minimum tillage with straw mulching gave a significant increase in the No. siliqua / plant and seed yield for the first growing season only.

The experiment was conducted in plastic house that appendage to the College of Agriculture /Diyala Univ. during the sipring season 2011-2012 on the Cv.Dalia to study effect of irrigation water salt and magnatics and spray by the Ascorbic acid and organic extractin OLIGO-X on grouth and yield of cucumber with protected environment . The result showed that their moral decreased in grouth and total yield of plants at the irrigation water that which have electric conduction 2.12 ds/m in comparison with non salt water (0.54 ds/m) . In addition , the result showed ,that the spray by Ascorbic acid was decreased from the negative effect of salt of the irrigation water by improvement of vegetables properties for the plant and appering the much of the total yield in comparison with spray by the water. The spray by the organic extraction gives most yield by other than irrigation water ,in addition, not their any stander effect to water magnatics on vegetables properties and yield of plant as independent effect under the experiment condition .

The study aimed to identify the cost structure functions estimate costs and economies of scale for the production of honey bees. The results showed an analysis of the cost structure of honey production variable costs accounted for approximately 43.3% of total costs accounted for feeding on the most important by 33.2%, while fixed costs are formed 56.7% of the total costs, such as family work the important by paragraphs 63.35%. The results of quantitative analysis that cost function Cube long-run is most appropriate for relationship adopted in study according to tests of statistical and standard, economic, The results showed size of production optimization 522.2 Kg , size best about 55 beehive. The estimated elasticity of costs, amounted 1 achieved at optimal level of production 522.2 kg. Were calculated as the minimum price 16195 JD / kg. was derived function supply in long -run, shown that is a positive relationship between quantity supplied of honey bees and price, when price is greater than 16195 JD. and results the show the average cost decreases until it reaches to optimal level of production while proportion economies of scale achieved to the maximum value 100% at optimal level of production .average cost and flexibility equal zero to the level of production optimization.

A field experiment was carried out in Diyala province \ Al-Muqdadiya district during growing season2010-2011.The aim of present study is control Cynodon dactylon L. growth in pomes orchard by using Glyphosate and two application methods first by knapsack spryer in rate (1.8kg ai/ h) the second use rope-wick wiper technique in different rate. The experiment was set out as factorial design in randomization complete block design with three replicates. The results showed superiority T2(1:1 )(herbicide: water ),T3 (1:2) (herbicide : water )applied in wiper gave high degree killing (94.66)(87.5) respectively compare with T7 (1.8kg ai/h) applied in spray(45.0) ,also T2(1:1 ) was gave average less in percentage of regrowth get to 22.9 % . Further T2(1:1 ) gave significantly effect in reduce dry weight percentage starch and seccharide up to (425.88gm/m², 6.84,1.94)respectively .Moreover the efficacy of Glyphosate in weed continue until 150day after control .The wipe technique good satisfactory result specially T2(1:1 ) witch gave 39% control compare T7 (1.8kg ai/ h) spray 32%.