Journal of African Studies

This paper discusses an essential hypothesis that the
recent momentum of democracy has been challenged by
deliberate misconception of "Red Tapes (RTs)" which
totalitarian regimes are manipulating and allege that
they are 'democratic'. Such regimes use RTs to veil false
democracies by manipulating the conception along with
coining new "types" of (false) democracies. They crack
down on their people under the pretext of violation of RTs.
It argues that democracy is trapped between the hammer
of totalitarianism(s) and the anvil of "dictatorship" of
the capitalist market. It suggests that the civil society
has to re-construct itself as a vital tool for building real
democracy. It suggests the adoption of consociational
democracy.

The study dealt with the experience of decentralized
governance in Sudan from the perspective of political
geography، given that political geography is concerned
with the study of political units as a unit with personality،
economic and social characteristics، and has a distinct
political system. The study aimed to know the political
and administrative systems in Sudan through the
historical eras. And stand on the pros and cons of
applying decentralized governance in the country، to
benefit from them in reconsidering the experience of
decentralized governance in Sudan. The historical،
regional and descriptive method was used. The study
reached a set of results، the most important of which are:
The failure of decentralization experiences in Sudan due
to the politicization of the civil service، the dominance of
political decision at the administrative level، the failure to
adhere to the standards of decentralized governance، and
the adoption of other criteria such as tribalism، loyalty and
political affiliation، which led to a lack of prioritization

The competition between the People’s Republic of
China and the United States of America in the continent of
Africa is related to the oil production areas، which constitute
an important factor in their economic competition in order
to maintain oil supplies، which for them is the backbone of
the economic life of these countries in light of the increase
in current and future consumption. The continent of Africa
represents a vital area in oil investment، which prompted
these countries to control the areas in which onshore and
offshore oil wells are concentrated by following a policy that
each country tries to fill in the void left by the other country
in order to maintain a competitive power throughout the
countries of the continent to achieve Hegemony، influence،
and ensuring the continued arrival of supplies Accordingly،
we tried to answer the main question of the research: What
are the mechanisms adopted by the competing countries in
order to control the oil production areas in the countries of
the continent?
In order to answer this question، we hypothesized
that the geographical location of the continent، which is
mediated by the world، made it occupy an important place in
the strategic planning of the competing countries during the
twenty-first century.

In this research entitled (Normative African religions،
framework and significance)، the researcher investigated the
main concepts of traditional religions، which is one of the two
divisions of religions. Religions are either heavenly i.e. from
God Almighty، or have been setted by humans themselves.
The traditional religions are as old as man and spread deeply
in Africa. The main problems related to the African religions
are summarized in the essential issue of their similerities
and the diversity in their manifestations، and also about the
existence of a different African metaphysical system which
has reformed the traditional African personality. Among the
most important findings of the research is that: the traditional
religions in Africa can be divided into two parts: the local
traditional religions: which have been transmitted orally
since prehistoric era. The incoming traditional religions:
They are religions derived from traditional religions that
have been originated in all continents arround the world.
The African paganism religions do not have holy books like
those of other famous pagans، or written funeral rites in a
sacred language. The polythesim religion bleivers in Africa
are so tolerant in their believies، and they can easily accept
other religions and believies.
Keywords: Normative

This study sheds light on the ivory trade that spread
in East Africa، and the port of Zanzibar (which is currently
affiliated with Tanzania) spread large quantities of ivory
coming from within Africa. And the United States of
America، after the British presence in the region.. The trade
of Arab caravans from the coast to the interior - the areas of
ivory presence - in East Africa was flourishing، especially
during the reign of Alsayid Said bin Sultan (18041856-)،
when many factors were present that led to the growth of
Arab trade in nineteenth century. Where the political stability
of the Arabs prevailed، especially since the beginning of
Sultan Sayyid Said taking over the Sultanates of Muscat and
Zanzibar، starting in 1804 AD، and Sayyid Said was only a
merchant as he described himself. Muslim merchants had a
role in the flourishing of trade and the opening of markets in
western Tanganyika، and various goods reached the interior
regions، where slaves، ivory، grain and fabrics were stored.
As well as the increase of African traders on the coast and the
presence of Europeans، which stimulated the movement of
trade. Hamid Al-Marjibi was the most famous Omani ivory
dealer

It is a study on Niger، the countries to which Islam
arrived at a very early age، in the first Hijri century، the
seventh century AD. The Arabic language in Niger is one
of the constitutionally recognized national languages.
Therefore، we find passports issued by the government
of Niger written in both French and Arabic. As well as
the issuance of some newspapers in Arabic.
Here I present some of what was in the modern era
when Robert Campbell (18291884-)، who with Martin
Robinson Delaney (18121885-)، formed a team to explore
the Niger Valley، an expedition made by some free African
Americans to explore the possibility of colonizing parts
of the West Africa with black immigrants from America.
As a result of their duties as commissioners of the Niger
Valley Exploration Team، Delaney and Campbell made
a treaty with the king and chiefs of the Igba tribe giving
them the right to establish colonies in the Igba region.