Iraqi Journal of Science

Cadmium sulfide quantum dots were synthesized and deposited on glass substrates
by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique using cadmium sulfate and thiourea
solutions in the presence of a 4,4’-(1,2-ethanediyldinitrilo)bis-(2-pentanone)
(EDDBP) tetradentate ligand as a complexing agent. The order of reagents addition
was varied to deposit films that were characterized for their surface morphological,
optical, structural, and solid-state properties using a scanning electron microscope
(SEM), a UV-visible spectrophotometer, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and
Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analyses. The optimal condition for film deposition
using the normal sequence of reagents addition was found at pH 8-12 and 298-353 ±
1K and gave films of 2.40-321.06 nm thickness, while the variation in the order of
reagents addition gave improvements in the film properties. The optical properties and
the observed direct band gaps (1.75-3.16 eV) of the films suggest usage in
electroluminescent and solar cell devices since they have a first-order transition. The
XRD patterns of the quantum dots indicated hexagonal wurzite structures, while the
BET confirmed their mesoporous and nanonature.

Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, whereas antiviral drugs treat viral illnesses.
Antivirals are used to treat a variety of infectious diseases, including COVID-19 and
influenza. The technique of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
(RP-HPLC) provides more sensitivity and precision than other approaches,
particularly spectrophotometric. This research seeks to develop a simple method for
simultaneously quantifying acyclovir, amantadine, and oseltamivir in creams and
capsules. The RP-HPLC method optimization and development for verifying the
separation and quantification of three antiviral drugs included the investigation of the
optimal buffer concentration, pH value, and acetonitrile content. On a C8 HyperClone
BDS column, the RP-HPLC system with UV detection achieved separation (250 x
4.60 mm, 130A, and 5). The mixture of acetonitrile and acetate buffer as mobile phase
gradient elution at a detection wavelength of 254 nm and 1 mL/min flow rate. The
proposed method provided a linear range of 0.08-10.5, 0.06-4.5 and 0.02-14 μg/mL,
as well as excellent validated values for LOD (0.0205, 0.0107, and 0.0083 μg/mL)
and LOQ (0.0621, 0.0324 and 0.0251 μg/mL) with a coefficient of determination (r2)
of the regression line of 0.9998, 0.9988, and 0.9994 for acyclovir, amantadine, and
oseltamivir, respectively.

In this study, we investigate the performance improvement of titanium oxide
(TiO2) nanocomposites as NO2 gas sensors for optimum sensitivity. The TiO2
nanocomposites were synthesized using a solvothermal method and were modified
with different dopants and additives to enhance their sensing properties. The sensing
performance of the TiO2 nanocomposites was evaluated in terms of sensitivity,
selectivity, response time, and recovery time. The synthesized nanocomposites were
successfully characterized using AFM, FTIR, SEM-EDX and XRD techniques. The
results showed that the addition of additives such as TiO2/GO, TiO2-Ag/GO and TiO2-
Al2O3/GO: TiO2/GO significantly improved the sensing properties of the TiO2
nanocomposites. The Ag-doped TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited the highest
sensitivity towards NO2 gas with a very low detection limit. The Al2O3-doped TiO2
nanocomposites showed good selectivity towards NO2 gas compared to other
interfering gases and has led to increase in the surface area. In conclusion, the addition
of additives and the optimization of the annealing temperature can significantly
improve the sensing properties of TiO2 nanocomposites towards NO2 gas. The
findings of this study can contribute to the development of highly sensitive and
selective NO2 gas sensors for various applications such as environmental monitoring
and industrial safety.

This scientific paper presents two novel lanthanide metal complexes [Sm (III) and
Ce (IV)] synthesized through a series of reactions involving organic ligand 8-[3-
(pyrazoyl)azo]adenine (PAA). Ligand (PAA) and their complexes were characterized
using various analytical techniques, including C.H.N.S elemental analysis, magnetic
measurement, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, SEM, (TGA) UV-Vis
spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and HNMR analysis. These techniques were
employed to support the mode of binding and geometrical structure for ligand (PAA)
and its Lanthanide (Ln) complexes. The FTIR and HNMR spectral results showed that
(PAA) acts as neutral N,N-bidentate with [Sm (III) and Ce (IV)]. The geometric shape
of the synthesized Ln-complexes is octahedral. Also, TGA was used to investigate the
thermal behavior of ligand and its complex. The results showed that the ligand
dissociated in three steps, while the complex dissociated in five steps. This indicates
that the complex is more thermally stable than the ligand, likely due to the formation
of strong coordination bonds between the ligand and the metal ions. These findings
can contribute to the understanding of the thermal stability of metal complexes and
inform the design of new metal-based materials with desirable properties. Finally, this
paper examined the antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities of PAA and its
complexes. The results indicated that all of these compounds exhibited significant
activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as cancer cells

Viral load of COVID-19 can be concluded from the cycle threshold (Ct) values
measured by RT-PCR test performed on suspected samples. SARS-CoV2 viral load
has not been standardized yet to reflect the outcome of COVID-19 infection. This
cross-sectional study was performed to detect the frequency of SARS-CoV2 among
suspected patients and the correlation of viral RNA load represented by cycle
threshold (Ct) values with patients’ clinical presentation (disease severity),
comorbidities and demographic data.
A total of 520 participants suspected to have SARS-CoV2 infection were enrolled.
After filling a questionnaire, a nasopharyngeal swab was collected from each patient
and subjected to RT-PCR with the use of specific primers. Ct values of positive cases
were obtained.
Results revealed that 277 (53.3%) of samples were positive by RT-PCR, of which 160
(57.8 %) were males and 117 (42.2 %) females, with mean Ct value being 27.43.
There was no significant correlation of Ct values with different age groups, gender
and comorbidities. However, higher Ct values (lower viral RNA load) were recorded
in severe and critical patients, which was an interesting result.

Escherichia coli is gram negative bacteria and represents a typical resident of the
digestive systems of both humans and animals. The stability and equilibrium of the
luminal microbial flora are significantly influenced by E. coli. The Escherichia coli
uropathogenic-specific protein (Usp) represents type of genotoxins produced by
uropathogenic E. coli rather than fecal E. coli isolates. In the current study E. coli was
isolated from urine and stool and usp gene was detected in it. Sensitivity test was
evaluated by using different types of antibiotics and the usp gene was detected by
PCR in all bacterial isolates. Antibiotics sensitivity test showed variable degrees of
sensitivity and resistance. High percentage of sensitivity was achieved against
amikacin (86%) and that for ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin and tobramycin it
was 80%. Whereas trimethoprim and aztreonam showed 64% and 60% sensitivity
respectively. In this study, most isolates were resistant to amoxicillin 92%; while they
showed different degrees of resistance against other types of antibiotics (from
tetracycline 62% to amikacin 4%). The frequency of multi drug resistant (MDR)
bacteria was about 64 % (32 isolates), 30 from urine and 2 from the stool. The results
showed that usp gene was found in 26 bacterial isolates (52%), whereas other 24
(48%) isolates didn’t have this gene. It was concluded that source of bacterial isolates
carry usp gene was urine, with the exception of one isolate from f stool, and E. coli
recorded as multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR).

This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic fungi and evaluate the
antifungal activity of Trichoderma orientale FMR12486 crude extract against
pathogenic fungi isolated from patients attending the National Center for Thoracic and
Respiratory Diseases (having a history of tuberculosis) and consultant of Dermatology
of Baghdad hospital, Iraq. A total of 80 clinical specimens were collected: 20 skin
scrapings specimens and 60 sputum specimens. The results of direct examination by
KOH 10% and culture showed that 11 (55%) cases from 20 skin specimens were positive
for fungal infections, while in the sputum specimens, 28 (47%) cases from 60 were
positive. Candida albicans represented the most common fungal infection isolated from
sputum specimens which represented 18 cases at a rate of 64.2%, followed by Candida
tropicalis 5 (17.9%), Aspergillus fumigates 2 (7.1%), Aspergillus flavus 1 (3.6%),
Candida glabrata 1 (3.6%) and Candida krusei 1 (3.6%). While in the skin scrapes,
Candida parapsilosis was the common which represented 3 cases at a rate of 27.3%,
followed by Trichophyton mentagrophyte 2 (18.2%), Microsporium canis 2 (18.2%), C.
albicans 2 (18.2%), Trichophyton rubrum 1 (9.1%), C. tropicalis 1 (9.1%). T. orientale
isolates were collected from the gardens soil of the University of Baghdad and were then
identified depending on the morphological feature of the colony and microscopic
characteristics. To confirm identification, PCR technique was used in which DNA of T.
orientale was extracted at a concentration of 54 - 294 μg/2 g wet mycelium with a purity
of 1.6 - 1.8. DNA samples were amplified with primers ITS-1and ITS-4, And the results
confirmed that the isolate was T. orientale strain FMR12486. This isolate was processed
with ethyl acetate using a standard extraction method and the final amount of crude
extract being 6 grams. Different concentrations of crude extract 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/ml
were prepared and used against fungal pathogens isolated using the agar-well diffusion
method. The results showed high antifungal activity against pathogenic isolates,
significantly recording maximum inhibition zones of 20 and 22 mm against C.
parapsilosis at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/ml, respectively. It was followed by T.
mentagrophyte and C. glabrata. 16, 20, and 16, 20 mm that were recorded at
concentrations of 2 and 4mg/ml, a significant maximum inhibition zone was recorded 26
mm against C. glabrata, followed by C. parapsilosis, M. canis and T. mentagrophyte
(24, 26; 16, 24 and 20, 24mm respectively). Just Trichophyton rubrum fungus in this
study showed resistance to all concentrations of the crude extract where the inhibition
zone was zero. The results of the current study showed that T. orientale strain FMR12486
crude extract can be used to make an effective drug to treat human fungal infections

Factor and cluster analysis, two multivariate statistical approaches, have been used
to analyze temporal and spatial variations and pollutants sources effecting the water
quality of Tigris River from the north to the south of Baghdad city. From October
2021 to September 2022, 15 water quality parameters (electrical conductivity (EC),
pH, water temperature (WT), turbidity (Tur), total hardness (TH), biochemical
Ooxygen Ddemand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), Mg+, Ca+, SO4, dissolved solids
(TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total chlorine (TC), Cr, and Al) were tested at
five monitoring sites (Balad, Al-Ghrai’at, Al-Shuhada'a Bridge, Al-Za’franiya, and
Jisr Diyala), along the study area of the river. Results revealed that the major factor
that affects the water quality in the study area is the anthropogenic factor. Spatial
cluster analysis of the monitoring sites revealed three different groups that were
compared to one another where each site suggested a different degree of
contamination in the Tigris river water quality.

This study was carried out with the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis exposed to lead
nitrate. The samples of water and mussels were collected from Qandil water resources
situated in Qandil village at 36° 37' 39.55" north latitude and 44° 10' 51.80" east
longitude, and it is 322 meters above sea level. In January 2022, rivers and aquariums
water were tested for temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO, total alkalinity, total hardness,
and calcium and magnesium ions. Studied organisms were exposed to variable
concentrations of lead nitrate ranging from 0 to 900 ppm. The 96-h median lethal
concentration (LC50) was measured and a comparison was made between the
behavioural responses of the control and treatment groups. Also, the concentrations
of lead in the experimental media, shell, and soft tissue of mussels were measured. A
sample of mussels collected from aquarium was tested for biochemical markers,
including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), Catalase
(CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). After 96 hours, the LC50 was estimated to be
782.7 ppm. The findings on behaviours revealed that lead slows down species'
activities. Lead concentratiom increased within the mussel body as the water lead
level decreased. The value of AChE was inversely related to lead concentration.
However, GST, CAT and MDA increased with lead exposure.

It is necessary to follow new strategies for the isolation of bacteria with unique
characteristics from novel sources during the search for new antimicrobial
compounds. Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain Ir1 (JQ912239), a novel
thermophilic bacterium, which was isolated from soil in Iraq (Basrah and Baghdad)
showed a good ability to utilize hydrocarbon compounds. This study objective was to
demonstrate G. thermoleovorans Ir1 potential antibacterial capabilities. The ability of
the spore-forming bacterium G. thermoleovorans Ir1 to produce antimicrobial
bioactive compounds that affects two pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. The zones of inhibition were 16 mm and
15mm respectively. Extracted bioactive compounds were identified using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed that this
strain inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of the
strain might be due to the combination between formamide and 2, 2-bis-(4-
hydroxyphenyl)-butane compounds as prodrugs by comparing the gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the pure and mixed extracts..
Moreover, the filtrate of the thermophilic G. thermoleovorans Ir1 was examined for
inhibition of biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria, the results showed that the
filtrate was able to inhibit the biofilms of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtillus, K.
pneumonia, and E. coli.. The results of this study are the first to record the the
production of these bioactive substances by the thermophilic G. thermoleovorans Ir1
at 65°C.

Globally, breast cancer is the common malignancy affecting women and
understanding its associated molecular events could help in disease prevention and
management strategies. The present study was set to investigate an association
between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase
(eNOS) polymorphisms with breast cancer. For this purpose, 100 subjects were
participated in this work, including 50 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer
recruited from Oncology hospital, Baghdad - Iraq and 50 healthy women as a control
group. The concentration of antioxidants was measured in the serums collected from
blood samples of breast cancer patients and healthy controls. While eNOS SNPs
(rs1799983, G894T and rs2070744, T 786C) were assessed using TaqMan SNP
genotyping and utilising genomic DNA extracted from the participants. The results
showed that the antioxidants levels were significantly (P˂0.0001) reduced in blood
samples of breast cancer patients in comparison to that of that healthy controls (0.144±
0.097 and 0.587±0.239 respectively). Additionally, the homozygous GG genotype
G894T (rs1799983) could retain beneficial impact for the protection from breast
cancer potential. While SNP genotyping results showed that both of the homozygous
CC and heterozygous TC genotypes (rs2070744 T >C SNP) seem to contribute to the
susceptibility of breast cancer development in the investigated set of patients. Overall,
the present study findings suggest an association between reduced antioxidant
capacity and eNOS gene polymorphisms in breast carcinogenesis.

Shigella infection strains producing shiga toxin results in bloody diarrheais a
dangerous symptom in children under five years of age that can even lead to death.
Therefore, this study was conducted to isolate Shigella strains producing shiga toxin
from 150 samples which were taken from bloody stool of children under the five years
of age. They were suffering from the diarrhea during the period from March 2021 to
March 2022 in Tikrit city, Iraq. The results showed the possibility to isolate six
isolates of Shigella sonnei at ratio 4% of the total samples. The isolates producing
shiga toxin were identified by using stx1 gene. The results showed two isolates of
Shigella possessing stx1 gene, at ratio 33.33 of total S. sonnei strains. The two isolates
producing shiga toxin have been submitted to NCBI, then accepted as Iraqi strains in
NCBI under the registration numbers OK127759.1 and OK127760.1. The Iraqi strains
registered in NCBI showed agreement with a global strain of 99-100% that were
recorded by registration numbers in Malaysia (CP060117.1), China (CP000038.1),
United Kingdom (CP066810.1), Hungary (CP019689.1), Somalia (CP023645.1),
Spain (CP022672.1), Italy (CP035008.1), India (CP041322.1), Australia
(CP045932.1), Nigeria (CP046286.1), Switzerland (CP049183.1), USA
(CP053751.1) and South Korea (CP055292.1). As for the sensitivity test, the results
showed that the strain OK127759.1 was resistant to antibiotics azithromycin,
ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, augmentin and tetracycline. And it was sensitive
to gentamicin and intermediately sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and
nalidixic acid. As for the strain OK127760.1, the results showed that this strain was
intermediately sensitive to gentamicin and resistant to the other antibiotics which were
used in the test. ZnO-NPs with a concentration of 200 μg/ml showed the highest
inhibitory effectiveness against S. sonnei strains OK127759.1 and OK127760.1 with
inhibition diameter of 22 mm and 21 mm respectively

Nanotechnology products such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) can
be used for viral infections because of their unique characteristics. The current study
aimed to determine the impact of TiO2-NPs on HPV type 1 and 2 infections. The
characterization of these NPs was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS),
field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission
electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The MTT assay was
used to determine the toxic impacts of TiO2-NPs on BHK-21 cells. The efficiency of
TiO2-NPs was performed using several parameters, including TCID50 and RT-PCR
assays. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the
inhibitory impact of TiO2-NPs on viral antigen expression, and Acyclovir was used
as a reference medicine. When the human papilloma type 1 and 2 viruses exposed to
TiO2-NPs at high doses (100 μg/mL) produced 0.3, 1.1, 2.3, and 3.3 log10 TCID50
decreases in infective virus load when compared with control viruses (P<0.0001),
these TiO2-NPs doses were related to 24.9%, 35.1%, 47.2%, 59.5%, and 66.6%
inhibition percentages that were determined depending on the viral titer as compared
to virus control. It is concluded that TiO2-NPs have strong potential for the treatment
of face and labial lesions caused by papillomaviruses 1 and 2 and could be used in
topical formulations.

The present work aims to detect the effects of gamma ray radiation emitted from
Co-60 on several blood parameters (PCV, Hb, WBCs and RBCs) of male chickens.
Also, the potential antioxidant impact of grape seeds oil exposed to cold plasma as a
protective material to lower the damage caused by gamma ray was tested for a long
time and low dose rate. Healthy male chickens were used in this study which had an
age range of 2 to 3 months and a weight range of 1.5 to 2 kg. Animals were kept in
plastic cages (100 x 400 x 40 cm dimensions) within humidity and temperature
preserved at limited values. Four experimental groups were included; the first was the
un-exposed control. The second group was administered with a dose of grape seed
extract. The third group was exposed to gamma ray radiation only. The fourth group
was administered with a dose of grape seed extract and irradiated with gamma
waves. Forty male chickens were used in this work as they were parted and
administered with the selected doses. The control group was considered as the first
group that contained 10 male chicken without being exposed to waves of gamma
rays. The next group also contained 10 male chicken irradiated with 5 Gy/lh at
interval 7 hour/day for 20 days as second group. Another group contained 10 male
chicken and was dealt with oil of grape seed 400 mg/kg wt) with orally administered
dose for 20 days as third group. The fourth group contained 10 male chicken irradiated
with 5 Gy/h at interval of 7 hour/day for 20 days and dealt with orally administered
dose (400 mg/kg wt) of grape seed oil for the same time. Overall groups (2-4), male
chicken number became 30 used for 40.60 days at 7 hours per day. The schedule of
work was achieved at 5 Gy/h of radiation equivalent dose with different exposure time
for (20 and 40,60 days) on male chicken and at period 7 hours daily. The grape seed
extract was bought from local market in Mosul City and filters from impure, as we
found significant decrease in ratio of blood factors RBCs, WBCs, Hb and PCV with
increasing of exposure time. This data changes with adding antioxidant materials as
(grape seed oil) were the value of blood factors ratio enhancement by increasing the
time of dose of these material compared with control group. The blood factors ratio
of male chickens change with exposure time, with significant decrease by increasing
exposure time, however, the protective material ( grape seed oil ) reduces the change
in ratio % of the some blood factors compared with control group

The transverse magnetic electron scattering form factors of 19O and 21Na exotic
nuclei were studied in the plane wave Born approximation (PWBA). The shell model
calculations with three sd-shell interactions, USDA, USDB, and Wildenthal, were
carried out for the ground and low-lying excited states. The exact center of mass
correction in the Born approximation picture through the translation-invariant shell
model (TISM) was included to modify the transverse form factors. The measured
magnetic dipole moments were well reproduced with the core polarization (CP) effect
introduced through the effective g-factors. The occupancies percentage with respect
to the valence nucleons was also calculated.

Short-range effects on C2, C3, as well as C4 form factors in the 26Mg nucleus,
were examined. The charge density distribution in this nucleus was also tested by
means of one and two body fragments of cluster enlargement in cooperation with
single-particle wave functions of harmonic potential. The correlation of Jastrow
form was employed to inset the influence of short-range into the two body fragment
of cluster enlargement. The nucleus of 26Mg was assumed to own a 16O-core with
(A-16) nucleons dispersed over the sd-model space. The form factors in 26Mg
nucleus ascend from the core-polarization and model space involvements. The form
of Tassie model, subject to the charge density, was used to determine the transition
density of core polarization. The one body density matrix elements required for
determining the transition density of model space for various transitions in 26Mg
were found via carrying out shell model computations using the OXBASH program
with the universal-sd interaction of Wildenthal. The present calculations were
subjected to the oscillator and correlation parameters symbolized by b and  ,
respectively. These parameters are self-sufficiently generated for every specific
nucleus by fitting between the calculated and observed elastic form factors. For
determining the charge density, elastic form factors and inelastic Coulomb form
factors for dissimilar excited states in 26Mg, one value is needed for b and  .This
study shows indications for the substantial predominance of short-range influences
on current computations, where considering these influences look to be requisite for
carrying out a distinguished adjustment in calculated results which ultimately leads
to a remarkable explication of the data throughout all the considered momentum
transfers.

This work compares the changes in optical and structural properties of cerium
oxide (CeO2) when doped with different concentrations (3%,5%,7%, and 9%) of two
oxides, In2O3 and Eu2O3. X-ray diffraction and spectrophotometry were employed in
the visible, ultraviolet, and near-infrared regions. The findings demonstrated that
CeO2 doped with In2O3 and Eu2O3 thin films were polycrystalline and had a cubic
structure. The crystal size increased from 20.5 to 32.15 when Eu2O3 doping ratio
increased from 0% to 7% and then decreased to 28.46 nm at 9%. While the crystal
size showed an increase from 20.5 to 21.42 nm with the increase of the In2O3 doping
ratio, while the lattice constant measured for cubic CeO2 changed opposite to that.
The optical measurement showed that Eu2O3 and In2O3 doped CeO2 thin films have a
direct band gap with allowed transition with 3.0 eV for the undoped CeO2. The band
gap energy changed in a non-regular manner with the increase of the doping ratio of
both oxides. The minimum band gap energy was 1.2 eV obtained for 7% Eu2O3 doped
CeO2 thin film, and the minimum band gap energy was 1.4 eV obtained for 9% In2O3
doped CeO2. These results qualify them for use as absorbers in solar cell applications.

The nuclear shell model was used to investigate the bulk properties of lithium
isotopes (6,7,8,9,11Li), i.e., the ground state density distributions and C0 and C2
components of charge form factors. The theoretical treatment was based on supposing
that the Harmonic-oscillator (HO) potential governs the core nucleons while the
valence nucleon(s) move through Hulthen potential. Such assumptions were applied
for both stable and exotic lithium isotopes. The HO size parameters (???????? and ????????), the
core radii (????????) and the attenuation parameters (???????? and ????????) were fixed to recreate the
available empirical size radii for lithium isotopes under study.

In the present study, three different depth conversion methods have been used with varying equations at Mishrif Formation to determine the best method to produce better, more realistic and accurate interpretation results and to reduce the risk of future petroleum production wells drilling. Three horizons were picked (Tanuma, Mishrif and Rumaila) and converted into a two-way time grid surface. In addition, the velocity parameters (instantaneous velocity and rate of velocity change with depth) were computed and converted to the form grid surface from the well data, showing lateral velocity variation. Among the three models carried out, the Model 1 is considered the most accurate depth conversion method in this region according to the results of the geostatistical analysis. This method gave fewer errors and mistakes between actual and predicted depth with the best intra-extrapolation technique at all directions away from the well area with a standard deviation value of 13.2, and the standard deviation values of 13.6 and 13.9 for models 2 and 3, respectively.

Mala GX (Ground Explorer) conducted the survey using two different antennas:
450 MHz and 750 MHz. Data for the 450 MHz antenna were collected in a grid, while
data for the 750 MHz antenna were collected in parallel profiles at the same location
above the 450 MHz profiles. After processing the data using GPR slice software,
possible reflections of archaeological walls buried at different depths and with
different extensions of 13 m, 7 m, 6 m, 5m, 3 and 2 m were identified. The reflections
were clear and high in the 450 MHz antenna with a depth penetration of 3 meters and
unclear and weak in the 750 MHz antenna with a depth penetration of 1 meter. When
comparing the two antennas, it is possible to notice a match in the reflections of the
walls, and some reflections are not identical in the 750 MHz antenna due to the high
noise.

The current study included interpretations of the three-dimensional seismic Data
for the Nasiriya oil field implemented by the Oil exploration company in 2010 with a
planned surface coverage area of 1273 km². The Nasiriyah field is located in southern
Iraq within the Dhi Qar Governorate, about (10) km northwest of the governorate
center (Nasiriyah), and the Muthanna governorate is located in the northwestern part
of the field, which is approximately (15) km west of the governorate center
(Samawah). The information from the wells (well velocity survey, formation depths,
logs) was relied upon and entered into the seismic cube data to capture the top of the
Mishrif Formation. In addition is to pick the top of the Rumaila Formation, which
represents the bottom of the Mishrif Formation. The top and bottom Mishrif reflectors
were picked, interpreted, and tracked within the region. The reflector's two-way time
(TWT), velocity, and depth maps showed structural closure features in the center of
the area, and the general direction of the closure is thenorthwest–southeast. The
structural maps showed a general tendency towards the northeast. The isopach map
showed that the thickness values of the Mishrif Formation increased to the west and
northwest while the thickness decreased toward the east and southeast.

In this paper, the class of meromorphic multivalent functions of the form by using
fractional differ-integral operators is introduced. We get Coefficients estimates, radii
of convexity and star likeness. Also closure theorems and distortion theorem for the
class Σ ( +
????
????,????, ????, ŋ, γ, ????, ????) is calculaed.

The aim of this paper is to define new concepts, namely a homogenous system of
difference equations ????(???? + 1) = ????????(????) where ???? is a matrix of real numbers, which
is called ????-semi homogenous of order ???? if there exists a non-zero matrix ???? and
integer number ???? such that the following equation holds: ???? (????(????)????(????)) =
????(????(????))????????(????(????)), Where ???? is a function, ???? and ???? are integer numbers and ???? is a
real number. This definition is a generalization to the (3 × 3)-semi-homogeneous
system of difference equations of order ????. Special cases are studied of this
definition and illustrative examples are given and some characterizations of this
definition are also given. The necessary and sufficient conditions for a homogenous
system of difference Equations to be ????-semi homogenous of order one or greater
than one as well as some examples and theorems about there are given

We provide a ????-operator form solution to a generalized ????-difference equation
involving (???? + ???? + 2)-variables. We introduce a ????-polynomials Ψ????
(????,????)(????, ????, ????|????).
The generating function, two Rogers formulas, and two types of Srivastava-Agarwal
generating functions for the polynomials Ψ????
(????,????)(????, ????, ????|????) are established using the
????-difference equation technique.

One of the quasi-Newton update formulae, namely the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell
method, is crucial for resolving nonlinear programming optimization problems. In
order to achieve a Newton-like condition that depends on the function values and
gradient vectors at each iteration, we construct an alternative positive-definite Hessian
approximation in this study. The essential theorems are established to study algorithm
convergence. The proposed approach is then tested on well-known test problems and
then compared to the standard DFP method. The numerical outcomes demonstrate the
effectiveness of the newly developed method

In this paper, our purpose is to study the quaternary continuous classical boundary
optimal control vector problem dominated by a quaternary linear parabolic boundary
value problem. Under suitable assumptions and with a given quaternary continuous
classical boundary control vector, the existence theorem for a unique quaternary state
vector solution to the weak form is stated and demonstrated via the method of
Galerkin. Furthermore, the continuity of the Lipschitz operator between the state
vector solution to the weak form for the dominating equations and the corresponding
are proved. The existence of a quaternary continuous classical boundary optimal
control vector is stated and demonstrated under suitable Assumptions. The
mathematical formulation for the quaternary adjoint boundary value problem
associated with each considered boundary value problem is obtained and the Frѐchet
derivative for the objective function is derived. Finally, the necessary conditions for
the optimality theorem of the problem are stated and demonstrated.

The paper shows how to estimate the three parameters of the generalized
exponential Rayleigh distribution by utilizing the three estimation methods, namely,
the moment employing estimation method (MEM), ordinary least squares estimation
method (OLSEM), and maximum entropy estimation method (MEEM). The
simulation technique is used for all these estimation methods to find the parameters
for the generalized exponential Rayleigh distribution. In order to find the best method,
we use the mean squares error criterion. Finally, in order to extract the experimental
results, one of object oriented programming languages visual basic. net was used

We define and investigate Z- essential submodules as a generalization of essential
submodules. Various characterizations and properties of Z-essential submodules are
given. Moreover we introduce the concepts of Z-singular submodule and Z-closed
submodules

The reliability in stress–strength model (s–s) is estimated in this article when the
system has parallel and series components subject to one of the stresses and it follows
generalized exponential distribution by taking via different estimation methods,
namely the maximum likelihood estimation, unbiased estimation, moment estimation
and shrinkage estimation. Also, the Mont Carlo method is used to compare these
methods under mean squared error.

In this study, the linear Volterra integral problem of the second kind will be treated
with delay using a Lagrange polynomial. The Volterra integral problem is solved
numerically using the chosen technique to obtain the best approximation.
Additionally, the test examples are provided to demonstrate, through comparison with
other methods' outcomes, the great degree of accuracy of the approximative solutions.
Moreover, To verify the accuracy of the calculations that is used in these test
examples, the absolute error is used to compare it to the exact solution. For this
method, the program is written by MATLAB R2018a language.

Several illustrative studies on the mathematical modeling and analysis of the
Coronavirus have been carried out in a short period of time. There is not enough work
that accounts for the vaccination campaign's two stages. In this work, a mathematical
model is created to show the impact of the recent two-stage vaccination treatment on
the Coronavirus. In the proposed model, five compartments are constructed, namely
the susceptible individuals ????(????), the first dose of vaccination ????1(????) , the second dose
of vaccination ????2(????), infected ????(????) and recovered population ????(????). The uniqueness,
boundedness and existence of the solutions of this model have been discussed. All
potential model equilibrium points are determined. The local as well as global stability
of the system in terms of the basic reproduction number is investigated. Numerical
simulation is also carried out to investigate the influence of parameters affecting the
dynamics of the model and to support the gathered analytical findings of the model

Let R be a commutative ring with identity, and W be a unitary left R-module. In
this paper we, introduce and study a new class of modules called pure hollow (Prhollow)
and pure-lifting (Pr-lifting). We give a fundamental, properties of these
concept. also, we, introduce some conditions under which the quotient and direct sum
of Pr-lifting modules is Pr-lifting.

In this paper, we investigate the influence of the rotation and magnetic field on the
peristaltic flow of the Bingham fluid in an asymmetric channel with a porous medium
under the long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation assumptions.
The perturbation method and the Mathematica program for solving nonlinear partial
differential equations are used to couple the momentum equations with the rotational
and magnetic field equations. The fluid is considered to be subject to a magnetic field
and to flow within a porous medium. Graphs are used to display expressions for speed,
stress gradient, magnetic subject, current density, rotation impact, and drift function.
The findings reveal that the rotation, density, permeability, coupling diversity, and
non-dimensional wave amplitude all play significant roles in the phenomenon. The
quantities flow has been tested for variant parameters. The impact of the Bingham,
Hartman and Darcy numbers are also tested for different values to indicate the effect
on the movement of flow fluid. The applications can be seen through many graphics.

In this article, the effects of physical flow parameters on squeezed fluid between
parallel plates are explored through the Darcy porous channel when fluid is moving
as a result of the upper plate being squeezed towards the stretchable lower plate,
such as velocity slip, thermal slip, solutal slip, thermal stratification parameter,
solutal stratification parameter, squeezing number, Darcy number, Prandtl number,
and Schmidt number. The governing equations are transformed into a nonlinear
ordinary differential equation using the appropriate similarity transformations. The
resulting equations are solved by using the perturbation iteration method (PIT) to
produce a convergent analytical solution with high accuracy. The phenomena of the
squeezing fluid as the plates are moving apart and when they are coming together
are illustrated using the resulting analytical solutions. Plots are used to discuss the
significant effects of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and fluid
concentration profiles. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt Sherwood values
have graphical interpretations that are listed. For strong velocity slip parameters, the
results demonstrate the existence of a minimum velocity profile close to the plate
and a growing velocity profile distant from the plate. Additionally, as the slip effects
rise, the fluid temperature and concentration both considerably drop. The results of
the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4M) and the presented analytical solutions
provided are in excellent agreement

This article aims to determine the time-dependent heat coefficient together with
the temperature solution for a type of semi-linear time-fractional inverse source
problem by applying a method based on the finite difference scheme and Tikhonov
regularization. An unconditionally stable implicit finite difference scheme is used as
a direct (forward) solver. While by the MATLAB routine lsqnonlin from the
optimization toolbox, the inverse problem is reformulated as nonlinear least square
minimization and solved efficiently. Since the problem is generally incorrect or illposed
that means any error inclusion in the input data will produce a large error in the
output data. Therefore, the Tikhonov regularization technique is applied to obtain
stable and accurate results. Finally, to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of
our scheme, two benchmark test problems have been considered, and its good working
with different noise levels.

Since the pandemic of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in 2019, it has rapidly become
a major global health concern. Various mutations and rapid spread of the virus, a lack
of specific treatment, and limited hospital facilities highlight the importance of
anticipation, risk analysis, and timely treatment. The use of mathematical models,
artificial intelligence, and simulation methods are effective tools in predicting the
spread and providing effective solutions to prevent virus transmission. Analysis and
forecasting require an integrated model to cover different aspects of the problem and
use different methods to obtain appropriate results.
In this research, a proposed model for analysis and prediction of COVID-19 cases
in Iran and neighboring countries is presented. The performance of mathematical and
deep learning models in the proposed model has been evaluated using data from Johns
Hopkins University from January 29, 2020, to April 30, 2021. Evaluation of the
predictive outcomes of daily cases was performed using RMSE criteria. Then, the
effect of the trend of cases in neighboring countries of Iran on the rate of new cases
in this country has been studied. These models can help governments predict the
number of infections to provide the necessary solutions and prevent a new wave of
the virus.

Learning from imbalanced data has been a focus of studies for more than two
decades of continuous development. Training data is considered imbalanced when the
size of the positive (minority) class is neglected because of the large size of the
negative (majority) class, in addition to the problem of deviating distributions of
binary tasks. The appearance of big data brings new problems and challenges to the
imbalance problem. Big Data announces the challenges with 5V: volume, velocity,
veracity, value, and variety. This study relied on dividing the solution to the problem
of data imbalance into three levels: data level, algorithm level, and hybrid approaches.
First, the standard solutions for this problem that were proposed were mentioned, and
in addition, the most important metrics adopted for measuring the classification
efficiency of imbalanced data were identified. In this survey study, 27 studies were
reviewed during the period 2015–2022, distributed according to the levels of
treatment of the imbalance problem. They also reviewed the performance metrics that
were used in these studies and the sources of the datasets to which these solutions
were applied. The study makes it easier for researchers and scholars to see the
solutions to addressing the problem of data imbalance and the hybrid approaches
recently used for that, and to take advantage of them in improving the classification
process.

Increasingly, the availability of personal genomic data in cloud servers hosted by
hospitals and research centers has incentivized researchers to turn to research that
deals with analyzing genomic data. This is due to its importance in detecting diseases
caused by genetic mutations, detecting genes that carry genetic diseases, and
attempting to treat them in future generations. Secure query execution on encrypted
data is considered an active research area in which encryption is used to ensure the
confidentiality of genomic data while restricting the ability to process such data
without first decrypting it. To provide a secure framework and future insight into the
potential contributions of homomorphic encryption to the field of genomic data, this
paper proposes a framework for guaranteeing genomic data privacy using various
partial homomorphic encryption techniques. By examining the characteristics of the
three partial homomorphic encryptions based on different parameters. The framework
has been online tested and compared based on different parameters. Three
homomorphic encryption algorithms were adopted to ensure genomic data privacy by
employing homomorphic operations in the query matching process. Experiments on
real datasets, specifically MERS and SARSr-COV, showed that the proposed
framework is efficient and improves query execution time by an average of 96%
compared to existing work.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a very effective management and
analysis tool. Geographic locations rely on data. The use of artificial neural networks
(ANNs) for the interpretation of natural resource data has been shown to be beneficial.
Back-propagation neural networks are one of the most widespread and prevalent
designs. The combination of geographic information systems with artificial neural
networks provides a method for decreasing the cost of landscape change studies by
shortening the time required to evaluate data. Numerous designs and kinds of ANNs
have been created; the majority of them are PC-based service domains. Using the
ArcGIS Network Analyst add -on, you can locate service regions around any network
site. A network service area is a region that comprises all accessible roadways (that
is, routes that are within defined impedance) (that is, streets that are within specified
impedance). In contrast to the Google Maps application, the 5-minute service area for
a site on a network comprises all streets that can be accessed within five minutes

Traditionally, real estate prices were determined based on demand and supply. As
the real estate market was unregulated and underdeveloped, brokers and real estate
builders had an upper hand in determining the unit prices of residential houses in Abu
Dhabi. A pricing gap was eventually noticed. This was a challenge. There is a delay
in updating the real estate websites and portal information. Therefore, the need for
accurate forecasting of prices has become urgent. With a variety of use case scenarios
for machine learning concepts, this paper is dedicated to using the concepts of
machine learning to predict the real estate prices of Aldar in the Abu Dhabi region,
which comprises 511 residential units, 15 retail shops, and one community center.
Decision tree, random forest, support vector machines, and K-nearest neighbors
(KNN) algorithms were used to identify which one is better for forecasting these real
estate prices. Comparing the generated models, the random forest is the bestperforming
model, followed by support vector regression, and the decision tree model
is the least-performing model.

This article suggests designing an intelligent system to rehabilitate criminals in
smart cities, which consists of two categories: the first category suggests a “smart
social system," which suggests managing the behaviors (good or bad) of individuals
as the root of crime committing. To manage any criminal behavior, we proposed
electronic recording of the criminal behavior as the first step, then submitting the
criminal with its behavior under proposed rehabilitation theories as the second step
to examine the behavior enhancement. This rehabilitation system depends on the
prize-and-penalty principle. The penalty in this system is a suspended sentence with
community services and fines instead of prison punishment. The second proposed
category is constructing the smart system techniques by automating the proposed
“smart social system” as a part of the smart police organization under the smart city.
The methodology suggests working as a training system to submit the criminals that
should be going to prison in standard cases under the proposed rehabilitation system
process within a specific period. The proposed system suggested three categories of
behaviors into which a prisoner may fall; he might fall into the category of "very bad
people," where he needs to go to prison due to his worst actions. Second, he might
fall into the "very good person" category, so this system suggests his prison
punishment is now over and he is now free and can be released because he has
enhanced his behavior. whereas the third category is the gradual process of a person
whose actions lie in between these two characteristics; for this scenario, our
proposed system suggests that this person needs rehabilitation and training to
improve his behavior.
A uniform crossover for the genetic algorithm has been implemented to check the
performance of the proposed system. Thus, this could be very useful in improving
the crime-preventing systems of the population in smart cities

By definition, the detection of protein complexes that form protein-protein interaction
networks (PPINs) is an NP-hard problem. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), as global
search methods, are proven in the literature to be more successful than greedy methods in
detecting protein complexes. However, the design of most of these EA-based approaches
relies on the topological information of the proteins in the PPIN. Biological information,
as a key resource for molecular profiles, on the other hand, acquired a little interest in the
design of the components in these EA-based methods. The main aim of this paper is to
redesign two operators in the EA based on the functional domain rather than the graph
topological domain. The perturbation mechanism of both crossover and mutation
operators is designed based on the direct gene ontology annotations and Jaccard similarity
coefficients for the proteins. The results on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae PPIN provide
a useful perspective that the functional domain of the proteins, as compared with the
topological domain, is more consistent with the true information reported in the Munich
Information Center for Protein Sequence (MIPS) catalog. The evaluation at both complex
and protein levels reveals that feeding the components of the EA with biological
information will imply more accurate complex structures, whereas topological
information may mislead the algorithm towards a faulty structure.

Deep learning (DL) plays a significant role in several tasks, especially
classification and prediction. Classification tasks can be efficiently achieved via
convolutional neural networks (CNN) with a huge dataset, while recurrent neural
networks (RNN) can perform prediction tasks due to their ability to remember time
series data. In this paper, three models have been proposed to certify the evaluation
track for classification and prediction tasks associated with four datasets (two for each
task). These models are CNN and RNN, which include two models (Long Short Term
Memory (LSTM)) and GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit). Each model is employed to work
consequently over the two mentioned tasks to draw a road map of deep learning
models for a variety of tasks under the control of a unified architecture for each
proposed model.

Many of the radio telescope's wireless sensor networks operate outdoors, where
changing weather might impact their system performance. Therefore, it is necessary
to explore the climatic and topographic factors that affect the quality of the radio
link to mitigate its impact and adapt to different conditions. In this study, the effects
of the region's topography and climate on the strength of the radio signal were
studied. Besides studying the effects of the soil of the area and land flatness on
determining the optimal location for erecting a radio telescope in Iraq within four
governorates (Nineveh, AL-Anbar, Al-Najaf, and Al-Muthanna). Data from relevant
ministries and a digital map dataset for the area's topography with dimensions of 4
km x 6 km were used. The obtained results, via applying the SWOT model, showed
that the best Iraqi area for erecting a radio telescope (LOFAR) among the selected
regions according to the atmospheric parameters, such as air temperature, relative
humidity, and wind speed, and other conditions such as transportation, the security
component, number of buildings, population, and communication towers was Al-
Muthanna governorate. It is considered the best radio zone for observing radio
signals.

The goal of this paper is to show the kinematic characteristics of gaseous stellar
dynamics using scaling coefficient relationships (such as Tully-Fisher) in different
spiral galaxies. We selected a sample of types of spiral morphology (116 early, 150
intermediate, and 146 late) from previous literature work, and used statistical software
(statistic-win-program) to find out the associations of multiple factors under
investigation, such as the main kinematic properties of the gaseous-stellar (mass,
luminosity, rotational speed, and baryons) in different types of spiral galaxies. We
concluded that there is a robust positive connection between Log Vrot.max.) and Log
Mstar(B-V), as well as between Log Vrot.max. and Log Mbar (B-V) in three types of spiral
galaxies (early, intermediate, and late), with a sharply negative relationship found
between ???????????????????? (???? − ????) and Log MB in addition to the relationship between Log Mbar
(B-V) and Log MB, with the partial correlation coefficient (R ≈ - 0.85) in all the
different types of spiral galaxies. Our results indicated that for early and intermediate
kinds of spiral galaxies, the baryonic disk mass and the maximum rotational speed fit
best with the formula Mbar (B-V) ≈ 60V4
rot.max., but this relationship seems to be
stronger in late-type spiral galaxies with Mbar (B-V) ~ 60 V5
rot.max . Whenever the
observable stars and atomic hydrogen gas were taken into account, several scientific
facts show that additional extremely massive baryon stores are virtually probably
present in late spiral galaxies

The data fusion process includes merging two or more pieces of information
obtained from different sensors. Satellite image fusion research aims to create a new
image by combining two images captured by different sensors using various
methodologies. In this research, image sharpening tools were used to combine a
hyperspectral image with a low spatial resolution captured by a Hyperion sensor
mounted on the Earth Observation 1 (EO-1) satellite with a grayscale high spatial
resolution image captured by Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) sensor
mounted on Landsat-8 (resampling first one to ensure equal spatial resolution of both
images). In addition, three techniques were adopted for implementing the Fusion
mechanism: the Principal Component Analysis PCA, the Nearest Neighbor Diffusion
NNDifuse, and the Gram-Schmidt method; these were used to sharpen hyperspectral
data using high spatial resolution. The result showed that the Gram-Schmidt method
could give Hyperspectral images with higher spectral and spatial resolution in
panchromatic image data more accurately than the other methods.