Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

Osteoporosis is one of the most progressive metabolic bone diseases that affecting millions of people
worldwide. The purpose of this study was to assess osteoporosis health beliefs using Osteoporosis
Health Belief Scale- Arabic version (OHBS-A) among sample of Iraqi adult men. The study is crosssectional community based study design, involved 138 participants with different age groups. The
results showed th0.e mean age of the participants was 40.78±13.05 years. The tool showed a good
reliability with the Cronbach's alpha test 0.97 for the forty-two items in OHBS-A. For the test-retest
reliability the results demonstrated an accepted reliability and stability with Pearson’s correlation
coefficient (r =0.59, P<0.01). The results showed adequacy for factor analysis and with seven factors,
with eigenvalues greater than 1, which explained 75.65% of the variance. The OHBS seven subscales
are perceived susceptibility, seriousness, perceived benefits of exercise, perceived benefits of calcium
intake, perceived barriers to exercise, perceived barriers to calcium intake and health motivation to
take preventative actions. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.93 which indicated that the
data set was appropriate for factor analysis. The Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was significant (χ2 (861)
= 5474.535; P<0.001). The mean scores (M±SD) of the OHBS-A was 149.98±36.54, which were
considered low scores. Furthermore, only 35.5% of the study population was found to have high
OHBS-A level. results of this study highlight the need for education awareness programs regarding
osteoporosis targeting different aspects of belief perceptions at community and specific risk
population.

The concentrated natural plant extracts are important sources of oils, which were proven to be good
bioactive compound sources with antimicrobial and antioxidative characteristics. The current study
aims to study the antimicrobial actions of public extracts of some commercial essential oils sold in
market agaisnt a panel of some gram negative and positive clinicaly isolated bacteria. İn our study,
fifteen types of commerical extracts were sold from local market and their antimicrobial action was
tested against Pseudomonas. aeruginosa, Klebsiella. pneumoniae, Proteus. vulgaris, Escherichia.
coli, Staphylococcus. aureus, Streptococcus. agalactiae and Enterococcus. faecalis. All the selected
pathogens were tested for antibiotic senesitivty profile with 16 types and differet classes of
antiobiotics using the Kirby-paur method, and the diffusion method was used for evaluation the
antimicrobial action of the selected 15 commercial oil extracts and the inhition zone of each test was
recorded in millimetres. Oregano, glycerine and mustard were the most effeccive oils, Shea Butter
and Linseed were the less effective against the studied bacteria. The majority of sensitive bacteria
were Gram-negative bacilli such as K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris and E. coli, while the S. auerus which
is Gram-positive cocci bacteria also showed high sensitivity. The current findings suggested the
importantce of essential oils as an alternative for using of antibiotics due to their antibacterial activity
and this may aid in antimicrobial fight.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) SARS-2 is a respiratory tract infection with a newly
recognized coronavirus thought to have originated as a zoonotic virus that has mutated or otherwise
adapted in ways that allow human pathogenicity. This study describe the association between IL-6,
D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP, Ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hematological
marker in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. The baseline characteristics of the studied samples
according to age and gender with a comparison of significance in studied groups show that a total of
65 individuals were divided into three groups according to the severity of disease (17 milds, 24
moderates, and 24 severe). Moreover, no significant difference was reported in the current study
according to age groups between male and female groups at P>0.05. The laboratory tests included
hematological, biochemical detections, and inflammatory biomarkers. A significant increase in
neutrophil counts, but decrease in lymphocyte count. While normal reading in platelet count, HB, and
PCV. There were a significantly higher D-dimer and serum ferritin in the severe patient, farther
increased in inflammatory marker C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate in moderate
and sever patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, analysis of serum levels of Il-6 showed a highly significant
difference in the mean value in patients groups. In Conclusion, serum IL-6 is important marker of
inflammation identifying this elevated lies in the potential use of antibody against IL‐6 that can guide
the clinicians in recognizing patients with severe COVID‐19 early in the disease. The potential risk
factors of old age, high baseline of D-dimer, dynamic of ferritin, CRP, and ESR could help clinicians
to identify and treat subjects with poor prognosis.

Influenza vaccination coverage among healthcare workers is unacceptably low despite the
recommendations of health authorities, to assess the level of knowledge of paramedical staff
regarding influenza vaccine. Across sectional study, were carried out for a period of 6 month a total
of 400 of paramedical staff were choosing by multistage sample technique through direct
interview.The mean age of study sample was 38.4±10.9 year ranging from 20 to 62 year, and the
highest percentage (30.8%) were from those 30-39 years age group and most of them were females
(67.3%) living in urban area (98.0%), with their level of education of medical institute (66.5%),
married (74.3%), and they were all working in PHCs (100%). The knowledge score for the 45 items
ranged from (90-125), (Mean±SD 109.1±7.2), knowledge about influenza vaccine is considered
acceptable (68.3%), Fear from side effects was the major barrier, while Influenza vaccine is safe and
Preventing the spread of the virus to family were the major reason to receive the vaccine. The studied
sample of paramedical staff had good and acceptable score for knowledge toward influenza vaccine;
Misconceptions and access to influenza vaccine were the main barriers to uptake of influenza vaccine.
Medical programs need to emphasis the benefits of influenza vaccination in the protection of
healthcare workers and patient safety across the medical education program.

The aim of this study was to assess the unsafe effects of harmful radiation, especially blue light and
ultraviolet rays on patients' eyes aged (15-25) years during us exposure. It was carried out at the optics
consulting clinic of the College of Health and Medical Technology in Baghdad/Iraq. In this research,
(50) patients were enrolled, 28 males and 22 females, with their ages ranging from (15- 25) years. The
smart devices are used by all patients for 2 to 5 hours daily. The majority of the patients were middle
school and university students, accounting for 94 % of the patient study population, and these patients
were using their mobile devices for more than (3-4) hours per day continuously due to internet
browsing, gaming, and e-learning for all students. The majority of patients within the age range (15-
20) years, who were not wearing multi-coated goggles, were shown to be a significant source of eye
problems (80%). After giving the patients the required instructions to minimize radiation effects, it
was found that the majority of them were wearing blue-cut spectacles. The results showed that (62%)
of the patients in the age groups (21-25) years were wearing spectacles after following the prescribed
instructions. The term "plastic" refers to patients who were wearing prescription spectacles without
any protection from the radiations (Filter) emitted by these smart devices.

This Mini-Review aims to look for the scientific basis of the newly observed phenomenon of autistic
symptoms in IESE (Intensive Early Screen Exposure) children and the origin of the name Virtual
Autism and the other effects of screen exposure on children. The overlap between classical Autism
and virtual autism and the practical difficulty in implanting the off-screen test may be the cause of
the rapid rise in Autism cases around the world these observations need solid community decision to
support parents to live socially active lives with their children rather than leaving them to learn from
the screens as the developing brain learns from the social interactions much more than learning from
the screens. It is well known today that classical autism has mainly a genic origin and it’s a lifelong
disability which is essentially different from what is seen in virtual autism cases which is reversible
and if treated early the children will have a normal life and can go to ordinary schools without the
need for special education. There are evolving evidence-based recommendations which is based on
these research papers and people need to take action to save as many misdiagnosed autistic children
as possible before their autistic symptoms become irreversible as their brains grow.

Oxidative stress is a physiological state in which high numbers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
free radicals are produced. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a role in the
development of diabetes. We aimed in this study to assists oxidative stress markers in diabetic
patients, such as the oxidation-reduction process and OxLDL, as well as the relationship between
OxLDL and the traditional risk factors for type 2 diabetes (LDL, FBS). In addition, various trace
metals (copper, zinc, and chromium) were evaluated as antioxidants. The study was conducted at the
Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Babylon province, Iraq from the period
January- March 2021. In this research a 90 participants were selected, 45 were diagnosed diabetes
type 2 and 45 were normal individuals were selected from relative and medical staff with age range
(30-70 years). A significant increase of the mean OxLDL of patients group were (598.31 ± 103.61)
versus (406.35 ± 90.63) of control group with (P-value= 0.00). The mean LDL of patients were
(113.48 ± 27.47) versus (93.59 ± 18.20) of control group, statistically this differences was highly
significant (P-value= 0.00). There was a positive association of Ox- LDL, LDL and FBS. The finding
revealed that there were significant variances in (zinc, copper and chromium) levels between patients
compared with control. A decrease in mean level of zinc and chromium was observed in diabetic
patients, while the level of copper in diabetic patients increased compared with the healthy control
groups (p <0.01).

Severe infection with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is currently associated with long hospital
stay and high mortality; COVID-19 infection has pneumonia as one of its symptoms but can quickly
progress to acute renal complication. It is, therefore, justifiable to determine the level of some
potential biomarkers that could help in, early, rapid and effective identification of severe cases.
Among the biomarkers that could aid in early diagnosis of mild and severe COVID-19 infections
include the serum urea & creatinine levels, as well as serum conjugated bilirubin level. These serum
biomarkers, especially serum urea and creatinine levels, reflect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR),
which is a direct measure of kidneys function; hence, they could serve as early indicator renal
complications during severe COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is imperative to highlight the early
monitoring of patients with AKI and carefully control kidney function during severe/acute
coronavirus infection; impaired GFR should be monitored closely by clinicians in severe COVID -19 patients.

To our knowledge, no study has been conducted on hemogram deviations in apparently healthy
individuals (AHI) of blood donors, whom might participate as control groups in clinical studies.
Therefore, this study will help to establish the major abnormalities of complete blood picture
counts in Iraqi people and uncovering the prevalence of subjects with complete normal
hemogram. This cross sectional study was conducted with 217 AHS (103 males and 114) females
with ages ranged between (18-69) years with a mean ± SD of 32 ± 13 years from March to
October 2019. CBC was performed using Coulter (Ruby-Abbott Diagnosis) USA. Blood donor
AHI were distributed 103 male and 114 female with an age ranging from 18-69. The
abnormalities in the blood hematological test domain among AHS was for mean platelet volume
MPV (66.8%); followed by blood red cell distribution width RDW (61.8%), and mean corpuscle
volume MCV (45.2%) and the least frequent was for Blood Monocytes count (1.8%). The
prevalence rate (PR) of AHS with a completely normal white blood cell count domain it was
57.2%, for platelets domain tests it was 31.3% and for red blood cell count (RBC) domain it was
11.5%. A totally normal hematological domain tests was found only in 8.8% of tested persons.
These results indicate the need for depending special CBP test to determine the suitability of
AHS and standardize them to reduce the uncertainty in clinical study, and fortify certification of
its conclusions. These results also obviously show that CBP test can aid in selection of AHI
taking in account that many deviations in this test can exclude the eligibility of AHI to be chosen
as controls.

This study is indicated to study the changes in the concentration of some biochemical analyses
in few diseases like (Diabetes mellitus (DM), liver disease, kidney failure (KF), leukemia and
vascular disease). The study is conducted at the Special Nursing Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad on
108 patients and 22 apparently healthy control; November 2017- April 2018. The study included
fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), Blood urea & serum creatinine. The
results in comparison with the control showed: Increased FBG in DM patients, followed by kidney
failure then followed by vascular disease patients (P<0.01).Increased blood urea in the KF patients,
followed by DM (p<0.01).Also, increased creatinine in the kidney failure patients only (p<0.01),
increased S. alkaline phosphatase in leukemia then vascular disease followed by liver disease
(p<0.05), increased SGOT in vascular disease and then liver disease patients (p<0.05),increased
SGPT in kidney failure and then liver disease (p<0.05). We concluded from this study that despite
the participation of some diseases in certain clinical parameters, it is possible to differentiate between
these diseases in terms of the amount of increase and decrease of these parameters for each disease
and compare them with other diseases and normal range of these parameters

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex, chronic illness requiring continuous medical care with
multifactorial risk-reduction strategies beyond glycemic control to preventing acute complications
and reducing the risk of long-term complications. Therefore, Iraq is one of the 19 countries and
territories of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)The target of present work is to study some
cases of people evaluation Iron (Fe) and led (Pb) effect on DM2 patients in Erbil governorate lead
was estimated by using Flam atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and the estimation of
iron by used randox manual kit, while the grafite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
(GFAAS) was used in the estimation of chromium and Estimation of iron using RANDOX kit which
based on colorimetric method. Data were revised, coded, and analyzed using the “Statistical Package
of Social Science(SPSS) version 26.0. These results In patient group lower serum iron concentration
have been found compared to healthy Lead raises the oxidative pressure on living organisms,and may
potentially contribute to diabetes

Telomerase-associated protein 1 is responsible ribonucleoprotein complex for telomerase activity,
which catalyzes new telomeres on the chromosome ends. The presented work studied the impact of
(TEP1) single nucleotide polymorphism on bladder CA risk. A total of sixty-two diagnosed by histopathologically with Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) individuals and thirty-eight individuals as
controls were implicated in the research. TEP1 rs222804 Polymorphism (C>T) was estimated by
amplifying the gene with PCR and DNA sequencing methods. This study revealed that the
polymorphic T allele related to TEP1 rs222804 Polymorphism has a considerable association in
increase TCC risk with an odds ratio of 4.7. Also, a significant association has been observed between
T allele and increasing TCC risk among smoker individuals 7.02 (1.48-33.25), p=0.01. Furthermore,
the T allele showed a significant association for the T2 stage of TCC (OR=13.2, 95 % CI=2.7-64.1),
p=0.001. This data leads to suggestions that the TEP1 rs222804 genotype could be involved in
increasing TCC risk.

Animal models are standard tools for studying a wide range of traumatic wound infections. This paper
aims to study the effect of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in the wound and how the innate immune
system interacts with this infection, by measuring C5a, and there are roles on wound healing. Fiftyone (females) Albino Rats at the age 6-9 week. The animals were divided into three groups (17 animal
in the group) Group I (healthy control), Group II (control wound), and Group III (infection
contamination, wound group), To mimic clinically occurring infections caused by SA infection,
excision wound was made on the dorsal side of the animals, and SA 2 × 108
(CFU)/mL was inoculated
on the wound site in infection contamination group, The blood was collected after 24hours postinfection for three days (24, 48, 72 hours) post-infection, ELISA technique was used for Measure
C5a levels . Immunological assay results of this study showed that the serum level for C5a was
statistical significant between different values at different times with (P ≤0.04). The study
successfully established the role of C5a in wound infection with SA.

Immunization against infectious diseases is one of the most successful public health interventions; it
is safe and economically feasible. The aim of the vaccination process is to prevent disability and death
resulting from diseases that can be prevented by vaccines. Smallpox was completely eradicated in the
previous period using vaccination programs, and now the world is close to eradicating polio. To
evaluate the client’s satisfaction with the services of the expanded program of immunization in
Diwaniyah governorate / Iraq. Cross-sectional descriptive study and included a random sample of
clients consisting of 420 caregivers (mothers, fathers, and relatives of children) were involved. The
study was carried out in 2021. The study found that the mean degree of client satisfaction is (18.7 ±
1.2), which is (good), and that the percentage of clients who are satisfied with the vaccination services
is 87% (365) out of (420). Most of the clients were satisfied with the immunization service provided
to them

The hardness of long-term soft-liner material was evaluated after disinfection by microwave
irradiation. thirty specimens of the long-term soft liner were made and divided into three groups: the
first two groups which are daily disinfected by microwave (5min .15min /650W) the third group
control (without disinfection) hardness measurements were made after 15 days of disinfection
differences between groups were analyzed using one-way Anova test (p<0.05). Result shows that a
high mean value for the surface hardness of long term soft liner after exposing to microwave
disinfection for 15 min, and a low mean value without exposing to microwave disinfection (control
group). Hardness of long-term soft liner material was adversely affected by microwave disinfection.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major social health problem. CKD is ranked –5
rd amongst life
threatening disease in Iraq, the death rate in 2015 of about 6879 patients because of renal failure
according to the statistics of the Republic of Iraqi-Ministry of Health/Environment. We aimed to
evaluated (IL-6 & TNF-α) in Iraqi patients with chronic renal failure and assess some biochemical
parameters include (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and calcium).This study included 60 cases
and classified as 30 patients with chronic renal failure, these patients with age range (15years and
above) who were admitted to the Al-kadimyiah Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital
during the period from December 2020 to March 2021and compared with 30 apparent healthy
controls with age range (15-65). Laboratory was depended on using spectrophotometry for detection
biochemical tests. IL-6 & TNFα levels were estimation by Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent assay
(ELISA). It was observed that majority of patients with chronic renal failure within age group (40-
60) years that account (60%), most of these patients were females that constituted (73.3%).
Furthermore, preponderance diseases associated with chronic renal patients were associated with
Diabetes Mellitus (23.33%).
Regarding biochemical parameters, it was observed that serum urea (S.urea), serum creatinine
(S.creatinine) ,serum potassium (S. K) were increased in chronic renal cases and decrease in Serum
calcium (S. Ca,),Serum sodium (S. Na ) in comparison with healthy control group. Considering some
cytokines (IL-6, TNFα) revealed increase levels of IL-6 &TNFα significantly (26.26 ±1.48),( 92.96
±1.80) respectively in chronic renal patients when compared with control group(13.02 ±0.34),( 66.55
±0.45) respectively. Highly significant elevated of pro-inflammatory cytokines which include IL6&TNFα in chronic renal diseases indicated these cytokines participate in the pathophysiology of
reduced renal function and role of these cytokines as principle mediators of inflammatory reaction in
renal damage and these cytokines could be potential therapeutic targets.

Bariatric surgery is the most successful therapy for weight loss, Sleeve gastrectomy; part of the
stomach is removed, reducing its capacity by about 85%. Reducing stomach size decreases the
consumption of food. Obesity is measured based on their BMI, an estimate of body fat based on
weight and height is to study the association between sleeve gastroectomy and some immune marker
by estimation level of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and vitamin D3 in sera patient and
control groups, to determination the correlation between in markers; Body mass index (BMI) and
their parameters. A total of thirty blood samples were obtained from obese patients with pre and post
gastrectomy operative compared with healthy during more than 6 months, the samples preoperative
were obtained from the Medical City/Baghdad Teaching Hospital and postoperative for more than 6
months after surgery, taken at home to be the result of pre and post of the sleeve gasterectomy, the
age of patients range between (20-46) years for obese patients and similar age group (20-46) year in
a healthy person. Then the serum samples were tested to screen the interleukin-8, interleukin-18, and
vitamin D by the ELISA method.The study reported that increasing levels of BMI pre-operation,
IL-8 pre-operation, and IL-18 pre-operation were increased relative to post-operation. The study
reported high BMI, IL-8 and IL-18 pre-operative. The mean value was poor in vitamin D3 preoperation relative to post-operation. The relationships between IL-18, and IL-8 is positive while
negative correlation with vitamin D3. The highest mean value of BMI, IL-8, and IL-18 was recorded
in preoperation, while the lowest mean was at post-operation. BMI showed a high sensitivity when
compared with IL-8, IL-18, vitamin D

Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that can
trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. There are four major blood groups
determined by the presence or absence of two antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells. One
hundred (100) of sera Iraqi healthy people from Waist city were enrolled in this study, it consists (60
male and 40 female). The age range for the male subjects was (17-50) years while the female
population was (25-52) years. Samples were collected attending during the period from September to
December 2019. The mean age was (50 years) for men, and (42 years) for women. According to
blood type were divided into a group (O) (45 cases), group (A) (25 cases), group (B) (21 cases) and
group (AB) (9 cases), was done by ABO blood test and Lipid profile test consist of (total cholesterol
(TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very
low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)) done by enzymatic method. Our result shows that the percentage
of blood group (O) was significantly higher in women and men compared to all blood groups. The
results of the present study demonstrate that the concentration of TC, LDL, HDL higher in blood
groups (B) with non-significant in a male in contrast the concentration of TC, TG, LDL and VLDL
was higher in Blood groups (A) in females that lead to risk factor for the development of CHD. More
comprehensive studies are required to confirm these results. The study aimed to identify the
relationship between different blood groups and fat levels in healthy people and approximate risks for
cardiovascular diseases in each group.