Iraqi Journal of Science

This study includes the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole 3-12 on creatinine derivatives that have antioxidant and microbial properties. The reaction of creatinine with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol was successfully achieved to afford hydrazide derivatives 1,2. The desired 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 3-12 were obtained by the reaction of hydrazide derivatives with different aliphatic and aromatic acid derivatives in the presence of POCl3. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to determine the structures of some compounds. The antioxidant activity of compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12, and the antimicrobial activity of compounds 1, 5, 11, and 12 were tested in vitro and showed good results.

The study was designed to compare amylin hormone levels and some biochemical parameters in the serum of Iraqi patient with hypothyroidism (hypo) with and without Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study included ninety subjects and was divided into two patient groups: group I, which included 30 hypo without T2DM, and group II, which included 30 hypo with T2DM. Group III included 30 apparently healthy controls. The age range is 40-60 years. A significant increase in body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride (TG), amylin hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with hypo and hypo with T2DM (groups I and II) when compared to healthy controls (group III), and a significant decrease in the level of HDL in patient groups (I and II) when compared to healthy control groups. The amylin hormone receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed a clear cut-off value (45.304 and 2) when calculated in hypo with and without T2DM compared with control groups, respectively. While the ROC curve showed a clear cut-off value (50.661) when compared in hypo with and without T2DM groups. Amylin is a hormone marker of glucose homeostasis, so it may be surrogate novel biomarker for all other traditional biomarkers for the prediction of diabetes and thyroid dysfunction.

The Mannich base ligand was synthesized in an ethanol medium through a condensation reaction of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and ciprofloxacin at room temperature. Subsequently, several metal complexes of this ligand were prepared. To characterize both the base ligand and the metal complexes, various techniques were employed, including elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, molar conductivity measurements, magnetic moment determination, and melting point analysis. The results were shown that the metal complexes formed have the formula [Cr(L)2Cl2] Cl.H2O and [Rh(L)2(H2O)2] Cl3.H2O, where L= mannich base ligand. Based on spectroscopic analytical, coordination with metal ions involves the 'N' donor atom of mannich base and 'N' atom of piprizaing ring, and two complexes are A six-coordinated octahedral structure is suggested. Molar conductivity of these complexes showed that they were electrolytic in nature. In this study, the anticancer and antioxidant potential of the Mannich base ligand and its metal complexes were investigated against MDA-MB-231 cell lines and using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Moreover, the in vitro efficacy of the ligand and its complexes against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans, was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The results indicated that Cr (III) and Rh(III) complexes demonstrated the highest levels of cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cell lines, enhances antioxidant and antimicrobial activity more than the free ligand. These findings suggest that these metal complexes may have promising applications in the development of novel anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Recently, attention has turned to drugs like salicylamide for treating COVID-19. Several studies have reported simple, fast, and sensitive methods for measuring salicylamide levels. However, potential limitations remain regarding interference from other drugs and accuracy of results. To tackle this issue, researchers combined the standard addition technique with flow injection analysis. As part of this investigation, the reaction involving Fe (III), salicylamide, and 1,10-phenanthroline at a temperature of 55°C was examined using a spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 528 nm. Thus, the new design was able to show an excellent linearity over the concentration range of (2-30 μg/mL) and (25-300 μg/mL), with correlation coefficients (????2) of 0.9669 and 0.9781, respectively. In addition, physical and chemical variables were optimized to obtain the best results. There was a significant positive correlation between the new design and ????????????̈
???? NIR micro-spectrometers device (handheld) outcomes.

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to several conditions, including type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is an effect of type 2 diabetes on the association between vitamin D level, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles. The study was conducted at Al-Noamman Hospital, included 257 patients with type 2 diabetes and 40 healthy participants of both sexes with matching ages ranging from 26 to 80 years. The lipid profile, postprandial glucose (PPG), HbA1C, and serum vitamin D were measured. The results showed that 89 (34.6%) of diabetics have vitamin D insufficiency (less than 30 ng/mL). 155 diabetic patients (uncontrolled glycemic) with elevated HbA1C (9.07% ± 2.5), and from those, about 33.5% have vitamin D insufficiency; they are of age ≥ 55 years, 58.1% female, and 41.9% male, and they have a significant correlation (r = 0.17, P < 0.05) between HbA1C and vitamin D. All diabetic patients who are classified according to HbA1C subgroups have highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) among age and vitamin D; cholesterol with VLDL and LDL; and TG with VLDL. In controlled diabetes patients (HbA1C ˂ 5.7%), a highly significant correlation was found between HDL and vitamin D (r = 0.50, P ˂ 0.01(. We conclude that vitamin D level is highly significantly related to age and sex in diabetic patients who displayed highly significant dyslipidemia and were associated with 34.6% vitamin D insufficiency (significantly with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus patients).

This work includes the synthesis of new pyrazoline derivatives 5-13 over three steps starting from 1,3-indandione. The first step included the acylation of 1,3-indandione with acetyl chloride to produce compound 1 with excellent yield (90%). In the second step, the enolate form of 1 was condensed with various aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, and p-chlorobenzaldehyde) to afford the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives 2-4 in high yields (93-95%). The third step involved a reaction of 2-4 with hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, and p-nitrophenyl hydrazine to give the desired pyrazoline derivatives 5-13 in yields ranging from 70 to 83%. The structure of the synthesized compounds was verified through FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, a subset of the synthesized compounds underwent testing to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

The clinical application of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) measurement has been proposed in the prediction of qualitative and quantitative aspects of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The aim of this study is to investigate the role of AMH level and other influencing factors in the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. The study focused on AMH and its association with infertile women undergoing IVF. The population included in this study was 131 infertile women who sought therapy for infertility at Kamal Al-Samarra'ay Specialized Hospital. They were divided into three groups according to the level of AMH hormone; group A (0.5-1.5 ng/mL, n=52), group B (1.6-4 ng/mL, n=70), and group C (> 4 ng/mL, n=9). Data collection was performed by means of a specially designed questionnaire, independent of demographic data. It included questions related to infertility. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 26. Clinical parameters of infertile women, infertility hormones and their relationship with AMH, as well as FMS-like Tyrosine kinase 1 levels, were all investigated. The study findings revealed a significant difference in the concentration of AMH between infertile women (p<0.01). Our analysis further demonstrated that the level of AMH reduces with advancing age in infertile women. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the number of oocytes obtained and AMH levels in infertile women. Furthermore, the study found that AMH levels had an effect on clinical pregnancy outcomes. Specifically, the highest success rates for IVF were observed in women with normal AMH levels falling within the ranges of group B (6-4 ng/mL(. Additionally, the study demonstrated significant differences in AMH and TSH levels among infertile groups (p<0.05). Our study concluded that there is a significant correlation between clinical parameters and IVF outcomes, which can provide information for future clinical interventions aimed at improving success rates. Our analysis highlighted the role of FMS-like Tyrosine kinase 1 in infertility, where higher FMS-like Tyrosine kinase 1 levels were associated with higher success rates in IVF. The results indicate that the FMS-like Tyrosine kinase 1 level is a valuable marker for confirming the success or failure of IVF and can help determine the appropriate treatment plan.

In this study, the combined toxicity of cypermethrin and lead were investigated using molecular and biochemical parameters in albino mice. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were studied and used as indicators of toxicity. Comet test was also utilized to evaluate the mechanism of genotoxicity of cypermethrin, lead and the ) cypermethrin and lead) group. Albino mice were divided into eight groups and given intraperitoneal cypermethrin injections at 1.75 mg/kg/day and lead nitrate at 1.75 mg/kg/day, and combined doses of each one respectively. Blood samples were collected after two and four weeks. Cypermethrin raised AST, AL, BUN and creatinine levels as treatment time and doses rose, as did lead nitrate which elevated liver and kidney parameters in response to the toxicant. As evaluated by comet test molecular characteristics, the impact of cypermethrin and lead nitrate was an increase in DNA damage.

The present study aimed to identify Bacillus licheniformis in Iraqi environments and test their ability to degrade the pesticides usually used in agricultural fields. Three temperatures (25, 30, 35 oC) and pH values (5,7,9) were chose for this study, while three concentrations of above mentioned pesticide (600, 1200, 1800) ppm were used. 94% and 91% were achieved at pH values 9 and 7 at 35oC and 600 ppm.

Academic chemical laboratories (ACL) are considered public places the employees come in contact with a variety of pollutants. The aim of the current study was to detect heavy metals levels in the indoor air of ACL in two universities in Baghdad city and assess their levels in the academic employees’ scalp hair as biomarkers. Air samples inside ACL were collected to detect Fe, Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu. Scalp hair samples were collected from 40 adult chemical laboratory employees aged 30-60 years, who worked 5 days/week for 6 hours a day. Personal information relating to employees such as age, duration of exposure, smoking habit and sex, was collected as a questionnaire. The results of this study concluded that academic laboratory employees were exposed to high levels of heavy metals which was proven through the use of scalp hair; old ages, prolonged working periods, smoking habit have significant effects in increasing the levels of heavy metals in scalp hair, while the employees’ gender variation did not have a significant effect.

Klebsiella pneumoniae has become one of the most common etiologic agents in the context of recurrent UTI. Capsule is the earliest recognized factor determining bacterial pathogenicity. This study aimed to test the effects of staphyloxanthin, meropenem and a combination of them on capsule genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Eighty-eight gram negative bacterial isolates were collected from 150 urine specimens between September and November of 2022.after cultivation on MacConkey agar medium. Oxidase (negative) and catalase (positive) tests were performed. In addition, all isolates were found to be non-motile when their motility was further examined. The results presented that 77 (51.3%) could ferment lactose (lactose fermenter), while 30 isolates (20%) of them were confirmed as K. pneumonia. The antibiotics sensitivity test of (30) K. pneumoniae revealed that 28 (93%) of isolates were sensitive to meropenem, and about 20 (67%), 16 (53%), 8 (27%), 7 (23%), 5 (17%) and 4 (13%) were sensitive toward amikacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, cefepime, tetracycline and Augmentin respectively. S. aureus (producers of staphyloxanthin) isolates were taken; the staphyloxanthin pigment was extracted, purified by Millipore filter (0.22 mm). Conventional PCR results revealed the presence of galF gene (141 bp) in all eight tested isolates (100%). In addition, the wzi gene (177bp) was found in seven isolates (87.5%). According to the quantitative real-time PCR results, most treatments resulted in downregulation of galF and wzi genes expression, whereas some treatments resulted in upregulation

Due to its association with hepatocellular carcinoma and being one of the ten most common malignancies worldwide, hepatitis C viral infection has become a severe public health concern. Therefore, establishing an accurate, reliable and sensitive diagnostic test for this infection is strongly advised. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been created to achieve this purpose. The current study was established to investigate the hepatitis C virus among Iraqi patients with chronic renal failure and to detect the virus immunologically by the fourth generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique and molecularly by real-time PCR. As a result, out of 50 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis, 39 patients tested positive for anti-HCV IgG by ELISA test and only 9 patients of the total count tested positive and showed growth curves with copy numbers of 1×102, 2.5×102, 3×102, 2.7×103, 2.7×103, 3.5×103, 8.7×104, 3.5×105 and 5.5×106 copies/ml respectively detected for HCV only by real-time PCR. Therefore, real-time PCR is beneficial for precise viral load determination and detection of viral hepatitis in chronic renal failure patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious threat to global medicine as more than two million get CKD yearly. However, the understanding of DNA damage, DNA methylation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains elusive. The study goal was to establish whether homocysteine (Hcy), oxidative DNA damage (ODD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX3) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) could be used as a potential marker of CKD. Measurements of Hcy, ODD, and GPX3 levels were done by commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits of 60 patients with chronic kidney disease (age range 20-87 years) and 30 age-matched healthy controls. DNA extracted from blood of patients was used to evaluate the global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels by the MethylFlashTM methylated DNA quantification Kit (Epigentek, USA). Results indicated a highly significant rise in Hcy and ODD in CKD patients in contrast to the healthy controls group. Although GPX3 level reduced in CKD patients, there was no significant difference between the patients and healthy controls. This research results also revealed significant rise in global 5mC level in CKD patients in comparison to the healthy controls. There is a potential role of homocysteine, oxidative DNA damage and global 5mC to be used as a biomarker for the progression of CKD.

It has been revealed previously that chronic liver disease (CLD) may be associated to hormonal fluctuations. The current study, therefore, aimed to evaluate some hormones in CLD patients compared with non-CLD individuals. This case control study was conducted at Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Medical city, Baghdad, Iraq during December 2021 to May 2022. One hundred and twenty male patients with CLD (age:14-75 years) and 120 control males (age: 24-70 years) were involved in this study. Serum samples were taken from all individuals and were then analysed for many tests which included hormones (Cortisol, testosterone, prolactin, insulin and thyroid stimulating hormone TSH); biochemical analysis (Prothrombin time PT, international normalized ratio INR and albumin); liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase AST, alanine aminotransferase ALT, alkaline phosphatase ALP and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)) and interleukins (Interleukin 13 IL-13 and transforming growth factor TGF). Some hormones such as cortisol, prolactin and insulin significantly increased in CLD patients while other hormones (testosterone and TSH) significantly decreased in CLD patients compared with the controls. Results also showed significant increase in liver enzymes among CLD patients. These changes in the hormones and liver enzymes levels may be related with significant increase in INR and albumin which were significantly higher in CLD patients than in the control group. Finally, IL-13 increased significantly in CLD patients while no significant differences were noticed between CLD and control regarding TGF levels. It can, therefore, be concluded that hormonal imbalance can affect people with liver conditions. a

Many previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic importance of chondroitinase ABC encoded by the chABCI gene. This study, however, accomplished to determine some amino acids effects on the chABCI gene in Proteus mirabilis to regulate chondroitinase production. A total of 57 (96.61%) isolates of Proteus mirabilis and two (3.39%) isolates of Proteus vulgaris were obtained from clinical specimens. The impact of amino acids on bacterial growth was assessed by gauging the turbidity of the nutrient broth using a spectrophotometer. Two isolates of P. mirabilis were treated with amino acids and their effect on the gene expression of the chABCI gene was studied using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. L-tyrosine and L-serine significantly increased bacterial inhibition (p < 0.05), while L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-cysteine and glycine didn’t significantly affect P. mirabilis growth (p > 0.05). Also, gene expression increased significantly (p < 0.05) for chABCI with varying degrees when treated with these amino acids in addition to L-serine. Whereas L-tyrosine had a significant effect in reducing gene expression (p < 0.0001). It can, therefore, be concluded that amino acids significantly affect the gene expression of chABCI, either by increasing or inhibiting it.

This study looked at the amount of tropane alkaloids in both the leaves of the mother plant and the callus cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. It also looked at how biotic elicitation affects the growth of callus cultures and increases the production of alkaloids. The investigation identified and quantified three primary tropane alkaloids (Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, and Atropine) from both sources. Remarkably, the callus cultures exhibited obviously higher levels of alkaloids in comparison to the leaves of the mother plant, implying their potential as a valuable reservoir for alkaloid production. Concerning the effects of biotic elicitation, the study showed that the application of chitosan (CHT), yeast extract (YE), and fungal extract of Trichoderma asperellum yielded a substantial decrease in callus weight when contrasted with the control group. This decrease became more pronounced with escalating concentrations of the elicitors. In terms of alkaloid synthesis, a clear correlation between the concentration of bio stimulants and tropane alkaloid levels was established. Particularly, CHT elicitation displayed the most pronounced enhancement in levels of tropane alkaloids among the three elicitors. Notably, the highest CHT concentration of 40 mg/L yielded the most elevated levels of alkaloids, measuring at 25.3 μg/g for Hyoscyamine, 31.2 μg/g for Scopolamine, and 21.5 μg/g for Atropine. This represents approximate percentage increases in concentration of 208%, 183%, and 198%, respectively, when compared to the control treatment. Generally, these findings carry significant implications for advancing tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, with potential applications spanning the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors.

Breast cancer (BC) is a diverse disease with heterogeneous subgroups in pathophysiology and behavior. Recent advances in biomarker-based therapy may help improve treatment options for BC. Thus, this study aimed to assess the role of interleukin (IL)-31 and IL-33 as biomarkers associated with BC risk. Serum concentrations of IL-31 and IL-33 were quantified in women with BC (n = 77), women with benign breast lesion (BBL; n = 51), and healthy women (n = 75), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Compared with BBL or healthy women, IL-33 concentrations were significantly greater in BC patients and were associated with a 1.33-fold increased risk of disease and had excellent prognostic value in BC (area under the curve = 0.89). In addition, IL-33 expression was linked to triple-negative BC, distant metastasis, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, status of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. IL-31 concentrations showed no significant differences between BC, BBL, and healthy women, but were greater in patients with distant metastasis and those who were negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors. In conclusion, IL-33 and to a lesser extent IL-31 can be used as biomarkers associated with BC risk and to identify patients with a poor prognosis especially those with triple-negative BC. Furthermore, understanding the connection between IL-33 and BC progression may aid in the development of safe and effective therapy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has recently been labeled a major threat to public health due to its resistance to almost all commonly used antibiotics. Many factors have been suggested for P. aeruginosa's antibiotic resistance. The goal of this study is to find out what role SIM and NDM, which are related to carbapenem resistance, play in P. aeruginosa isolates from local clinical sources. In this study, out of 110 different clinical specimens, 50 were identified as P. aeruginosa from hospitalized patients. All of the isolates were characterized based on the biochemical test and confirmed using the VitekII compact system. P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using 8 antibiotics, including: amikacin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin, and clavulanate. Susceptibility testing results revealed that every isolate was highly resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam, with lower resistance to Ticarcillin/clavulanate (TCC). Using the broth dilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of P. aeruginosa isolates resistant to meropenem ranged from 32μg/100μl to 128 μg/100μl. The EDTA combined disc test was used to detect the ability of P. aeruginosa isolates to produce carbapenemase, and the results showed that all isolates were carbapenemase producers. Additionally, conventional PCR confirmed the identification of P. aeruginosa using 16S. Real-time PCR was adopted to assess the expression of the NDM and SIM genes in 25 of the identified P. aeruginosa isolates. The mean of gene expression results for NDM showed increased expression compared to the control sample of 1.74, while the SIM gene showed expression of 0.95. These genes, SIM and NDM in class B (which are important for resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa), result from chromosomal changes that mutate the membrane permeability flow pump, causing excessive expression.

In order to produce cold plasma at atmospheric pressure, a multi-channel RF, of (1, 2, 3, and 4 MHz) frequencies, plasma jet system is developed using argon as the working gas. This system consists of two parts, a multi-channel power supply (of a power of 100 W) and a plasma jet. A strong electric field is created that ionizes and excites argon ions. The I-V characteristics of the system and the electron temperature and density for different powers (20, 50, 70, and 80 W), gas flow rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 sccm) (standard centimeter cubic per minute) at different frequencies (1, 2, 3, and 4 MHz) are studied, using the optical emission spectroscopy method. This system can be used in medical applications and material treatment with high efficiency.

Theoretical investigation for cathodes of different metals, including hafnium (Hf), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), and molybdenum (Mo) were used. It was noticed that the plasma energy at the cathode (Hf) has a higher value than that at the cathode metal because the energy losses of electrons for (Hf) are less due to inelastic collisions. As for the energy of electrons, their value for the metal (Hf) is also higher than of the other metals, and the reason is that the energy is proportional to the temperature according to the equation: (E = 3/2 KT). It was also noted that the energy of ions for all metals is almost equal at temperature (Tw≅4000K) due to energy losses due to elastic and inelastic collisions, this leads to a state of saturation. There is a large decrease in the voltage barrier accompanied by an increase in the current density, differences occur in the values of the voltage barrier due to the difference in the work function which varies according to the metal.

The present study investigates the correlation between mechanical properties and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for different tooth samples. A set of Fourteen samples collected from the Al-Kut Specialized Dental Centre in Wasit Governorate was analysed. Tooth samples were divided into groups depending on age and gender (men, women). The optical emission of the ionic-to- atomic intensity ratio of the Ca spectral line has been correlated with Leeb hardness test (LHT) values, compressive strength, and Young's modulus measured by standard tools. The ratio ionic line to atomic line CaII / CaI between the ionic calcium line at 396.84 nm and the atomic line at 558.87 nm for teeth is obtained using LIBS technique employing Nd: YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, an energy of 200 Mj, and a pulse duration of 10 ns. A linear relationship was observed between compressive strength, Young's modulus and hardness, and the concentrations of the elements (Ca). The small relative errors for hardness, compressive strength, and Young's modulus ranged from (1.44-5.57) %, (1.94-6.07) %, and (0.243-4.01) %, respectively. These findings validate applying LIBS to check out some important mechanical properties.

Three compositions Ni0.5Fe2.5O4, Ni0.7Fe2.3O4, and Fe2O3 were prepared by the co-precipitation method and checked by XDR, SEM, and VSM. The nanoparticles show a good match with the XRD standards. The particle sizes were 25, 32, and 18nm for the above compositions, respectively. The first composition showed the highest magnetization saturation. Suspensions containing the mentioned nanoparticles were prepared with two carrier fluids, distilled water, and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). A transmission to ultraviolet-visible light was tested and showed good transparency of more than 60 % in the red light region. The transparency to 623nm laser light under different magnetic fields of the six suspensions was tested. A simple device was fabricated to perform this test. The water suspension in water Ni0.5Fe2.5O4 has a larger variation in the transmitted power. The suspension of hematite shows no sensible change in the transmitted power. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles and the dispersion property of the carrier fluid were behind the explanation of the suspension behaviours under the influence of the magnetic field.

The study site represents an investigation of a proposed construction site in Baghdad City, in the Al-Nahrawan area, using 2D electrical resistivity and some geotechnical tests for soil samples. A Wenner-Schlumberger configuration was used for 4 parallel lines, each line 120 m long, with 1m spacing between electrodes. Interpretation is made by RES2DINV software. The results showed areas with relatively high resistivity caused by mud cracks and low- resistivity caused by water content (wet soil). The groundwater depth ranges from 5.5 to 5.7 m; these values were matched by comparing with nearby wells using a sounder device. Soil samples from different depths ranging from 0.5 to 4 m were analysed, and the samples consisted mainly of clay > 88% with low liquid and plastic limits >50 (USCS). It is classified as CL, which means Low plasticity. The electric method and laboratory tests were effective in identifying the subsurface image.

In this study, a nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation is used to describe a nonlinear -Laplacian equation process that arises in many areas of science and engineering in mechanics, quantum physics, and chemical design. This work has the objective of proving the existence of the local weak solution of a nonlinear p(x)-Laplacian equation by the compactness theorem. The uniformly local characteristics of the solutions for the gradients by estimating the regularization problem and using the Moser iterative techniques. Moreover, some properties of the local solutions depend on uniformly bounded situations and the ????????(x)-norm to the gradient is considered.

The main purpose of this work is to present the concept of pseudo Rho-algebra as a generalization of the Rho-algebra. We investigate this type behaves nicely in terms of common mappings like homomorphisms and direct products. In fact, we can show identify kernel objects and the fundamental theorem of homomorphisms using Rho-ideals in this theory. Also, some important classes of pseudo Rho-algebra and their applications are investigated and studied. Moreover, the necessary characteristics for or tantamount to membership in major subtypes of pseudo Rho/d-algebras under these cases are identified. The Rho/d-algebras and pseudo Rho/d-algebras are generated using some new classes of polynomials with two variables that are introduced in this work, like commutative identical, associative identical, regular identical, proper conditionally identical, and improper conditionally identical. Finally, the category of pseudo Rho/d-algebras can be classified using a conditionally couple, giving us additional flexibility in dealing with two different fields.

In ideal topological space, we define and study a new class of functions known as ℐ-ω∗-continuous functions by using ℐ-ω∗-open sets. This idea is stronger than each of the classes (ω-continuous, ωb-continous,α-ℐω-continuous,????????????-ℐω-continuous,β-ℐω-continuous, ????????????????????????????- ω-????ontinuous,????????????????ℎ????????????- ω-continuous, ℐω-c-continuous). Furthermore, relationships between this class and other relevant classes of functions are investigated, and some characterizations of this new class of functions are studied. Finally, we introduce the ℐ-ω∗- open function as an extension of the ????- open function through ℐ-ω∗-open sets, and some results are provided.

ln this paper, an ecological predator-prey model with time delay is proposed and studied analytically and numerically. The stability and bifurcation analysis of the proposed model with a Crowley-Martin response function are covered in this article. In the beginning, equilibrium points of the proposed model are identified. Secondly, the local asymptotic stability of the equilibria and Hopf-bifurcation are discussed by the characteristic equations of the system. Finally, by creating a suitable Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle, the equilibria's global asymptotic stability is examined.

The objective of this paper is to present some geometric properties of the close to convex function ???? when ???? is an analytic, univalent self-conformal mapping defined in the open unit disk ????={????∈ℂ: |????|<1}, and on the boundary of ????. One of the goals of this work was determining the sharp bound for the function of form ????(????)=????(1−????)2???? , 0