Journal of African Studies

The significance of this article stems from the fact
that political parties constitute ideological milieu as well
as democracy-building institutions. Political parties are
conduits for efficacious and conscious political participation
as well as effective channels for disseminating political
culture via the mass media and political education. However,
in Sudan it is notable that democracy is reduced to elections
only whereas democracy incorporate other dimensions
such as values, institutions and political behavior. This
article tries to diagnose the defaults that characterize the
Sudanese political parties. To cite some examples: they are
structurally fragile; suffer from ideational stagnation along
with the lack of the vision that is capable of incorporating
the current variables of the day. They also suffer from
intra-party schisms and fractionalization. The two major
political parties, in particular, provide a typical example
for such defects. These two major parties are sectarianist
with some sort of regionalism and ethnicity in drawing
electoral support. The first is the "Umma Party" whose
adherents are the 'Ansar' (disciples of Mahdism) and the
other is the "Democratic Unionist Party" whose members
belong to the Khatmiya sufi Taraiqa (sects). The article
calls for re-constructing the political parties on sound
ground particularly on programmatic and mass parties.
It also calls for amalgamating those parties, which share
one ideology and common goals. Having well-established
parties paves the way for bringing about good governance
and consolidate sustainable democracy.

This study focuses on discussing some aspects
of the Asian presence in Sub-Saharan Africa during
the 20th century, a century that witnessed significant
development and profound impacts of Asian,
particularly Levantine, presence. These impacts
continue to echo to this day.
Our study consists of three essential sections. The
first section is dedicated to studying and tracing the
historical roots of the Asian presence in Sub-Saharan
Africa, with a focus on the major stages and key reasons
for this presence. The second section aims to highlight
the significant influences of Asian communities on
African society economically, socially, and politically.
The third and final section sheds light on the
characteristics and features of the Levantine presence
in West Africa. This is followed by a conclusion that
presents the key findings and recommendations. We
have also included a list of sources and references that
were relied upon in preparing this work.

The biography and struggle of the Indian leader
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma) (2 T
11869 - 30 K2 1948) "...a phenomenon that still
remains in the minds and hearts of many peoples of
the earth throughout the first half of the twentieth
century, he was able and rightly the Indian leader
who was ascetic and weak in terms of the physical
structure and strong in his determination and his
national and human will become a force feared by
the colonial will in the East.

The Arabian Gulf region in general, and Oman
in particular, played an important role in all stages
of the development of its human civilization, and
in international history throughout the ages, as
in the distant past, when it was a major cultural
corridor in the history of the ancient East, and the
heart of global civilization and its cultures, the
most authentic of which are today in international
politics.
The Arabian Gulf enjoys a strategic location
between the three ancient continents (Asia,
Europe and Africa) and is characterized by warm
waters and protected beaches suitable for shelters
for commercial and military ships.

This study discussed the internal conflicts in
Guinean society, illustrating theirs types, causes
and the strategies used in their settling. The
main results showed that the Guinean society is
composed from about 40 ethnics, as they classified
its internal conflicts to social, political, ethnical,
religious and environmental conflicts, and bad
governance, political instability, ethnic, religions
diversity, poverty, rumors and lack of dialogue are
the general factor which launch internal conflicts
in guinea.

The historical roots of the policy of racial
discrimination go back to the first meeting between
the Europeans and the indigenous people of South
Africa, as the conflict arose between the two parties
at the stage of establishing the Cape Colony in 1652,
which was built on the principle of the Boers and the
Dutch feeling the superiority of their white race, their
civilization, their language, and the development of
means of defending their lives and their feeling that
the white A heavenly religion and a holy book and
that it is more civilized, in contrast to their feeling that
other races are less civilized and civilized than their
white race, but rather it was found in order to serve
it, especially since the racist idea found explanations
for it in some ancient historical beliefs mixed with
some religious interpretations stating that Africans
are pagans - These justifications and speculations are
not supported historically - they were pagans in the
first era of settlement, before the arrival of missionary
missions to them.

This book that we have in our hands is a
manifestation of the renewal that distinguished
its late author, as it reviews the biography of
Sheikh Babiker Badri in an important era and
one of the most dangerous stages around Sudan
in particular and the African continent in general.
The writer says I knew Sheikh Babiker Badri
since I set foot on the land of Sudan for the first
time in 1940, and I had heard of him from afar
before being dispatched to Sudan for a while.
I knew the Sheikh who dedicated his life to
education and made it a hobby driven by a sincere
faith that does not hesitate from obstacles in all its
forms, including the British administration

African Studies Series:
Book Presentation:
African documents from Accra to Lame