Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

Studying the heat flux in the boundary layer and understanding its relationship to the various atmospheric variables reflects positively on understanding the nature of turbulence in this layer and thus understanding the nature of the spread and movement of pollutants and the transmission and distribution of energy in this layer, also, the vertical heat flux is considered a significant influence on the movement of buoyancy and stability in the boundary layer and its effect on the horizontal wind movement, and therefore it is considered one of the important studies indirectly involved in the estimates of wind energy production, pollutant diffusion, and turbulence. This study involved the calculation of the Eddy Heat Flux and turbulent kinetic energy across Baghdad city. Our investigation revealed a correlation between the Eddy Heat Flux, temperature, and Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE). The observations have been made for wind speed with three components (u, v, w) and temperature by using a fast-response anemometer. As for the atmospheric pressure data, it was obtained from the automatic weather station located in the department of Atmospheric Sciences at Mustansiriyah University. The range of observations extended through the duration of thirty days for 24 hours from 1st July 2016 to 30th July 2016 every second. The maximum Eddy Heat Flux value was 0.092 J/(m2.s) at 10:00 on 23th July 2016, while the minimum Eddy Heat Flux value was -0.013 J/(m2.s) at 21:00 hour on 25th July 2016, the negative sign refer to a change in the direction of heat transfer,. It was also found that there is a positive relationship between the eddy heat flux and temperatures with a correlation coefficient of 0.93, as well as between the eddy heat flux and the turbulent kinetic energy with a correlation coefficient of 0.8.

A solar-powered autoclave, made of a parabolic dish reflector that collects solar radiation at the focal point to heat a vessel, was established and tested. Thermal performance was tested and compared between months June and December 2022 through thermal energy efficiency equations and the total required thermal energy to evaporate water and the required thermal energy, where the highest values in June 2022 were 9%, 46 W, and 18 W, respectively at 9:00 am. Because solar radiation values are low, the energy required for heating is high and the lowest values were 0.2%, 1.9 W, and 0.5 W, respectively at 12:30 pm Because solar radiation values are high, the energy required for heating is less. While the highest values on December 2022 were 22%, 23 W, and 14 W, respectively, at 9:00 am, the lowest values were 0.6%, 1.16 W, and 6.6 W, respectively. At 12:00 pm, the values of December are considered higher for several reasons, including the values of solar radiation and the ambient temperature are lower than those of June, as well as the difference in the angle of incidence of solar radiation, so the thermal energy required for heating is higher. The effectiveness was tested against pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and samples of surgical kits made of stainless steel, where the highest values of steam temperatures for sterilization were recorded between 122 °C to 132 °C. Under a steam pressure of 1.3 to 1.9 bar between 11:00 am to 3:00 pm, one sterilization cycle took 30 minutes in June 2022, and for the month December 2022 the highest values of steam temperatures for sterilization were between 101 °C to 117 °C. Under steam pressure 0.7 to 1.03 bar between the hours 10:30 am to 12:30 pm, where the sterilization cycle was between 40 to 60 minutes, as a result of the decrease in solar radiation.

β-Glucan is linear polysaccharides containing d-glucose monomers connected by β-glycosidic
linkages. Their structural variances are the result of several sources. This research project was
designed to assess the anticancer activity by using β-glucan. The in vitro experiment employed
breast cancer cell lines from Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and Ahmed, Murtudha,
Jabriyah, 2013 (AMJ13). After 24, 48, and 72 hours in micro titration plate under completely
sterile condition. Different concentrations of β-glucan (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000
μg/mL) were applied to the cancer cell lines. The MTT assay was used to check whether the cells
had been inhibited. Cell viability in MCF7 and AMJ13 cells was significantly reduced by β-
glucan. β-Glucan showed concentration and time-dependent growth inhibitory effects. The higher
concentrations of β-glucan significantly (P<0.05) decrease the growth rate of cells, indicating that
the higher concentrations were more effective at inhibiting growth.

Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic single-celled organism commonly known as a protist or
parasite. It was first discovered in the early 20th century by a Scottish scientist named Alexei
Pavlovich Alexeieff. Blastocystis hominis is found in the intestines of humans and other
animals, where it can colonize the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to
examine the presence of the Blastocystis hominis parasite in the stool samples of patients
experiencing diarrhea and to explore its potential physiological effects. The study involved two
groups: 1-the patients group, which consisted of 220 samples who suffered from diarrhea, and
abdominal pain and 2-the control group, which consisted of 100 samples of healthy individuals.
The age range of participants ranged between 4-40 years. The outcome indicated that the
vacuolar form was the most common morphological appearance observed in the stool. The
result showed non-significant difference was observed (P>0.05) for all ages. Furthermore, a
statistically significant difference (P≤0.05) was observed in the infection rate between males
(58.00%) and females (42.00%). The physiological examinations were conducted using
Spectrophotometer revealed notable findings. There was a significant increase (P≤0.01) in the
levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins
(VLDL), and triglycerides (TG), in patients with diarrhea infected with B. hominis compared
to the control group. Conversely, concentrations of magnesium, zinc, and high-density
lipoproteins (HDL) showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the same patient group compared
to the control group

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic cell cancer that spreads quickly to the blood and rapidly developing in the bone marrow. The prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still poor, despite recent improvements in the therapeutic landscape. In hematological malignancies, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been studied, such as AML; however, the role of program cell death -1(PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) in AML has not been thoroughly elucidated yet. Thus, the current study conducted to investigate the PD-1 and TIM-3 gene expression in the AML patients and determine its associations with clinical outcomes and prognostic variables. The study collected 80 blood samples from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and 40 blood samples from volunteer healthy individual were evaluated as control and real time quantitative (qRT-PCR) analysis was detect to performed PD-1 and TIM-3 expression. The result showed there was non-significant (P>0.0001) in expression of TIM-3 in patients with AML, while expression of PD-1 statistically has high significant difference (P ≤ 0.0001). A cutoff value of PD-1 for patients vs. control was (0.853) with high sensitivity than cutoff value of TIM-3 for patients vs. control that can be diagnostically significant in distinguishing between patients and controls. Our data result showed that high expression of PD-1 in T cell is extremely correlated with progression of disease and down regulated gene expression of TIM-3 in AML patients

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a type of harmful microorganism that belongs to a large group of Gram-negative bacteria, these bacteria can secrete many extracellular enzymes such as microbial lipase and oxidase that act on certain lipids. This study aims to activate certain enzymes of P. aeruginosa like lipase and oxidase in order to decrease high plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in lipidemia patients. Serum can also be used due to the fact that lipids are found in both serum and plasma. Five ml. of blood were collected from 100 lipidemia patients at Baghdad Teaching Hospital laboratories in Medical city, P. aeruginosa was isolated from medical wastes; cultured on bacterial media, gram stained and biochemically tested in vitro. Methods depend on inoculation of bacterial broth containing colonies of P. aeruginosa adjusted to McFarland standard turbidity with 50% of blood plasma were added, then cultures were incubated at 37°C for 6 days, activation of bacterial lipase and oxidase were done during the incubation period by addition of certain activators to the broth like glycogen liquid. The results showed that 100% of patients had cholesterol <200 mg/dl and 99% of patients had normal triglyceride level (<200mg/dl) after bacterial inoculation and activation of microbial lipase and oxidase. As conclusion, the high plasma lipids level of patients was decreased four times by P. aeruginosa may be due to the activation of microbial lipase and oxidase which could needs to future research to extract them and used them as treatment for these cases

Escherichia coli is considered one of the uropathogenic bacteria with different infection symptoms representing mild illness to acute sepsis. This study aims to detect E. coli in patients with urinary infection and investigate quorum sensing genes (lux S and motA) in multi-drug resistant isolates of E. coli. 200 urine samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infections from several hospitals in Baghdad .The antibiotics sensitivity test showed high resistance of isolates for Ampicillin (100%), Cefazolin (97%), Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (83%), Ceftriaxone (77%), Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin (70% each of them), and moderate resistance of isolates for Levofloxacin (50%), Gentamicin (47%), Cefepime (40%), while low resistance Piperacillin/ Tazobactam (33%), Cefoxitin (30%), Nitrofurantoin (17%), Imipenem (10%), Ertapenem and Amikacin (7% each of them), and Tigecycline (3%). The results showed an increase percentage of infection in females was 30% in the ages 30-44 years, whereas in ages 15-29 and more than 45 years was 17%. There was a high percentage (57.11%) of resistant isolates in females which are ages 30-44 years. While the ages more than 45 years were 66.4% and ages 15-29 were 34%. While, in males, the percentage was high in ages more than 45 years (35.25%) followed by age groups 30-44 years (31.5%) and 15-29 years (31%). The prevalence percentage for luxS and motA genes in E. coli was 100%. In conclusion, E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant due to all isolates had quorum sensing genes. Moreover, uropathogenic of E. coli in females was more frequent than in males due to the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics

The goal of this study was to measure arginase enzyme activity in diabetic acromegaly Iraqi patients and compare it to a control group. This study included 80 participants, whose ages ranged from 25 to 65, and was conducted on forty diabetic acromegaly Iraqi patients attending the national diabetes center of Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad and forty healthy individuals (as a control group). The results showed a highly significant reduction in arginase activity and High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), Urea levels were reduced not significantly, whereas a highly significant increase in levels of Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Fasting Serum glucose (FSG), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C)) compared to control. A significant positive correlation was revealed between arginase activity and FSG levels in diabetic acromegaly patients. In conclusion, diabetic acromegaly patients had a significant decreased in serum arginase activity with no significant decrease urea levels, which indicates that their bodies store more nitrogen compounds to be utilized in constructing processes

Cooking fumes and biomass smoke pose significant threats to air degradation and human health, especially to people who work in this field on a daily basis, due to the large amounts of hazardous pollutants released from grilling activities. Chronic exposure to these fumes is associated with a risk of inflammation and oxidative stress, which can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. In this study, the lipid profile Glutathion (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) of workers in fast food restaurants and patients with atherosclerosis were evaluated. The study included 40 Atherosclerosis patients, 40 fast food workers, and 40 healthy individuals as a control group, the ages ranges of (20-40) years. The obtained results indicated a significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL and a decrease in HDL (p < 0.01) in patients and fast-food workers compared to control group. The results also indicated a significant increase in the level of MDA, and a significant decrease in the level of GSH for patients and fast-food workers compared to the control. In conclusion, it appears that fast food workers experience oxidative stress and disruption in lipid metabolism that may increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Therefore, safety and quality control measures must be strengthened to reduce the occupational risks of fast-food restaurant workers.

The widespread adoption of DL has led to a rise in academic interest in image recognition approaches, enabling applications such as automated image classification and the detection of plant diseases. The world's largest producer of olives is Morocco. Plant health might be harmed by illnesses, which therefore affects its development. Numerous illnesses affecting olive leaves specifically target crop growth rate. The objective of this research is to create deep RNNs to identify olive plant illnesses using a collection of leaf images, collected from various sources (Disease note The peacock eye falls on olive trees, Field Guide to Olive Pests, Diseases and Disorders in Australia. Thus, this technique is the best RNN model and is employed in further applications to enhance diagnostic measurements regarding olive leaves and other plant leaves.

Through a Bluetooth connection between the Muse 2 device and the meditation app, leveraging IoT capabilities. The methodology encompasses data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, and model training, all while utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) functionalities. The Muse 2 device records EEG data from multiple electrodes, which is then processed and analyzed within a mobile meditation platform. Preprocessing steps involve eliminating redundant columns, handling missing data, normalizing, and filtering, making use of IoT-enabled techniques. Feature extraction is carried out on EEG signals, utilizing statistical measures such as mean, standard deviation, and entropy. Three different models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), are trained using the preprocessed data, incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) based methodologies. Model performance is assessed using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, highlighting the effectiveness of IoT-driven techniques. Notably, the MLP and Random Forest models demonstrate remarkable accuracy and precision, underlining the potential of this IoT-integrated approach. Specifically, the three models achieved high accuracies, with Random Forest leading at 0.999, followed by SVM at 0.959 and MLP at 0.99. This study not only contributes to the field of brain-computer interfaces and assistive technologies but also showcases a viable method to seamlessly integrate the Muse 2 device into meditation practices, promoting self-awareness and mindfulness with the added power of IoT technology.

Educational certificate counterfeiting is a major global challenge. There is no doubt that
addressing both the problem of forgery and the verification of academic certificates is a
fundamental issue that deserves research, development, and support at the highest levels.
This paper presents a decentralized educational certificate verification system leveraging the
Ethereum blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to combat counterfeiting.
Ropsten is used as a real-life Ethereum test network to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed system. IPFS is used to store educational certificate files on a decentralised file
system. The smart contract is built in the Solidity language, compiled, and deployed using
the online Remix IDE. The verification process is supported by scanning a QR code, which
retrieves the validating certificate’s information from the Ethereum network in real-time

The main goal of this paper is to study the degree of the best multiplier approximation of monotone unbounded functions in ????????,????????−space on the closed interval [−????,????] by means of ????-functional, which we represented with, ????(????,????????,????????,????????,????????1,????̃ ????,????????1), defined by the ????????,????????1 and ????̃????,????????1 that are referred to during this research. In addition, we have established a set of definitions, concepts and some useful lemmas that are needed in our work.

Chemical-base polymers are mostly related to environmental pollution since their poisonous, non-biodegradable wastes, and negatively impact plants, animals, and people. In many locations where petroleum-based plastics are used, bioorganic polymers and biomaterials can play a promising role and are accepted. In one such attempt, glycerol was used as a natural plasticizer, and cornstarch was used to create bioorganic polymers and biocomposites. Resulting in a highly degradable bioorganic polymer in water and soil, display FE-SEM images of a BOP's top and cross-section views, flat surface and smooth, the inner structure of BOP does not demonstrate any bubbles, cracking, flipping, or splitting., estimate the optical band gap indirect of BOP of 3.69 eV that can absorb 96% of UV light and transmit 98 % of visible light. The FTIR assay detects the functional aggregates of the BOP as well as the presence of a hydrogen bond in the BOP matrix. Raman spectroscopy detection composition and scope distribution of the various components in a prepared BOP. The decay constants of BOP were gaged as 12.4 ± 1.8 and 3.49 ± 0.41 for the water and soil, respectively. The decay values show an acceptable variation due to the nature of the BOP on one side and the water and soil on the other side. These findings conclude diverse applications highlighting BOP as a candidate, e.g., UV screening or protective layer, food packaging, and replacing the chemical fertilizer with BOP agent to deliver the organic substances to the plants.

A simple and economical method for producing a superhydrophobic surface on a glass substrate is investigated. The surface composes of silica particles synthesized via a sol-gel method with an average particle size of 69.33 nm. Organosilan PDMS (FS-1200 silicon sealant) was used to reduce the surface energy of particles, which were then coated onto a glass substrate by dip coating. After coating, the substrate was dried for one hour at 60ºC in an oven to remove excess solvent. XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, and contact angle (CA) measurement techniques were used to characterize silica particles and coated surfaces. The water contact angle (WCA) of pure SiO2 (NPs) was 86º indicating its hydrophilic qualities, while the contact angle of a superhydrophobic surface was 156º.

Radiofrequency interference (RFI) describes the weakening of radio astronomy transmissions caused by man-made radio signal noise in radio telescope observation indicates the level of radio frequency noise in the sky at all times, regardless of any astronomical sources. This noise is affected by various sources, including Earth's atmosphere or solar activity and all communications equipment operating near the radio telescope. In this study, the background noise which includes RFI was measured using HSA2000 series receiver spectrum analyzer, which connected with two dipole antennas in different frequency bands (15-80 MHz) low band antenna, and (110-240 MHz) high band antenna during the partial solar eclipse in Baghdad on October 25, 2022, at (12:00-15:00), as a simple radio telescope to observe the radio astronomical background level in the sky. It is clear that the average amount of RFI level during a partial solar eclipse (-83.249 dBm for LBA decreased by about (0.93) from the value on a normal day (-77.495 dBm). And For HBA -84.711 dBm decreased by about (0.85) from the value on a normal day (-72.784 dBm). Also, it was noticed that these amounts are approximately equal to the RFI level at night (-82.352 dBm for LBA and -82.739 dBm for HBA). It is (0.98) for LBA and (0.97) for HBA, respectively. This research confirms that despite the short duration of the partial eclipse, the average value during the partial eclipse period is close to the average values during the night period due to the decrease in the electronic density of the ionosphere, especially at low frequencies, and the FRI of ground disturbances as a result of the activities of human from the surrounding the monitoring area. also, found that at the monitoring point, there is a good relationship between the time of the maximum partial eclipse and the peaks of signal gain strength.