Journal of African Studies

Joseph-Ki-Zerbo is a university professor,
distinguished historian, and politician from
Burkina Faso. His book is distinguished by its
shedding light on the history of black Africa
in general. He is a local historian who knows
the conditions of the Sahara and is well versed
in the history of Africa. He writes in a smooth
and clear style. In his book, he dealt with the
history of Africa since ancient times. Until the
modern era.

Ahmed Sekotouri was born on the ninth of
January 1922 in Farana- Guinea, he is descended
from a famous warrior family. Sikotori's father is
a poor farmer, he has five sisters, he belongs to the
"Mirinka" tribe. He studied in Quranic schools,
and then moved to the French Lycée School.

It is clear from the above that the most important
reason that prompted the officers to stage a coup is that
Henri Konan, with his own hands, preferred to cling to
power and personal interest at the expense of the country’s
interest. The dispute emerged between the latter and
Ouattara during the presidential elections in 1995 for the
purpose of removing his opponent who proposed Ivorian
nationalism, which divided the people into Ivorian (origin
and immigrant). Social cohesion collapsed, and he was
unable to continue the process of balancing the interests of
the various ethnic groups that characterize Côte d'Ivoire.
He granted political and economic privileges to his Baoli
ethnic group and worked to bring ethnic groups loyal to
his rule closer together. The country's conditions were
unstable, administrative corruption affected the country's
economy, and unemployment rates rose. Among Ivorian
youth.
As a result of the strategic location of Côte d'Ivoire and
the economic wealth it possesses, it has made it the focus of
attention of countries, including regional ECOWAS, which
works to stabilize the situation of West African countries for
the purpose of advancing the reality of development, which
it works hard to achieve success and raise the level of those
countries. As for the European countries, they are engaged
in conflict among themselves and are working To impose
its control over the countries of the African continent.

The history of African Americans is an integral part of the
thorny history of America and many events. This history began
with the arrival of the first Africans to the American colonies that
formed the United States of America in the year 1776. It can be
considered that the year 1619 is the beginning of the history of
the arrival and descent of black Africans on the land of the United
States of America. And that was when he brought about (20)
black Africans from the Caribbean to the colony of Virginia. The
arrivals were not enslaved slaves, but rather they arrived as hired
persons bound by contracts with those who brought them to this
colony, meaning that they are bound by fixed-term contracts with
those who brought them to work, and their situation is similar
to that of many White settlers who trace their origins to Europe,
These colored people were subjected to various types of torture,
cruelty and humiliation, and with the passage of time there was a
need for the emergence of organizations, associations, or parties
that defend their conditions, livelihood, and conditions. African
or Asian, who were rejected in terms of treatment by members
of society and deprived of their most basic civil rights, such as
education, work, voting, and participation in elections. Therefore,
the emergence of some organizations, including the Association
of Colored Women, whose formation was officially announced
in 1896, was a beacon of light in the path of those whose fate
was ostracism and deprivation. This association worked with
unparalleled female weight To achieve what was forbidden to
women of color, such as education, work, and fixing wages, and
more than that, to demand that colored women have the right
to vote and be elected in the same way as white women who
obtained that right in 1920.

For a long time, Somalia lived under ignorance and
illiteracy, as there were no regular schools, but religious
circles affiliated to some mosques called (Kateebs),
in which study was limited to religious matters only
without addressing the rest of the intellectual, political,
social or political life. Education in Somalia continued
to be dependent on schools for a large period. But there
are some regular or semi-formal schools established
under colonialism represented by missionary missions
and schools for the foreign community. Education
developed in Somalia after World War II, which came
with different cultural ideas, including the development
of education and making it regular, and eliminating or
reducing dependence on religious schools, which were
limited to a few sons of the people represented by the
sons of sheikhs and tribal leaders. This development
came at the hands of a group of patriotic people who
immigrated to some European countries, which led to
their contact with the developed life in these countries
and they transmitted all the cultural ideas that were
represented in the regular schools.

Southern Rhodesia's position was based on
an ideological standpoint, with the cooperation
of the colonial powers to eliminate national
movements in the southern African region during
the sixties and seventies. Despite the conclusion
of the Lancaster House agreement in 1979, and
the victory of Robert Mugabe is a real victory for
Mozambique on the one hand, this is like a setback
on the other hand, as the transfer of support for
the Renamo movement from Southern Rhodesia
to South Africa was a direct cause of the increase
in the violence of the civil war, and for Zimbabwe
to take that A reason for direct intervention in the
civil war to protect its important transportation
routes and to support its ally FRELIMO, and the
situation continues until the conclusion of the
Rome Agreement in 1992.

Tolerance enjoyed a great place in the hearts of
Muslims, especially after the verses of the Noble
Qur’an emphasized that principle, and then the
honorable Sunnah of the Prophet came to prove this
and work to implement it throughout the Arab Islamic
state. It was in dire need after the society before Islam
was under pagan principles based on fanaticism,
cruelty, hatred and intolerance, and the goal that the
research intends to achieve is based on confirming
the status of the value of tolerance, which the Sufis
adopted in a realistic and practical way. The honorable
and then the concept of tolerance among the Sufis
and what that value means for them, as well as the
consequences of that value on society and the extent
of the success of its application.
One of the most important findings of the research
is the conviction that adhering to the value of tolerance,
which the Sufis adopted and defended, contributed to
the solidarity and cohesion of the society.

This research deals with the issue of the transformation
of the political system of the Union of South Africa into
a republic according to its own constitution, with its
withdrawal from the Commonwealth of Nations, after
the government's efforts to remain within the association
failed, due to the policy of racial discrimination followed
in South Africa, which represents a great embarrassment
to the member states and the alliance of ideals. The higher
principles and principles on which the League is based,
during its transformation into a republic, due to its racist
policy that is inconsistent with the ideals and principles of
the League, which made South Africa withdraw from the
League and declare the establishment of the Republic in
1961, after a referendum whose results were in favor of the
establishment of the Republic.
The research highlighted the viewpoints of the main
parties in South Africa: the National Ruling Party, the
United Party that opposes the transformation step, and the
Progress Party, which entered the parliamentary elections
according to the 1961 constitution, and the reasons behind
their positions. The National Party continued to dominate
power and white supremacy, despite some caveats that
impeded that supremacy and domination, whether they
were internal or external pressures.