Iraqi Journal of Science

Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to pose a significant global health concern,
warranting increased attention. This metabolic disorder is influenced by various
factors, such as lifestyle, diet, environment, and genetics. While several approaches
have been developed to address the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, current
treatments remain inadequate and necessitate further improvement. In this study, our
objective was to assess the potential antidiabetic efficacy of anthraquinone
glycosides present in rhubarb (specifically physcion diglucoside and aloe-emodin-8-
glucoside) as potential inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. We
employed an in silico study to evaluate their inhibitory properties. The
computational prediction was performed included the target protein, ligands
retrieval, and preparation. Furthermore, the molecular docking process was
conducted to assess the interaction between the target protein and ligands.
Subsequently, data visualization and analysis were performed. Various indicators
were evaluated, including the characteristics of the target molecule and drug
candidates, binding affinity scores, interaction positions, types of chemical
interactions, amino acid residues involved, hydrophobicity, formation of hydrogen
bonds, interpolated charge, and ionizability. These comprehensive evaluations
provided valuable insights into the molecular interactions and potential efficacy of
the tested compounds. In this computational study, we demonstrated that the both
rhubarb anthraquinones, physcion diglucoside and aloe-emodin-8-glucoside, have a
great potential as antidiabetic agent by inhibiting the action of the sodium-glucose
cotransporter-2. Thus, the inactive the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 can prevent
the excessive number of glucose plasma level in type two diabetes mellitus people.

Celiac disease (CD) is a serious autoimmune disease that occurs in people who eat
gluten, leading to damage to the small intestine and nutrients that cannot be properly
absorbed into the body. The study population consists of 140 female participants, 100
of whom have CD at reproductive age and are matched with apparently healthy
females of the same age. The study was carried out in the Chemistry Department at
the University of Baghdad and Baghdad Educational Hospital (Baghdad, Iraq). The
present study aimed to evaluate the effect of CD on iron indices in females who have
anemia and others who do not. Iron, unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), Total
iron binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, transferrin, and Complete blood count (CBC)
were measured. According to the study findings, 28(28%) of the female patients had
Hb equal to or greater than 12, while 72(72%) of them had Hb less than 12.
Hematological indices also revealed numerous significant differences (P<0.05)
between the patient and control groups. The iron indicators of the patients were
measured and revealed significant variations that indicated the presence of iron
deficiency anemia. Iron, ferritin, and Transferrin were decreased in patients compared
to the control group, while TIBC, UIBC, and transferrin were increased. This study
demonstrated that the majority of newly diagnosed female CD participants had Hb
levels less than 12, as well as low iron and ferritin levels. Hematological indices also
indicated iron deficiency anemia.

In the current study, the effect of concentration on the viscosity of formic acid, acetic acid, and propanoic acid in an aqueous solution is investigated. The apparent molar volume (ϕv) was specified from density measurements at 298.15 K. A restrictive apparent molar volume ϕv˚ under unlimited dilutions of these carboxylic acids has been determined based on Masson's equation. The B and A coefficients for viscosity have been determined using viscosity data for the Jones-Dole equation for all studies, and a positive value of the B-coefficient indicates strong solute-solvent interaction. The modified Jone-

As infertility became a significant public health problem, assisted reproductive
technologies (ART) were introduced. The study aims to investigate infertility in
women undergoing their IVF cycle, the role of FMS like Tyrosine kinase 1, and other
associated factors causing infertility, as well as the relationship between FMS like
Tyrosine kinase 1 and the IVF outcome. The study population consisted of 136
infertile women who sought medical help at Kamal Al-Samarra'ay Specialized
Hospital for infertility treatment. The collection of data was performed by means of a
specifically designed questionnaire, which, apart from the demographic data, included
questions concerning the causes of infertility. According to the reasons for infertility,
the patients who participated in our research were classified into five groups. The
study showed that, by comparing the groups, the success rate of IVF was the highest
when the causes of infertility were male factor, unexplained, mixed, PCO, and tubal
factor. Additionally, the study showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the level of
FMS-like Tyrosine kinase 1, number of embryos, repeated IVF cycles, and embryo
transfer (E.T.) between infertility groups. Our study concluded that the clinical
parameters were closely associated with IVF outcomes, which could provide
information for future clinical interventions to increase successful rates. Our research
revealed that FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 has a role in infertility; the greater the value,
the higher the success rate. Furthermore, the findings show that there is a close
association between FMS-like Tyrosine kinase 1 level and IVF success, and it can be
used as a valuable marker to confirm the extent of IVF failure or success.

In this study biofilm matrix proteins (BMP) were isolated from bacterial biofilm
and incorporated in a delivery system (liposome) to stimulate an immune response
against virulent pathogens. The specimens were cultured and identified depending
on morphological and biochemical tests . Around 67.74% of isolates were found to
be biofilm formers. The immunomodulatory activity revealed that BMP-liposome
vaccine and BMP vaccine significantly increased chemokine CXCL5 levels in sera
of rats in first and second doses. The concentration of total WBCs count,
neutrophils, and lymphocytes also increased. In rats groups that had received BMPliposome
vaccine, the challenge test revealed high immunogenicity and effective
protection. It can, therefore, be concluded that BMP-liposome are a promising
nanomedicine for regulating biofilm hyper-reaction. They may, however, cause
tissue inflammation. On the other hand, it appeared to be helpful in activating the
immune response at moderate levels, allowing infection to be eradicated without
tissue damage.

The current study aimed to detect Giardia lamblia subtypes that infect children
under 13 years and determine the association of subtype infection with some risk
factors as age, gender, and residence.
Triosephosphate isomerase gene from the positive microscopic samples was isolated.
To confirm infection and the sensitivity of this gene, DNA in one negative and some
positive samples were confirmed when amplified using β-giardin gene primers.
From the 66 samples positive by microscopy, 65 tested positive by molecular assay
of the triosephosphate isomerase gene with 98.4% sensitivity. While 37/65 (56.9%)
represented subtype B, 23/65 (35.4%) represented subtype A, 5 (7.6%) represented
A+B, while there was no E subtype. A subtype A in asymptomatic children exceeded
10/25 (40%) compared to 13/40 (32.5%) in symptomatic children. The proportion of
B subtype among symptomatic children was higher than that of asymptomatic
children (57.5% and 56% respectively). There was no significant difference between
the subtype presence and gender, age or residence. Subtype A was higher in the watery
diarrhoea samples than in the steatorrhea samples. On the contrary, B subtype was
higher in the steatorrhea samples than in watery diarrhoea.
Use of the gene triosephosphate isomerase showed a high sensitivity for molecular
detection of Giardia spp. Children could be infected with both groups A and B
subtypes. The study did not record any presence of subtype E. No significant
difference between genders, age groups or place of residence was recorded.
Symptoms and diarrhoea were insignificantly associated with subtype B.

Despite the development of vaccines and a decrease in severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections cases, there is a constant concern
about the occurrence of new waves during the coming winter, according to the
World Health Organization. This study aimed to investigate the outbreak of the
SARS-CoV-2 in patients with severe acute respiratory infections and influenza-like
illnesses during Omicron variant infections in Iraq between January 2022 and
August 2022. The real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRTPCR),
as the standard diagnostic protocol, was performed to analyze the
nasopharyngeal swabs of 1879 people with acute respiratory and influenza-like
illnesses. Of a total of 1879 participants, 520 (27.7%) showed confirmed infection
with SARS-CoV-2 and the peak of infection was during winter season in January
and February, and June during the summer season with a statistically significant
difference. Males showed an 8% higher infection rate than females but without
statistically significant differences. Among the positive cases 31-40, 21-30 and 41-
50 age groups were the most affected with a highly statistically significant
difference. The positive rate of infection was higher in Baghdad Governorate/Al-
Rusafa district and Erbil Governorate with a highly statistically significant
difference. The results of this study could help in monitoring the spread of the virus
to put health professionals and officials in the Ministry of Health and the
government to take precautionary measures to avoid the emergence of a new wave
of disease in Iraq.

Chitosan is a biodegradable natural polymer with many advantages such as
nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The current study aimed to
evaluate the role of chitosan in reducing or regulating liver disorders caused by high
fructose.concentration. The study was performed on thirty-two Wistar male rats,
weighing between 195-200gms. These rats divided into four groups: control group
which was kept on distill water, group 2 (G2) dosed with 40% fructose, group 3
(G3) dosed with 250 mg/kg of chitosan and group 4 (G4) dosed with 40% fructose
and 250 mg/kg chitosan. After four weeks of study the blood samples were taken by
heart puncturing and then all animals were sacrificed and specimens from liver
were taken and homogenized for Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and superoxide
dismutase (SOD) determination. Liver tissues blocks were prepared by paraffin
method stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Highest concentration of
ALT, AST, ALP, and SOD was detected in group G2 while serum albumin level
decreased in rats in that group. We also found clear histological disorders in the liver
of rats of this group. A reduction in the liver damage in G4, as the role of chitosan
(G3) in improving liver function was proven by converging the level of the studied
indicators from its counterpart in the control group. It can be concluded that chitosan
is a successful protective agent for liver function: as it reduced hepatic impairment
resulting from the use of fructose.

Genetic and epigenetic factors affect chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment
response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of two
TET2single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs34402524 and rs2454206) with
CML incidence and response to imatinib mesylate (IM) treatment. Blood samples
were collected from fifty CML patients (25 responders and 25 non-responders) and
50 healthy controls.Genotyping of TET2 gene rs34402524and rs2454206 was done
by qualitative real-time PCR-based genotyping methods. The results of the present
study revealed a significant increasein risk association of TET2 rs34402524 and
rs2454206 heterozygous genotypes (TG) and (AG) with CML incidence and
significant increased risk association of TET2 rs34402524 heterozygous genotype
(TG) with non–responsiveness to IM treatment in CML patients.This study revealed
a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) of TET2 gene rs34402524 and rs2454206
SNPs among CML patients and controls and the haplotype G-G was significantly
associated with a 2.475fold increased risk for CML incidence.In conclusion, both
TET2 gene SNPs (rs34402524 and rs2454206) heterozygous genotypes(TG) and
(AG) associated with increased risk of CML incidence and the heterozygous
genotype (TG) of TET2 gene rs34402524 SNP associated with increased risk of non
–responsiveness to IM treatment in CML patients. Both studied TET2 SNPs
(rs34402524 and rs2454206) could be used as markers for predicting response to
imatinib in CML patients.

This study aimed to demonstrate the biosynthesis procedure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-O NPs) by using extracellular components from environmental isolates of Escherichia coli as reducing and stabilizing agent by adding 1 g of zinc sulfate to 10 ml of bacterial extract to prepare of zinc oxide nanoparticles. These organic pollutants are considered one of the most important causes of poisoning that have great health risks to humans and are also considered one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants as they are toxic and harmful to the environment. The optimum condition for Zn-O biosynthesis was characterized through several devices and techniques such as ultraviolet- visible (UV-Vis) Atomic force microscope (AFM) X-Ray diffractometer (XRD) Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In particular, a cut-off phenomenon of the biological synthesized Zn-O was found at around 325 nm using UV-Vis, while spherical shape particles were noticed using FE-SEM techniques. Also, the results of the AFM analysis revealed that Zn-O NPs have an average diameter of 37.15 nm. Determining the FTIR spectrum of the biosynthesized Zn-O nanoparticles showed Zn-O at the broad peak at 694.33 cm.

Melatonin (MEL) appears to have a regulatory role in vascular tone through
enhancing endothelial-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) and modulation of calcium
(Ca2+) influx in both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and vascular
endothelial cells (VECs). While, such effects on angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7)
vasoreactivity in the vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) remained unclear.
Therefore, the current study investigates the vasculoprotective action of MEL on
Ang 1-7 dose response curve (DRC) via Ca2+ channels and EDRFs in streptozotocin
(STZ)–induced diabetes mellitus (DM) in male albino rats’ isolated aorta. The
present study included four experiments. Experiment I, included measurement of
tunical intima-media thickness and the histological examination in non-DM, STZinduced
DM and STZ-induced DM treated with MEL. Experiment II included the
measurement of the isometric tension using Ang 1-7 DRC with or without NG-nitro-
L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor in the studied
groups. Experiment III included the measurement of the isometric tension using Ang
1-7 DRC with or without indomethacin (IND), a non-selective cyclooxygenase
(COX) inhibitor in the studied groups. Experiment IV included the measurement of
the isometric tension using Ang 1-7 DRC with or without nifedipine (NIF), a
voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels blocker in the studied groups. The present
study found that, MEL demonstrated protective effects against vascular stress
through multiple mechanisms. These actions collectively contributed to the
maintenance of vascular health, preservation of endothelial function, and prevention
of vascular diseases. Also it modulated vascular response to Ang 1-7 by either
antioxidant properties or Ca2+ vasomotion.

Gram-positive enterococciare opportunistic and resistant to many antibiotics.
This study aimed to investigate the presence of Enterococcus spp. in our community
and whether these isolates are resistant to the macrolides class of antibiotics. Fifty
isolates from 112 clinical samples were recognized as Enterococcus spp. and
confirmed using Vitek-2 system. The current study found that 50/112 (44.6%)
represented the total isolates, 38/50 (76%) of which were Enterococcus faecalis,
while 12/50 (24%) were Enterococcus faecium, twenty (40%) isolates from root
canals and 30 (60%) isolates from urine were isolated. The sensitivity of the
enterococcal isolates to various macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin and
clarithromycin) antibiotics was determined by using the disk diffusion approach.
Later, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for erythromycin and the most
resistant drug among this group were investigated using the agar dilution technique.
And then molecular detection for mef gene was done using two specific primers via
PCR technique. The current findings revealed high resistance rates to macrolide
antibiotics which were reported in 21/50 (42%) of total isolates and at significant
levels of MIC values for most isolates (57%). And as for the PCR results, it was
negative for mef gene in all tested isolates.

In this study, the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide (ZNo NPs) was evaluated.
ZnO NPs are considered as one of the many multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles
with potent antibacterial properties. ZnO NPs were synthesized from the Lyngbya
sp. extract.Following the green synthesis method,several other methods were used to
characterize the biologically produced ZnO nanoparticles, including X-ray
diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), atomic
force microscopy (AFM), and UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis).The AFM
results showed 52.09 nm diameter as an averagesize of ZnO NPs, while the shapes
of NPs were irregular as revealed through the FE-SEM image.Also, using UVvisible
a cut-off phenomenon of the biological synthesized ZnO was found to be
around 265 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs at 0.05, 0.025, 0.0125,
0.0062, 0.0031 and 0.0015 gm/mlconcentrations were also tested on both
Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (Grampositive
bacteria). The results demonstrated the inhibitory effects of ZnO NPs on S.
aureus at0.05,0.025,0.0125, and 0.0062 gm /ml with inhibition zone of 10 ,9 ,8 and
6 mm respectively.While the E. coli results showed a growth inhibition at 0.05,
0.025, 0.0125 and 0.0062 gm/ml concentration treatments of ZnO NPs, represented
by 22, 20, 18 and 10 mm of inhibition zone respectively.

The opportunistic multidrug resistance pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has
one or several flagella, and the numbers of these sophisticated machines are
regulated by the flagellar regulator gene FleN. The flagellar hook gene FlgE is
important for its synthesis, motility and tolerance to antibiotics. Bacteriahave
resistance to antibiotics, especially to cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotics. For the
current study, 102 clinical specimens were collected and identified using routine
laboratory tests and confirmed by Vitek-2 compact system. A total of 33 isolates of
P. aeruginosa were identified. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done by the
Vitek 2 Compact system. Flagellar gene detected by conventional PCR revealed that
the FleN gene existed in 26 (78.8%), of which fifteen isolates were MDR. Whereas
the FlgE gene existed in 20 (60.6%), of which fourteen isolates were MDR bacteria.
The FleN gene expression in five isolates done by RT-qPCR revealed that four
isolates were down regulated, and one isolate was up regulated in FleN gene
expression when treated with ceftazidime at sub-MIC. While all isolates were
downregulated when treated with amikacin at sub-MIC.

The study aimed to address the global challenge of cancer-related fatalities by investigating the feasibility of identifying or predicting the early-stage presence of three distinct forms of cancers, colon, thyroid and urothelial carcinoma, via the analysis of raw DNA sequences. The data, sourced from the NCBI database, underwent a series of pre-processing techniques, including kmer analysis, under-sampling and count vectorization. Subsequently, machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression and multinomial Naive Bayes, were implemented on the pre-processed data with logistic regression demonstrating superior accuracy of 80.10% with calibration and 78.54% without calibration. To enhance the model's extrapolative capabilities, the logistic regression model was further calibrated utilizing the sigmoid method. The final model was deployed through the utilization of the open-source streamlit package

Nickel-doped manganese–magnesium ferrite (NixMn0.25-xMg0.75Fe2O4) was
prepared using the auto-combustion method. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a
single ferrite spinel phase in all the prepared samples. The crystallite size ranged
from 24.30 to 28.32 nm, increasing with increasing the Ni content. The porous
structure of all the samples was verified with a scanning electron microscope. FESEM
images were used to confirm the production of spherical or semi-spherical
nanoparticles with little change in particle size distribution. The study revealed that
the nanoparticles were small enough to behave superparamagnetically. According to
the magnetic tests conducted with the VSM at room temperature, the hysteresis loop
region is practically non-existent, indicating typical soft magnetic materials. In
addition, the conductance responses of the magnesium ferrite nanocomposite were
measured by exposing it to the oxidizing gas (NO2) at different operating
temperatures. The results showed that the sensor with the nano ferrite sample of (x =
0.20) has a good sensitivity of 707.22% as well as response and recovery times

Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by polymerization via the chemical oxidation
of aniline monomer with ammonium persulfate as the initiator. The interfacial
polymerization method was used to prepare PANI/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4] polyionic liquid (PIL). The obtained PANI/
[BMIM][BF4] PIL was investigated by the XRD, EDX, SEM, FTIR, and UVVisible
characterizations. X-ray diffractogram of PANI showed five prominent
characteristic peaks at 27.1°, 24o, 21.8°, 19.8°, and 18.2°. This demonstrates the
semi-crystalline character of the polyaniline produced through the interfacial
polymerization process. Incorporation of [BMIM][BF4] into PANI reduced the
crystalline phase and enhanced amorphicity. From the EDX pattern, several
elements appeared in this test; oxygen had of the highest weight percentage of
54.2%. The SEM image showed a clear hierarchal porous structure with nano-sticks
particles and forms a cross-linked framework between PANI and [BMIM][BF4].
From FTIR spectra of PIL, a prominent absorption peak at 3163.26 cm-1 was noted
because of the N-H stretching vibrations present in the polymer. The UV-Vis spectra
for PANI/[BMIM][BF4] polyionic liquid showed three peaks between 200 and 1060
nm. These bands result from π → π* and n → π* transitions, which are related to the
excitement absorption of benzenoid and quinoid groups.

Petrophysical evaluation of well logging data is crucial for exploring and
improving oil and gas reservoirs. This involves obtaining reliable information about
the rocks and fluids in the reservoir to estimate reserves and make informed
decisions about drilling, production, and development strategies. In this study, data
from six wells in the Matruh-Shushan Basin were evaluated using Log Quality
Control procedures. Two zones of interest, Lower and Upper Safa members, were
identified, and quantitative interpretation was conducted to determine the most
effective parameters defining reservoir quality: Shale Volume, Effective Porosity,
and Water Saturation. Results were positive, with promising net pay for both
reservoirs. Numerical models and statistical methods were used to account for data
uncertainties and provide reliable estimates of reservoir properties. The study
highlights the significance of correct interpretation in successfully exploring and
producing hydrocarbons.

This research aims to assess trace elements of contamination by agricultural soils
in the Al-Haye district. Soil samples were collected from a selected agricultural area
near the banks of the Tigris River, and trace elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, CR, Cu,
Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn, Zr, Pb, Se, V, Zn, Zr), pH, electrical conductivity,
and organic matter were identified in soil samples. The pH of the soil sample ranged
between 7.7 and 7.6, which is equivalent to the pH of the sub-alkalis (7.3). The
organic matter content is 1.8433%; this range of organic matter is between 1.56 and
1.98. The average soil conductivity was 995.37 ug/cm. The level of trace
contamination was found in soil samples as follows: Fe> Mn> Ba> Cr> Ni> Zr > V
> Zn > Cu> Pb> Co> Ag >Cd> Hg> Se. Soil samples contained concentrations of
Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni much higher than the global average of unpolluted soil
concentrations. In contrast, only half of the zinc samples exceeded the calculated
average global average of the unpolluted soil, and lead had values within the
international level of the unpolluted soil. The study area needs an environmental
management system to manage and treat soil pollution in urban areas.

Injection logging tools (ILT) have long been used in the industry to evaluate well
performance and make strategic decisions. This case study validates the application
of ILT in diagnosing anomalies and evaluating well-injection performance. An
injector in Iraq's southern oil fields has three perforations, each in a different zone
(commingled injection). Throughout the ILT job interpretation, at the flow pass
analysis, according to the spinner recording, the first zone perforation takes all the
injected water confirmed by the temperature sensor. While in the shut-in pass, the
temperature sensor detects an anomaly, a cooling effect, on the entire first zone, not
just in front of the injection perforation; there is also a cooling effect across the last
perforation that is supposed to take nothing based on the spinner record at the
flowing pass. Considering the interpretation, the whole first zone was connected
vertically, with good rock quality, which made it cold by the effect of injected water.
Also, a small amount of injected water goes to the other perforation, less than the
value the spinner can detect. The downhole profile confirmed the perforations
contribution.

Soil index properties are used to calculate and determine the geotechnical
properties of soils and then determine soil suitability for the construction of
engineering projects. Most of the geotechnical properties of soil affect each other
directly or indirectly, and these properties can be utilized as indicators to calculate
other properties.
In the present study, some soil index properties were used to identify the
geotechnical properties of soil. According to the unified classification system for
soil, most soils were classified as low and high plasticity hilt. In addition, the soils
showed a medium to a high degree of expansion according to the values of the
Atterberg limit and were generally considered inactive clay soil. Based on the
Standard Penetration Test values, consistency index, and compression index, the soil
was stiff to extremely stiff and had high to extremely high compressibility. Finally,
the results showed the need for soil for some engineering works, such as
stabilization and modification, before the construction of engineering projects.

The water quality of the Tigris Channel at Al-Taji area were studied in both
periods (August, and March, 2022). Eight samples were collected from Tigris
channels to investigate water quality and parameters such as electrical conductivity
(EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Temperature (T), hydrogen number (pH), Total
Hardness (T.H), as well as significant cations (Ca2+, Mg 2+, Na+, and K+), significant
anions (CO3
2-, HCO3
-, Cl- and SO4
2-) and Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, Ni and Cr).
The results show that the maximum value of EC is 1182 (μS/cm) in Ch3 in the dry
period, while the lowest value of EC is1105 (μS/cm) in Ch1 in the wet period. The
hydrochemical formula of water samples in both periods is CaCl. In this study, the
dominating cation is Ca2+, followed by Na+, Mg2+, and K+
, whereas the dominant
anion is Cl-
, followed by SO4
2-, HCO3
-, and CO3
-. According to Piper's illustration,
all water samples that fall in class (e) are arranged together for both periods (wet and
dry) "Earth alkaline water with a higher percentage of alkali and a sulfate and
chloride predominance." Finally, the WQI is rated excellent for the wet Tigris
channel and good water for the dry Tigris channel.

The main objective of this topic is to define new types of filters in ???? −algebra,
such as ???? −filter and complete ???? −filter. Some theorems that establish the link
between these filters were also presented and validated. Any ???? −filter in ???? −algebra
is shown it is a complete ???? −filter. Furthermore, regular ???? −algebra is demonstrated
as a new class of δ −algebra. Additionally, this study introduces two new concepts
such as complete ???? −ideal and ???? −normal. Also, any ???? −normal in regular
???? −algebra is demonstrated that it is a ???? −subalgebra. In addition, the connections
between the complete ???? −ideal and the ???? −subalgebra is investigated. However,
some instances are provided to clarify and bolster our results and findings.

The major objective of the present paper is to study and investigate certain new
class of generalized metric spaces namely, ????∗-symmetric spaces which is
generalization of both ????∗-metric space and G-symmetric space. Moreover, employ
the idea of the (E. A) property to establish the uniqueness of common fixed points of
two pair of occasionally weakly compatible (OWC) maps under effect generalized
contractive conditions in ????∗-symmetric spaces. Our main outcomes are
generalization of various results of common fixed point theorems in the literature. In
addition, we are equipping diverse convenient examples that support our major
results.

We introduce a new flexible distribution four-parameter which is called
[0,1]Truncated Exponentiated Exponential Burr type X distribution ([0,1] TEE-BX).
Using binomial series expansion and exponential expansion, the new distribution is
expanded by four parameters. We derive moments, moment generating function,
quantile function, order statistics and the Rényi entropy. The maximum likelihood
estimation method is used to estimate the parameters of the proposed TEE-BX
model [0,1]. Finally, using two real-world data sets, the performance of the [0,1]
TEE-BX distribution is explored. Based on the certain goodness of fit criteria, we
conclude that the [0,1] TEE-BX distribution has a better fit than the other
distributions.

This paper introduces a novel concept of soft semi-continuous function known as
a soft ????????-continuous function, as well as some of its properties. The
interrelationships of this newly defined soft function with other types of soft
continuous functions are investigated. We prove some important characterizations
and derive some of the properties of these soft functions under the soft composition
of soft functions.

The string almost gentle algebras (SAG-algebras) are studied in this paper.
Generalizing the properties of string almost gentle algebras has also given. Let ???? =
???? ????
????
be the string almost gentle algebras, with quiver ???? and admissible ideal ???? of
algebra. We show that the radical of string almost gentle algebras ???? can be written
as a direct sum of uniserial modules. After that the quiver ????∗ is constructed from ????
and an extension of the quiver ???? is showed. Also, the quiver ????∗ which is a quiver
of trivial extension of string almost gentle algebras ???? has been studied.
Consequently, the relations ????∗ of algebra ????∗ =
????????∗
????∗ have been described. As well as,
we will show that the algebra ????∗ =
????????∗
????∗ is an extension to string almost gentle
algebras. Furthermore, we describe the trivial extension of string almost gentle
algebras ????, we prove and that the trivial extension of ???? is isomorphic to the algebra
????∗.

In this paper, we conduct an investigation into a novel subclass of bi-univalent
functions within the unit disk. The introduced subclass incorporates the generalized
Srivastava-Attiya operator and satisfies specific quasi-subordination conditions.
Through this study, the researchers determine the coefficient estimates |????2| and |????3|
for functions within these subclasses and unveil new results by applying the operator
to this particular subclass. The implications of these findings extend to complex
analysis, number theory, and other branches of mathematics. Overall, this research
significantly contributes to the theory of quasi-subordination of bi-univalent
functions and enhances the understanding of the diverse applications of the
Generalized Srivastava-Attiya Operator .

This paper proposes and studies an ecotoxicant system with Lotka-Volterra functional response for predation including prey protective region. The equilibrium points and the stability of this model have been investigated analytically both locally and globally. Finally, numerical simulations and graphical representations have been utilized to support our analytical findings.

The conformable Sumudu-Elzaki Transform Decomposition Method CSETDM is
used in this research to handle the approximate numerical solutions for the regular
and singular one-dimensional conformable Fractional Coupled Burger's Equation
CFCBsE and the Nonlinear Singular Conformable Pseudohyperbolic equation
NSCPE. This method is generalized in the sense of conformable derivatives.
Essential results and theorems concerning this method are discussed. Some
numerical examples are given to exhibit the proposed technique's viability,
applicability, and effortlessness.

In this paper we introduce the concept of ????????????????-approximately 2-absorbing submodule
(shortly EATA) as a generalization of ???????????????? 2-absorbing sub-module ,
where A proper sub-module N of an R-module Μ is called an EATA sub-module if
for all f, g ∈ EndM, x∈ M, f∘g(x) ∈ N implies the f 2(x) ∈ N or g2(x) ∈ N or f 2 ∘ g2
(M) ⊆ N. Many basic properties, characterization and examples of this concept are
given.

The purpose of this paper is to define Bi- Hom Γ-Lie algebra, Lie triple Hom Γ-
derivation on Bi- Hom Γ-Lie algebra (????, [. , . ]???? , ????1, ????2)and Jordan triple Hom Γ-
derivation on Bi-Hom Γ-Lie algebra (????, [. , . ]???? , ????1, ????2), Also to study the relation
between Lie triple Hom Γ-derivation and Jordan triple Hom Γ-derivation on Bi-
Hom Γ-Lie algebra (????, [. , . ]????, ????1, ????2).

In this work, the pseudoparabolic problem of the fourth order is investigated to
identify the time -dependent potential term under periodic conditions, namely, the
integral condition and overdetermination condition. The existence and uniqueness of
the solution to the inverse problem are provided. The proposed method involves
discretizing the pseudoparabolic equation by using a finite difference scheme, and
an iterative optimization algorithm to resolve the inverse problem which views as a
nonlinear least-square minimization. The optimization algorithm aims to minimize
the difference between the numerical computing solution and the measured data.
Tikhonov’s regularization method is also applied to gain stable results. Two
examples are introduced to explain the reliability of the proposed scheme. Finally,
the results showed that the time dependent potential terms are successfully
reconstructed, stable and accurate, even in inclusion of noise.

In this article, the lattice Boltzmann method with two relaxation time (TRT) for
the D2Q9 model is used to investigate numerical results for 2D flow. The problem
is performed to show the dissipation of the kinetic energy rate and its relationship
with the enstrophy growth for 2D dipole wall collision. The investigation is carried
out for normal collision and oblique incidents at an angle of 30°. We prove the
accuracy of moment -based boundary conditions with slip and Navier-Maxwell slip
conditions to simulate this flow. These conditions are under the effect of Burnettorder
stress conditions that are consistent with the discrete Boltzmann equation.
Stable results are found by using this kind of boundary condition where dissipation
of the kinetic energy is found to be proportional to ????????−1 in the first regime and it is
∝ ????????−0.5 in the second part of the regime as expected. An excellent agreement with
the benchmark data is observed.

In this paper, we discuss estimating the fuzzy parameters of the Exponential-
Rayleigh distribution using the Progressive Censored sample for the Rank Set
method to become the proposed Rank Set Sampling estimation Method (RSSEM) in
Censoring sample using the Newton-Raphson method to determine the parameter
estimate values. Then utilizing Al Karkh General Hospital-Ministry of Health and
Environment in Iraq for providing information about the actual data for COVID-19.
To ascertain the Chi-square test was used. The distribution of the using sample is the
Exponential-Rayleigh distribution. (ER). Then, we estimate the probability density
function, hazard function, and survival function. To follow the estimation of the
parameters and ER distribution's fuzzy parameters, we use the suggested approach.
Moreover, to find the efficiency of the estimators, we use the mean square error of
the survival function:

Image fusion is the process of combining multiple images to obtain one image
with complementary information. Hence the importance of multimodal medical
image fusion, which aims to obtain all the important information in one image to
improve diagnosis in the medical field. The wavelet transform is a mathematical tool
for multi-resolution analyses where the images are decomposed into a series of
subbands. Wavelet transforms have a good representation of the original images.
The averaging fusion rule and shift variance in the discrete wavelet transform, on the
other hand, make the image that comes out of fusion under the wavelet transform
blurry or of low quality. In this paper, two novel methods have been presented to
improve the quality of the multimodal medical image fusion-based wavelet
transform. The efficiency of the proposed methods has been measured using three
metrics, all of which prove the efficiency of the proposed methods compared to the
standard wavelet methods.

Quantum computing is described as a process by which a system calculates
output. Quantum physics usually refers to the smallest discrete unit of any property;
the basic unit of data in quantum is the qubit; this qubit unit is equivalent to the bit
unit in classical neural networks. Quantum deep learning combines quantum
computing with deep learning to reduce training time for neural networks, which has
proven effective in solving some intractable problems on classical computers.
Quantum deep learning has proven effective in solving some intractable problems
on classical computers. A quantum network can benefit from quantum information
flow because it is a more efficient framework than classical systems. Each quantum
deep learning consists of a quantum gate. In this review, we provide a
comprehensive review of recent studies that include different quantum deep learning
applications, including healthcare, handwriting, and many others. Also,
methodologies, problems, main datasets, results, strengths, limitations, and
challenges are included in this review.

The accuracy of the Bag of Features (BoF) is greatly affected by the
discriminatory power of feature extraction techniques. This paper presented a
proposed method designed to find the best features technique for constructing a BoF
model according to the image classification. It consists of four stages: feature
extraction, where detectors and descriptor feature techniques have been exploited to
generate different BoF models. Each BoF model is generated depending on what
detector and descriptor are used. The BoF models are constructed to represent the
images as feature vectors. The classification process is then performed on two image
datasets. Finally, the efficiency of BoF models is analyzed and evaluated with
respect to the accuracy of their classification performance. Experimental results
indicated that the best level of accuracy was provided by the proposed BoF model
with the KAZE features method. The results also showed that the BoF model with
Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) was superior to other feature methods in
terms of execution time, which was 0.01218 seconds. Moreover, the BoF model
generated by the SURF detector combined with the KAZE descriptor achieved a
high level of accuracy of 0.99 and kept the time complexity low (0.01948 seconds).

Nowadays, almost everyone is glued to their phones. It turns out that the fear of
being without your phone has a fancy name: nomophobia. Researchers can now
analyze our phone usage using data mining techniques to determine how much we
rely on them. They can monitor everything from screen time and social media
activity to email habits and app addiction. This information assists us in
understanding the impact of technology on our daily lives and may even lead to new
interventions or treatment options for those who suffer from nomophobia.
Nomophobia, like addiction, progresses through multiple aspects such as initiation,
affirmation, need, and dependency. It also manifests in a variety of ways, including
socially, physiologically, and physically. The study goal is to look into the
nomophobia patterns of the Iraqi academic population (professors, students, and
employees) at the University of Baghdad. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey
design was used to collect data between 17th October, 2021, and 1st October, 2022.
The sample for this study consists of 305 participants. A sociodemographic data
sheet, Internet usage profiles, and a nomophobia questionnaire are used to collect
information. Thus, data mining techniques have been used to analyze the collected
data, hence the concluded results emphasize that there are two major patterns
(students group that are annoying during inability to find information on a mobile
phone, inability to use it, and inability to check it, and panic when they consume out
the credits or hit the monthly data limit, awkward because they couldn't check their
notifications for updates from their connections and online networks, subsequently
they would feel weird because they would not know what to do). They exhibit
nomophobia, and all the examined individuals have acceptable impacts of
nomophobia

To examine the total mass of the merging galaxy NGC1614, the findings of this
paper are presented in the CO(3-2) transition using the Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The total mass of the NGC1614 galaxy is
determined in this study within a radius of 0.5 kpc, which is based on the line-ofsight
rotational velocity. According to the findings, the total mass is about
(2.8±0.08)×109 M⨀. The derived mass of NGC 1614 is an important feature to
know its mass distributions and dynamical structure. The latter might be a key to
study the missing matter mass and stellar mass, where baryonic mass and missing
matter in each galaxy become affected by the approaching galaxy during the merger.

The United Nations classified Iraq as one of the most vulnerable countries to
climate change. Temperatures continue to rise leading to more heat waves, droughts,
sandstorms, and desertification. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of
heat waves over Iraq from 1982 to 2050 using CMIP6 model at RCP4.5 scenarios.
The results clearly showed that the effects of climatic changes were evident in the
maximum and minimum temperatures inside Iraq. Average temperature increased of
1.9°C between 1982 and 2020. During 1999, there was a sharp increase in summer
days for all stations. The annual number of summer days for the stations (Basra,
Nasiriyah, Baghdad, Rutba, Sulaymaniyah, and Mosul) was (195, 193, 177, 108,
106, and 142), while in 2039 the number of summer days was found to be (212, 206,
194, 143, 144, and 149), respectively. The increase in the number of discrete heat
wave events began in 2020 and will continue until 2050 for almost the entire
territory of Iraq. The warmest day in Basra was in July 2016 with 53.2°C, while the
projection of the warmest day was found in July 2046 with 55.7°C. The coldest daily
temperature reached -5.03 °C for Baghdad in 1997 and -10.1°C for Sulaymaniyah in
1985, while the projection of the coldest day was -16.2°C over Sulaymaniyah in
2039. The trend of the number of days contributing to cold wave events was
decreasing for all stations whereas the coldest year for all stations was 1992 for the
entire period (1982 to 2020). Heat waves accelerated from the beginning of the
study period in 1982 and continued to increase until the end of the study in 2050 in
Iraq.

An autoclave is a device for sterilizing medical and surgical tools in hospitals and
healthcare centers. The lack of electric power supply in some hospitals and rural
health centers, in addition to pollution caused by fossil fuels, reinforces the need to
search for other energy sources to operate the autoclave. Solar autoclaves can be
utilized as an alternative choice in such circumstances. This work describes the
effectiveness of the solar-powered autoclave, which is used for wet sterilization. The
device is designed from a parabolic dish reflector covered with mirrors that reflect
solar radiation toward the center of a focus for heating a vessel. It was found that the
highest value of the average energy efficiency was 19 % and the average exergy
efficiency was 2 % at 9:00 am and the lowest value of the average energy efficiency
was 1.5% and the average exergy efficiency was 0.4 % at 12:00 noon. The
effectiveness was tested against (pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, where the
highest values of steam temperatures for sterilization were recorded between 121 °C
to 122 °C. It was also found that the sterilization efficiency was 100 % under steam
pressure of 1.18 bar for every 30 minutes of the sterilization cycle for the periods
11:00 am to 11:30 am, 11:30 am to 12:00 noon, and 12:00 noon to 12:30 pm).

Drought is one of the challenges Iraq faced during this period, and the negative
environmental effects that are apparent due to climate change have become essential
topics that attracted the attention of urban planners. As the lack of rain and high
temperatures are among the reasons for the drought increase, especially in desert
areas, the Babil governorate was chosen as one of the governorates that suffered
from agricultural drought. Agricultural drought indices were analyzed and
monitored by downloading satellite images from the United States website for the
period 1995-2021, where the area of the Babylon governorate was 5119 ????????2. It was
used to calculate agricultural drought for 1999-2015-2021; climatic elements data
(temperature and precipitation) were taken for the same period. As it was found that
the Babil governorate suffers from severe agricultural drought; in 2021 amounted to
an area of 1982 ????????2, 32% due to a decrease in the rain and a rise in temperatures by
2 degrees compared to the general average, while the agricultural area amounted to
1263 ????????2, 27%, which is the highest rate recorded in 1999.

Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry-based unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAV) are considered one of the most effective non-destructive techniques to detect
features in archaeology. However, relying on only standalone-based
photogrammetric approaches is not always valid in revealing new archaeological
features and monuments. This study aims to verify the efficiency of the integrationbased
methodologies of SfM photogrammetry products to improve the detection of
new archaeological features in the non-excavated regions of the archaeological site
of Ur, south of Iraq. The methodology proposes an automatic workflow to extract 3D
topographic models such as Digital Terrain Model (DTM) by Agisoft Metashape
(MS) software and orthomosaic images as standard products for UAVphotogrammetry.
These have delivered the following Structure-from-Motion and
Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) algorithms using an optimized flight planning, data
capturing, and data processing pipeline. Stand-alone raster images derived from
photogrammetry, such as (slope images, hill shade rasters, etc.), have limitations in
archaeology compared to hybrid raster images in detecting covered and unrevealed
features. The methodology focuses on fusing multiple rasters extracted from DTM
using the QGIS software package analysis tools to detect features that may never be
detected from single standalone image rasters. This is because combining multiple
rasters of different parameters may highlight new potential features such as paths,
temples, etc. The results findings revealed that the fusion methodology of raster
images obtained from UAV-SfM Photogrammetry through its standard products and
using high precision settings could successfully help to identify many new
archaeological features in the undiscovered site in Ur, such as walls and houses,
which may date back to the late periods of Ur. The results concluded that this
enhances the role of photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques as nondestructive
excavation tools to provide a rich database for archaeologists for further
analysis and interpretation of undiscovered archaeological sites without destruction.
Many new archaeological features were also revealed, and a general digital map of
the site was prepared. It also prompts a review of the settlement theories in previous
studies in the ancient city of UR and the documentation of excavated archaeological
ruins.