Iraqi Journal of Science

Merging galaxies provide an excellent laboratory for investigating several physical properties related to the merging processes. In this research, high-resloitulo
12CO (J= 1 – 0) data of the molecular gas was reported in the merging galaxy VV114 from the Atacama Large Millimetre/Sub-millimetre Array (ALMA) to study some of the physical hcstshtetuctuhc at the sub-kpc scale. Infrared (IR) data from the Spitzer Space Telescope was used to determine the star formation rate (SFR) and were compared with the properties of the molecular gas. The molecular gas map was divided into 12 regions with a scale of (500 – 600) pc in the CO (1 – 0) integrated intensity and velocity dispersion map. The findings showed a low value for the index of the star formation law for both northeast VV114E and southwest VV114W regions, this may be due to a strong turbulent pressure that could restrict star-formation activity in galaxies at hundreds-parsec scales, causing the Kennicutt-Schmid (KS) law power index to reduce. A significant positive correlation between CO (1 – 0) luminosity surface density and velocity dispersion. The correlation between the SFR surface density and the velocity dispersion was moderate for the VV114E and strong for the VV114W.

Ozone (O3) occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere, and at ground level is a dangerous pollutant hurts plants and lung tissue and it’s a major component of smog. The purpose of this study to analyze the time series, trend, and spatial-temporal changes of monthly Relative Humidity (RH), Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and O3 in Iraq using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) ascending AIRS3STM data during 2003 - 2021. The time series over six stations (Mosul, Sulaymaniyah, Khanaqin, Rutba, Baghdad, and Basra) have been analyzed and showed similar changes and fluctuation in O3 and OLR. The results of the study obtained were: minimum (decreasing, January–December) and maximum (increasing, May–August), and the mean and standard deviation were (0.044±0.003 ppmv) for O3 and (298± 22 Wm-2) for OLR during the study period. During December to February, the highest RH values were recorded, while the lowest RH values occurred from June to August. The monthly mean and standard deviation of RH was (28.66±29.54 g/kg). Further O3 trends revealed negative results in their annual series over all stations, except for Khanaqin and Basra, which had a positive trend. The O3 concentrations were consistently connected with other meteorological variables (the O3 has a negative correlation with RH and a beneficial correlation with temperature). The O3 spatiotemporal maps showed recorded the highest values recorded in April and May over Mosul and Sulaymaniyah (0.055–0.057), and in December, at middle and southern regions (Baghdad and Basra), there were the lowest O3 value (0.033). These results were due to meteorological and geographical factors. The results showed the efficient use of AIRS data to analyze the variations and distributions of atmospheric factors over different regions. In addition, AIRS observations can be used to obtain atmospheric, climatic, and environmental scientific reports and analyses for large, regional, and global regions and for long, continuous periods.

In this paper, plasma will be generated in a laboratory as a simulation of what happens to spacecraft when they enter the atmosphere of Earth. Parameters of plasma generation were determined in terms of pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mbar and generation energy 200 W. The parameters of the generated plasma were calculated using the optical emission spectroscopy two intensity ratio method, and the electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and plasma frequency were calculated. Compare the results with the actual results, electron temperatures were 2.26–1.71 eV and plasma frequency 8.09 x1011-6.7x1011 at 0.1-0.5 mbar pressure.

Dust storms are a common ecological occurrence in many world‘s countries, mainly in dry and semi-dry parts. Dust storms tremendously influence human health, the environment, the climate, and numerous social aspects. In this paper, spatial and temporal analysis, metrological triggers, and trajectory, dust exporting areas of a severe dust storm that occurred in Iraq on May 16, 2022, were investigated. The dust storm's backward trajectory was determined using HYSPLIT model, which is then compared with MODIS and Meteosat satellite images. The weather is then analyzed using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis model, and the approximate area of these sources was determined using Landsat 8 satellite image classification method. The results revealed that the HYSPLIT model trajectory of the dust storm agreed with MODIS and Meteosat satellite visuals. The primary dust storm sources and their areas are identified. The first source is from the shared border region between Syria (Rif-Dimasshq) and Jordan (north of Al-Ruwaished), with an area of about 775 km2. The second is from the northwestern regions of Iraq, specifically north of Anbar and south of Nineveh, with an area of about 905 km2.

An Estimation is a direct summation that can produce new data from past measurements. In this study, we confirm the possibility of using the (WEKA) program in estimating the monthly values of some climatological parameters and investigate the influence of the time series' length parameters on the accuracy of estimation for selected regions of Iraq. Satellite data were used, which represent the monthly values for each of the minimum and maximum temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity for the 1981 – 2021 time period, the absolute error rate (MAE), and the square root of the error rate (RMSE) with the correlation
( R2) are also identified to test the confidence of the prediction. Using (WEKA) software, which depends only on the time series of the parameters in the estimation, 12 months were estimated for the mentioned parameters. The estimated values by WEKA were close to the satellite data, thus we can depend on the software as a good source of meteorological data. Also, the study indicates that the time series' length strongly affects the accuracy of the estimation, as the increase in the time series of weather parameters increases the estimate's accuracy, and this increase fluctuates among parameters and varies from one region to another.

Wind energy harnesses the kinetic force of the wind through turbines to produce electricity. As a critical renewable energy source, it presents a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The availability of wind energy is geographically contingent. This paper aims to pinpoint optimal sites for wind energy development in Iraq and to secure future energy needs from renewable sources to achieve this, a multi-criteria analysis utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was employed to determine the prime locations for wind energy extraction. Vital climatic data incorporated into this analysis included a RASTER file of the study area's annual wind speed, temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) roads, urban centers, terrain gradients, and land utilization patterns were instrumental in constructing a GIS-based model. This model harnessed the weighted overlay tool within ArcGIS 10.7.1's Spatial Analysis Tools to classify and integrate various raster datasets. Findings reveal that the most favorable locations for wind energy exploitation are in Iraq's southeastern sectors. These zones are not only marked by vigorous winds averaging speeds over 6.2 meters per second but also benefit from their proximity to power grids, accessible roads, and gentle slopes, making them prime candidates for wind farm installation. The research also notes that regions with a high suitability index for wind energy development constitute 5.3% of the total examined area. This is a robust indicator of Iraq's capacity for wind energy utilization. Meanwhile, 79.7% of the territory received a moderate suitability rating, 9.5% was categorized as poorly suitable, and 5.4% was considered unsuitable for wind energy projects. These insights underscore the significant potential for harvesting wind energy in Iraq and guide strategic planning for its implementation.

In this work, a comparative analysis for the behavior and pattern of the variations of the IF2 and T Ionospheric indices was conducted for the minimum and maximum years of solar cycles 23 and 24. Also, the correlative relationship between the two ionospheric indices was examined for the seasonal periods spanning from August 1996 to November 2008 for solar cycle 23 and from December 2008 to November 2019 for solar cycle 24. Statistical calculations were performed to compare predicted values with observed values for the selected indices during the tested timeframes. The study's findings revealed that the behavior of the examined indices exhibited almost similar variations throughout the studied timeframe. The seasonal variations were adopted to examine the cross-correlation between the studied indices. The seasonal correlation between tested indices demonstrated that the two indices are highly correlated to each other, with determination coefficient (R2) values ranging from 0.991 to 0.998 during solar cycle 23 and from 0.996 to 0.998 during solar cycle 24. Furthermore, the results of the comparative analytical study revealed that the mathematical correlation equation between the tested indices could be described as a first-order polynomial equation. The proposed mathematical correlation formula for these two indices exhibited a high level of accuracy and good fit between observed values and generated datasets for all seasons during both solar cycles 23 and 24.

The present work aimed to make a comparative investigation between three different ionospheric models: IRI 2020, ASAPS and VOACAP. The purpose of the comparative study is to investigate the compatibility of predicting the Maximum Usable Frequency parameter (MUF) over mid latitude region during the severe geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2015. Three stations distributed in the mid latitudes were selected for study; these are (Athens (23.50o E, 38.00o N), Jeju (124.53o E, 33.6o N) and Pt. Arguello (239.50o W, 34.80o N). The daily MUF outcomes were calculated using the tested models for the three adopted sites, for a span of five day (the day of the event and two days preceding and following the event day). The calculated datasets were compared for each location with the observed daily MUF values. In general, the findings show that the three investigated models gave good outcomes compared to the observed values for all selected stations. The comparative investigation results of the three tested models corresponding to the observed MUF values during the storm event revealed that the IRI 2020 Model indicate a clear impact of the geomagnetic storm on the predicted MUF values during the day of event. Similarly, for ASAPS Model, the storm\'s impact is clear on both the day of the event and the subsequent day, in contrast, the VOACAP model showed almost no impact of the geomagnetic storm on the o

In this work, the impact of different geomagnetic storm events on the plasma
sphere layer (ionosphere layer) over the northern and southern hemisphere regions was investigated during solar cycle 23. To grasp the influence of geomagnetic storms on the behavior and variation of the critical frequency parameter of the F2 ionospheric layer (foF2), five geomagnetic storms (classified as great, severe, and strong), with Disturbance storm time (Dst) values 100 nT were chosen. Four stations located in different mid latitude regions in northern and southern hemispheres were designated, the northern stations are: Millstone Hill (42.6° N, 288.50° W) and Rome (41.90° N, 12.50° E) and the southern stations are: Port Stanley 51.60° S, 302.10° W) and Grahamstown 33.30° S, 26.50° E). The findings of this study showed that during events of 16 July 2000 and 24 August 2005, the negative storms cause a noticeable reduction in the values of the foF2 parameter at the northern hemisphere stations compared to those at the southern hemisphere. These outcomes are consistent with the results of the examining the variation of D(foF2) and the electron density depletion during the tested event times at all stations except in Rome, where minor enhancements in foF2 value were observed during the August 24 2005 storm. During equinox storm events occurring on March 31 and November 6 2001, a noticeable negative impact of storms was observed across all stations. However, at Millstone Hill and Port Stanley stations, the results showed a slight positive storm impact during the October 21, 2001event.

This study presents an evaluation of the achievability and execution of transitional orbits for spacecraft transitioning from a high eccentricity Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to a circumlunar orbit, with the point of distinguishing the foremost proficient and ideal trajectory while considering variables such as velocity and required fuel. Transitional orbits have a role in space exploration, and optimizing their characteristics can enormously advantage mission planning and spacecraft design. A numerical simulation model was developed to attain this objective, A gravity perturbations effect is included in the calculation of the transition. The model utilized progressed numerical integration strategies for exact trajectory analysis.
Three cases were examined to investigate the impacts of varying eccentricity and the argument of perigee on the ideal transition, In the first case, eccentricity values of [0.001, 0.01, 0.1] were inspected, whereas the argument of perigee was fixed at 80 degrees. Within the second case, the argument of perigee values of [80, 170, 260] was considered, with the eccentricity fixed at 0.1. The third case included at the same time varying the eccentricity and argument of perigee values. The results showed that the three cases agreed the most favorable transition occurred when eccentricity was set to 0.001 and the argument of perigee was set to 620 degrees. This produced a velocity increase of 2.195694 km/s, which is the lowest increase in ΔV, a metric used to measure fuel efficiency and power required. This finding also demonstrated the lowest change in eccentricity, the lowest change in inclination, and the lowest change in the ascending node, all of which are indicative of increased orbit stability.

This paper aims to study the rate of star formation (SFR) in luminous infrared galaxies at different wavelengths using distance measurement techniques (dl, dm) and to know which methods are the most accurate to determine the rate of star formation as we present through this research the results of the statistical analysis (descriptive statistics) for a sample of luminous infrared galaxies. The data used in this research were collected from the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) and HYPERLEDA, then used to calculate the star formation rate and indicate the accuracy of the distance methods used (dl, dm). Two methods were tested on Hα, OII, FIR, radio continuum at 1.4 GHz, FUV, NUV, and total (FUV + FIR). The results showed that the dl measurement method has the most accuracy in calculating SFR as it depends on the redshift where the relationship between them is direct. while the other distance method (dm) depends on absolute blue magnitude (MB), it was somewhat less accurate, but the two methods are helpful for this type of calculation.

The accretion circumstellar disk of young stars and the Brown dwarf plays an essential role in the formation and evaluation of the planet. Our main work in this paper is to investigate the geometrical shape model for the protoplanetary disk around one of the Brown Dwarfs. The photometric measurements for the brown dwarf CFHT-BD-Tau 4 were extracted from the Vizier archive. We used a numerical simulation to build a model of the spectral energy distribution of our target CFHT-BD-Tau 4. The spectral energy distribution model was fitted with observational data for the brown dwarf CFHT-BD-Tau 4. A transitional disk has been assumed around CFHT-BD-Tau 4. We obtained physical properties of the two disks and the size of the gap between them by fitting the SED. The gap in the protoplanetary disk proves that a planet formation process occurred around the Brown dwarf.

This study aims to investigate the features of stellar-gaseous kinematics and dynamics mass using scaling coefficient relationships (such as the Faber–Jackson relation (FJR)) of two samples of elliptical and lenticular galaxies. These two samples of 80 ellipticals and 97 lenticulars were selected from previous literature works. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences )SPSS( and Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) program were used to find out the associations of multiple factors under investigation such as main kinematic properties of the gaseous-stellar (effective radius Re, surface density within the effective radius (Ʃeff) , stellar mass in the blue band (Mstar (B)), gas mass ( Mgas), dynamic (Mdyn) and baryonic (Mbar), supermassive black holes masses (MBH) in the elliptical and S0 galaxies. We concluded that the experimental relations between (Log Mbar (B) - Log Mdyn (B), Log Mbar (B) - Log MBH) have a robust correlation of ~1, and the slope appears to be more linearly (Slope ≥1) for both types of galaxies (Ellipticals and Lenticulars). This paper also noted that the empirical convergences between Log Σeff (B) and Log Mdyn have a strong high regression relationship of ~1. The slope appears to be approximately linear ~1 in the lenticular galaxies, but there is no relationship between Log Σeff (B) and Log Mdyn in the elliptical galaxies. Due to the strong impact of dynamical rotation on elliptical galaxies, it is interestingly believed that they are objects under turbulence and originate from interactions and mergers with galaxies in a spiral shape.

The proposed framework can capture realistic spatiotemporal variations in
atmospheric turbulence parameters based on local meteorological conditions, such
as Fried's parameter r0, isoplanatic angles θ0, seeing ε, scintillation rate
, and the
wavefront coherence time τ0. Those parameters have been deduced from the
refractive index structure parameter
2
n C
Two Iraqi locations were compared,
specifically the middle and southern borders, and atmospheric turbulence parameters
relevant to astronomical observation were measured, lines were drawn at latitudes
34.26° and 28.31°, respectively. The methodology included collecting
meteorological data from both sites and performing numerical simulations based on
atmospheric turbulence parameters. According to the criteria of air turbulence, the
results showed that the middle of Iraq was better than the southern location for
astronomical observation.

The research involves examining the influence of partial solar eclipse on the strength of neutral hydrogen from the Sun. Baghdad University Radio Telescope (BURT) was used to monitor the partial solar eclipse on the 25th of October, 2022. Radio observations from the Sun were recorded from 11:30 AM to 03:36 PM. This means that the HI emission from the Sun was recorded before, during and after the event. It was noticed, that at the moment of maximum eclipse, ~ 46% of the Sun’s disk was covered by the Moon. For the purpose of this research, the solar radio wave intensity was monitored and the solar flux density was determined at different times, i.e. before, during and after the partial solar eclipse. The obtained results showed that both of the solar flux and power spectrum decrease with the progress of the eclipse until the moment of maximum eclipse, i.e. the moment at which the minimum values of solar flux density and antenna temperature were recorded (7 × 104 Jy and ~ 80 K). Then, at the last moments of the partial eclipse, it was noticed that both parameters started to increase again due to the decrease in the area of the Sun’s disk until both reached their normal values. In Conclusion, the partial solar eclipse affects the strength of neutral hydrogen from the Sun because the Moon blocks the neutral hydrogen from the Sun during the solar eclipse.

The study of sitology has a long historical background and has recently attracted the attention of many researchers. One of its most important branches is the location of fire stations, which are of great importance in major cities. One of the most important features of an appropriate location is increasing coverage and reducing access time. In this research, geographic information systems were used to choose the most appropriate sites on the Al-Rasafa side in the city of Baghdad/Iraq to facilitate access to the scene of the accident as soon as possible from the fire stations and through the use of the geographical database of the city of Baghdad. GIS analysis was used to build the mathematical model that was adopted based on a number of criteria, including land use, distance to commercial malls, government and educational institutions, hospitals, and distance from existing fire stations. A weight was given to each of these criteria using the Overlay Weighted tool from spatial analysis in geographic information systems to determine the most appropriate areas. Then the road network was added to the criteria used, and then the selection was made on the areas close to the main roads, so the search results were to determine the best sites in Al-Karrada, Al-Sadr City, and Al-Adhamiya.

In this work various correlation methods were employed to investigate the annual cross-correlation patterns among three different ionospheric parameters: Optimum Working Frequency (OWF), Highest Probable Frequency (HPF), and Best Usable Frequency (BUF). The annual predicted dataset for these parameters were generated using VOCAP and ASASPS models based on the monthly Sunspot Numbers (SSN) during two years of solar cycle 24, minimum 2009 and maximum 2014. The investigation was conducted for Thirty-two different transmitter/receiver stations distributed over Middle East. The locations were selected based on the geodesic parameters which were calculated for different path lengths (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000) km and bearings (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) using a Matlab program that was designed and implemented for this purpose. Depending on the investigation results of the cross-correlation, a third order polynomial equation provides a better representation of the correlation between the tested parameters. Also, the annual values of the HPF, OWF, and BUF parameters were predicted using the proposed mathematical correlation equations. These equations were confirmed by comparing their results with the observed datasets for the studied years. Several statistical methods were used to validate the presented data, all of which gave good results for all tested cases. Also, contour plot diagrams were used to visually illustrate the annual average distribution pattern of the tested ionospheric parameters for all geodetic factors for the minimum and maximum years of Solar Cycle 24.

Array antennas have an interesting role in the radio astronomy field. The array antennas allow astronomers to obtain high resolution signals with high sensitivity to weak signals. This paper estimates the meteors\' positions entering the Earth\'s atmosphere and develops a simulation for array antenna radar to analyze the meteor\'s echoes. The GNU radio software was used to process the echoes, which is a free open source software development toolkit that provides signal processing blocks to implement in radio projects. Then, the simulation determines the azimuth and elevation of the meteors. An improved Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm has been suggested to analyze these echoes. The detected power of each meteor echo has a Doppler frequency shift due to the high speed of the meteors, which impacts the accuracy of the Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation. The Doppler shift was considered in this simulation, and the results showed that the suggested method has low complexity and high resolution and can estimate the meteors\' position with the minimum error.

This paper aims to study, the process of satellite transition between different orbits and evaluate the characteristics of the turbulent transitional orbit of transferring a satellite from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to geostationary orbit (GEO) (hp=35790km). The measurements in this research involve considering different LEO characteristics of perigee heights (h_p=200, 400, 600,800) and eccentricities (e=0.01, 0.05 and 0.1), whereas the inclination is fixed to be (i= 23.445 degree).Also, the transfer of the satellite was studied in two stages. The first stage was from the perigee of the first orbit at height 200 km, to the apogee of the second orbit at height 945 km with eccentricity (0.01). the second stage, was the transition the satellite from the perigee of the second orbit at height 800 km to the final orbit (GEO) with the same eccentricity. Two types of turbulence were considered which are atmospheric drag and perturbation (Geopotential acceleration The perturbing acceleration effects on satellite due to the Earth’s gravity potential represent as function of J2 parameter). A program in MATLAB was designed to calculate the speed that for the transition, time and the ratio mass change, which represents the percentage of fuel as well as the extent of the effect of turbulence on the orbital elements of the transitional orbit.
The perturbed equation of motion was solved using Runge–Kutta method. The results showed that the increase altitude, the lower ΔV(velocity required to transition), where the ΔV at altitude of 800 km was the best results, reaching (2.244 km/sec). As for the transition in two stage, it may need a higher energy for the transition, as the difference between it and the direct phase in (ΔV= 0.011 km/sec). As the height of the initial orbit increases, the effect of the disturbance on the orbital elements of the transitional orbit decreases, and since the transition time is less than half a day (0.44 day), the effect of the disturbance is clear, so it cannot be neglected.

Several studies have been made to understand the behavior of Total Electron Content (TEC) in the topside of the ionosphere during two types of geomagnetic storms. The aim of this research is to examine the ionospheric disturbances using the TEC parameter during the great and severe geomagnetic storms that occurred during the period (28 30 October 2003). Theexamination was conducted for the region,includingIraq and surrounding areas that cover the area (latitude 27 39oN; longitude 27 54oE). TEC data were obtained fromthe Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), to determine the type of geomagnetic storm, the Disturbance storm time (Dst) index was gathered for the selected days from the website Koyota, Japan WDC.Fromthe results,it wasfound that there was a good relationship between Dst indexand TEC parameter values. There is a discrepancy in observations recorded about TEC values during the period of geomagnetic storms.There were significant enhancements in the values of TEC during storms; however, there was an anomaly when the storm continued for several hours during the day, there was a highly broad increase in TEC from sunrise to sunset. Moreover, when two types of storms occurred, two peaks or more appeared, and they remained for one event, or even for more than one day. Comparisons between the observed TEC and the predicted values were applied in order to check the validity of the IRI
20 ionospheric model during the storm time above the mid latitude studiedareas;it found that there is a non linear correlation between them within24 hours and three days, so the model wouldneed some modification in the future to be suitable for the Iraq region during storm time.

Understanding the motion of celestial objects is essential for space exploration. Observing the new crescent Moon requires advanced technological devices due to the moon’s position in the atmosphere and the refraction of sunlight on the horizon. Nowadays, theodolite and telescope applications are commonly used for new crescent moon sightings because they offer superior visibility compared to the naked eye. In Sarawak, the Falak Section holds the authority to observe the new crescent Moon to determine the beginning of the Hijree month. Thus, this study aims to examine the development of devices to observe the new moon crescent in the Sarawak Mufti Department. Qualitative methods are employed, involving the perspectives of astronomers and data on new crescent Moon observations using the observation devices in the Falak Section. From 1997 onwards, the Sarawak Mufti Department had three theodolites and seven telescopes specifically for new crescent moon observations. Additionally, there are 22 recorded data of new crescent Moon sightings using these devices. These findings indicate a direct correlation between the observation devices and the potential visibility of the new crescent Moon in Sarawak. This study will benefit the Sarawak Mufti Department in evaluating suitable devices for new crescent Moon observations, whether acquiring new devices or selecting devices for new crescent moon observations.

The two galaxies, UGC 8335 (East) E and (West) W, were investigated through the utilization of photometric and spectroscopic approaches, employing g, r, i, and z filters to gather the maximum amount of details feasible; the observed data ware obtained using the data releases (DR7 and DR17) provided by "The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)." Subsequently, the data were fitted to ellipsoids through the utilization of "the Images Reduction & Analysis Facilities (IRAF)" through implementation of the STSDAS ELLIPS tool. Multiple characteristics of the two galaxies UGC 8335 E and W, have been scrutinized, including surface brightness, magnitudes, both vertical and horizontal changes, accumulated flux, central axis position angles, ellipticities, isophotal shape parameters (B4), and star-forming rates (SFRs), together with their astronomical characteristics. The UGC 8335 galaxy pair has been confirmed to be an interacting pair that exhibits significant indications of interaction and is undergoing a merging process. Furthermore, this combination is categorized as an intermediate galaxy pair and represents a physical set with refined star formation rates.

Light isotopes, especially closed shell nuclei, have significance in thermonuclear reactions of the Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO) cycle in stars. In this research, 12C(p, γ) 13N and 14N(p, γ) 15O reactions have been calculated by means of Matlab codes to find the reaction rate across a temperature range of 0.006 to 10 GK using non-resonant parts, as well as the astrophysical S- factor S(E) at low energies. It was concluded that the high binding energy of 12C and 14N nuclei make the reaction less probable thus enabling other competitive processes to develop, which enhances the probability of other competitive proton reactions in the CNO cycle.

This paper gives a dynamic analysis of the recently identified calibration parameter (NRSK) in the distance modulus equation for all celestial planets. The parameter NRSK has been applied for seven different comets from the Kuiper-Belt region: (1P/Hally, C/2023 E1 (ATLAS), 23P/Brorsen-Metcalf, 20D/Westphal, 12P/Pons-Brooks, 13P/Olbers, and C/2022 P1 (NEOWISE)). This was accomplished by programming data from the Live Sky program from previous years. It is determined that each comet has a distinctive NRSK that distinguishes it from other comets and that this parameter does not equal one. According to the data, the seven comets' average NRSK is (2.53 for 1P/Hally, 2.561forC/2023 E1 (ATLAS), 2.57 for 23P/Brorsen-Metcalf, 3.07 for 20D/Westphal, 4.11 for 12P/Pons-Brooks, 4.12 for 13P/Olbers, and 3.07 for C/2022 P1 (NEOWISE).

Since the beginning of mankind, the view of the sky was present through observations with the naked eye, then it developed with time, and the sciences and tools of astronomical observations developed, including photometric measurements, which reached a high degree of accuracy in describing various cosmic phenomena, including the study of galaxies, their composition, and the differences between them, and from here the importance of this study emerged, to determine the differences between two distinct types of classification of galaxies, which are normal and barred spiral galaxies, where two galaxies NGC 4662 and NGC 2649 were chosen that represented certain types of galaxies to study the morphological structure of the two galaxies, as well as the photometric study of the composition of the two galaxies, where a contour map was drawn, as well as finding the values of the photometric variables of the two galaxies, including the position angle, the ellipticity and B4. A fitting was made for the two galaxies to show the fundamental difference in composition, through which the basic differences between two known types of galaxies could be identified.