Journal of University of Babylon

This work presents the experimental investigation results of high performance and low emission ‎colorless combustion in a gas turbine tubular combustor at atmospheric conditions. Low emission and ‎colorless oxidation reaction is characterized by dispersed flame and temperature under the conditions of ‎preheated air. System performance, emissions of CO and UHC are recorded up to achieve low emission ‎colorless combustion, the flame capturing, Measurements of temperature, inlet air mass flow rate and gas ‎fuel LPG flow rate for variable of fuel main injector holes diameter. concluded that maximal air mass flow ‎rate, with choked fuel flow in the main injector for each cases promotes the formation of colorless pal blue ‎flame combustion, for 3.2 g/s of fuel flow rate with 6 holes and 1mm main injector holes diameter and ‎lower CO emissions and decreasing in UHC emissions (70 → 10) ppmv with increasing in power generation ‎‎(0.5 → 3.42) kW and decreasing in S.F.C. (21.5 → 3.49) kg/kwh. ‎

With the modern orientation of companies which concentrates mainly on customer, ‎globalizations, and high competition position, this caused the supply chain members must be under ‎high pressure to manage and control their effectiveness. So measuring of supply chain performance in ‎such circumstances can be considered as a crucial effect and it is implemented in this paper. This ‎research aims to estimate supply chain performance measurement based on Fuzzy Analytical ‎Hierarchical Process. In real application, the performance of organization estimated based on different ‎factors and these factors vary in impact on performance depending upon policies and strategies of ‎organization. The importance of each factor was identified by applying Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical ‎Process technique. Two phases fuzzy logic rule were applied, the first phase i.e. fuzzy inference system ‎was used to identify performance indicator of each factor by using its value and importance. The ‎second phase was started by using second fuzzy inference system to identify supply chain ‎performance measurement by integration of all factor indicators which obtained from first inference ‎rule. The developed approach provides an effective tool for evaluation of supply chain performance ‎measurement and real case study was presented in dairy industries.‎

Numerical simulation performed in this paper to explore the flexural behavior of RC one way ‎slab strengthened with fiber reinforcement cementations matrix (FRCM). Three dimensional finite ‎element analysis was performed by using ANSYS (17.2). The main issues focused in this paper are (1) ‎the effect of FRCM fabric types on the flexural behavior of strengthened RC slab in terms of both ‎ultimate capacity and deflection, (2) effect of variables compressive strength value of the concrete ‎slab and (3) number of fabric layers for composite material effect. The results showed that the fabric ‎type had a clear effect on the flexural behavior of the strengthened slab. The parametric study also ‎revealed that the flexural strength increases with increasing the compressive strength of concrete when ‎the failure is represented by crushing of the concrete strut. In addition to, the number of fabric layers ‎for composite material had a clear effect on the behavior of RC slab, but to a specified number ‎because then the failure is determined by the action of the concrete in the compression zone.‎

In this paper, Gough Stewart parallel manipulator with six-degree of freedom used as a model to ‎derived the inverse kinematics equations and inverse dynamic equations. The inverse kinematic problem is ‎very simple to derive then used to computed the jacobian matrix and the lengths of the linkages to ‎determine the path trajectory of the moving platform. The dynamic equation based on the Lagrange ‎method by calculated the kinetic and potential energies for the model. The dynamic equation inserted in ‎Simulink block as Matlab file lead to computed the forces of the linkages at any time of simulation and ‎can be used to explain if the path contain a singularities where the forces increasing very quickly in singular ‎point compare with other points during the path of the moving platform. Finally, these blocks can be used ‎in the other models with different parameters inputs.‎

In light of the rapid technical technological development of technology and its dominance over ‎the joints of life, the need for intelligent design was born as an important episode of the technological ‎development in the 21st century. This concept became dominant in all other design types, including ‎design with its various disciplines such as architectural design, urban and other. It is capable of dealing ‎with architecture & urban problems and solving them, and it has the ability to study the relationship ‎between architectural buildings and transportation, social and political planning thinking, its relation to ‎the urban and economic aspects, and the provision of safe and easy means of freedom and of the ‎transition between the spaces. And provide special spaces for people to enable them to meet and meet ‎all their social requirements. In order to shed light on the dimensions of smart urban & architectural ‎design, it is necessary to build on a global research ground that explores the concepts of urban ‎intelligence. The research aims to study the concept of smart cities, sustainability, dynamic design, ‎etc., because of its strong association with the concept of intelligence on the one hand and the urban ‎& architectural design concept, Global government interest in this issue as in the European Parliament, ‎for example. One of the most important elements of urban design is the need to deal with the city or ‎region in a comprehensive way away from reading the elements separately to reach a suitable design ‎for that region. A good urban design is the close link between city planning and architectural design. ‎And that the body of the city is not integrated except in the presence of public spaces and to ‎broadcast the spirit is not only interest in the health of its streets, it is necessary to participate people in ‎the design of the city, but through a questionnaire on the opinion of design thought, there should be a ‎collection of as many ideas as possible to reach Type of integration with urban structures. The ‎research presents a research hypothesis that artificial intelligence may be the concept of smart cities, ‎which is influential in rephrasing the dimensions of the concept of urban design according to the ‎theory that came from the Matthew Carmona through a theory that calls for integration in the ‎dimensions required for the architectural and urban design of the social space suitable for man‏.‏

Mathematical modeling is one of the important tools to derive theories and indicate causal ‎relations between spatial variability of various phenomena, scientific theory developed for the purpose ‎of conducting spatial analysis of the phenomenon through time they used mathematical modeling to ‎link Variables and factors influencing the phenomenon.‎
Mathematical modeling has evolved after entering the digital technology, the wording of the ‎various models is done by the computer via custom software designed for that purpose, geographic ‎information systems (GIS) is one of the most important digital systems that allow researchers using ‎mathematical modeling In the analysis and interpretation of spatial relations of various phenomena ‎through fellowship.‎
Urban land uses are one of spatial phenomena in cities created for various functions such as ‎housing and shopping, transport and mobility, manufacturing, education, health and other services to ‎the city through the relationships and interactions among them and are subject to the rules of logical ‎theory suit City environment and administered through planning and management regulations .‎
Urban landuses affected in Najaf during 1994 till 2018 by factors influenced the change of the ‎relationship between them, have changed their functions have become different in nature from the ‎planned situation, This led to problems,and Prompting the researcher to adopt digital mathematical ‎modeling specifically ‎‏)‏GWR) to identify causal factors of functional change in urban land uses in the ‎city during the study period as well as try to interpret the indicators and results and representation ‎Digital maps allow for the possibility of developing a planning and management.‎

One of the important aims of gas hydrate technology is to enhance the formation of hydrate or ‎reduction the induction time for clathrate formation. The effect of the different promoter silica gel ‎powder on R-134a gas hydrate formation has been investigated in the isochoric system experiment. It is ‎noted that the purse media have a significant effect in increasing the speed of nucleation as well as ‎improving the growth of hydrate. In the experiment, the effect of silica gel powder was studied to ‎determine their effect on the composition and cooling capacity of 134 hydrates. From kinetic models ‎were obtained many objective functions such as the amount of gas consumed (∆n), the growth rate (r ‎‎(t)), and conversion of the water to hydrate. The gas consumed (∆n) of binary system increased with ‎increase initial pressure of hydrate formation, also the hydrate growth rate (r (t)) and increase conversion ‎of water to hydrate increase‏ ‏‎ when this the first time that the effect of silica gel pweder on these ‎functions with average active size (900) nm, BET surface area (0.65) m2/g, pore volume 210.85 cm3/g ‎and average pore size (900) nm that studied for use in industrial applications and water treatment. The ‎improvement of hydrate growth is marked by the addition of silica gel powder, which in turn increase the ‎solubility of hydrate gas and reduce the contact angle. In addition, silica gel powder positively the ‎contact with the gas through the increase of the interaction surface between gas and water and this ‎increases the rate of formation of hydrate.‎

The transport systems operating within the city in general and its center in particular have a ‎great impact on urban development within the city's sustainability. Development in all its parts and ‎components aims at preserving the human, environment and resources on the one hand and providing ‎a safe, easy and healthy life on the one hand. Transport is a fundamental, effective and effective part ‎of development because of its great impact on the development of cities. Today, it is the basis of the ‎engine of life in cities and its impact on the economic, tourism, social, environmental and many more. ‎Traffic systems during the last century, and continuing to come together now and in the future, and is ‎a natural consequence of the substantial increase in population numbers throughout the world, ‎including Baghdad city center. Therefore, the importance of the subject is "the result of the importance ‎of transport systems operating in the city and its impact on development and the environmental, ‎economic and health aspects." The hypothesis "Integrated and sustainable public transport systems ‎have social, environmental, health and economic impacts at the city level in general, Access when ‎available "research problem" is the lack of a clear cognitive perception of the reality of the transport ‎systems adopted in the city on development and the environmental, economic, social and health.‎

If the procedural definition of the performance act is (\"the mixing of subjective and objective ‎effort in a logical and conscious action to reflect the architectural thought and create the optimal ‎expression between the desired image and the possible image with references from inside or outside the ‎architecture to meet the need of the receiver and thus accept)‎‏.‏
Is this dimension performative specific performance coefficient can be measured by the ‎performance of architecture through which, if we know that the definition of coefficient of ‎performance ((is the energy required relative to the paid energy)) and the relationship of these two ‎definitions, an architectural concept of performance evaluation, which is a system that helps in ‎measuring and evaluating the relationship between the efficiency of the performance duties and ‎functions of the job Eshetglha and all of the behavior and the ability of the product on the best results ‎achieved performance according to the level of performance and the degree of actual achievement, ‎which helps to know the strengths and weaknesses of the past performance and determine how to ‎avoid weaknesses and investment strengths at the present time and in the pain Will be accepted to ‎reach the highest degree of performance efficiency, including the individual and the community. If the ‎objective of architecture core is the benefit of man all the physical, moral, social and economic levels ‎‎... etc., since this science dimension Adaiaa goal of the benefit of man and therefore society finds ‎research his problem through the questions, you can find a constant coefficient of performance ‎architecture can be measured? How to take advantage of the performance coefficient can be used as ‎a criterion for measuring the benefit of architecture, and what is the relationship between the benefit of ‎the production and function of the architecture, what specializes performance output coefficient or ‎usefulness of the function of architectural production. This gives the signal to determine the main ‎hypothesis that architecture science goal is to find the function of the product of working on the ‎benefit of the human system and this system consists of a set of elements and through the study of ‎these elements and their relationships can be reached Adaiatha plants. Whereas the secondary ‎hypothesis: the possibility of finding for the benefit of architectural output function for performing ‎access to read in the life of architecture through the elements of its projects components and can ‎therefore be life indicator architectural output and ensure the preservation of Adaiatha.‎
In this case, it is possible to refer the information base to the search through the variable used in ‎the coefficient of performance of the architectural output symbolized by the symbol X and the ‎theoretical objectives of the research in the possibility of knowing, containing and directing the change ‎in the nature of the performance awareness of the benefit of a particular architectural product by ‎knowing its practical function in providing a method of measurement Which enables them to identify ‎a new relationship and a new life in architecture that depends mainly on the performance factor of the ‎architectural output and its relation to elements of the architectural system to reach a building that is ‎full of life and as long as possible.‎
‎ Independent variables: the components of the performance of the architectural production of ‎energy production, required and paid and its impact on the life of architecture. The research was based ‎on a methodology that consisted of the following axes: the axis of the efficiency of performance, the ‎role of the mind and its transfer to its own, and the focus of the study examples and conclusions and ‎recommendations.‎

Pneumatic vacuum elevator (PVE) has become a popular choice for our homes and low-rise ‎buildings in recent years. The Pneumatic vacuum elevator represents a new concept evolved from the ‎idea of pressed air applied in the pneumatic elevator replaced by a vacuum air idea. The pneumatic ‎vacuum elevator is able to transport people between building floors without using any cables, ‎counterweight, or pulleys. A simple and low cost construction and implementation for an Electro-‎pneumatic vacuum elevator system prototype is presented in this paper. The elevator system ‎prototype is constructed with three floors to elevate a maximum load of 6kg. Programmable Logic ‎Controller (PLC) of (LS\GLOFA-G7M-DR30U) series with (16) inputs and (12) outputs programmed ‎with Ladder diagram software is used for the fully automated the elevator system. The idea of the ‎proposed elevator system may be predicted to be widely spread in the low-rise residential buildings.‎

The decoration has been associated with various human achievements since ancient times and has been considered by some of ‎theses as an additional, non-mandatory , can be probability remove , subtract and dispensable. It is misunderstood as a mere addition ‎and an instrument for beauty as its artistic characteristics, especially the decorative jewelry. In contrast to the concept of mandatory ‎ethics concept which associated with
both for purposes and values aspects, that contrast highlighted the need to discuss them together to investigate the ethical ‎aspects of decorating in architectural output to undermine those ideas, which considered decorating as a surplus only.‎
The research problem was explained by "absence a clear conception of the ethical indicators of decorating the product of ‎architecture‏"‏‎, Thus the goal of the research is that "put the ethical indicators of decoration the architectural output at the level of plans ‎and facades" , so the research put hypothesis as "highlighting the ethics of decoration within both the subcontractor and the apparent ‎levels In each of plans and facades, to achieve architectural output as a whole", it focused on uncovering the ethical indicators of ‎decoration the architectural output, in order to present a special theoretical framework for the indicators of moral decoration at the level ‎of plans and the facades together,‎
It has been confirmed that the decoration at the level of the plans and the facade both, that confirmed its commitment to the ‎functional aspects economic , safety environmental construction, as well as to the aesthetic aspects of expressive and symbolic ‎especially Tectonics, as determined the apperance of architectural output as a whole Today, after its development into digital tectonics ‎for the production of digital surfaces, which were described as skins to overlap the structure (the structure - the skin) and their material ‎together weaving decoration process thanks to the digital potentials to represent the digital surface space or metaphysical fabric and a ‎living space for various functional and aesthetic values in the current era, including richer functional plans and expression facades.‎

This paper presents optimum path planning for multi mobile robots that move between an initial ‎point toward a target point then back to the initial point in a way that avoid collision without heavily slow ‎down robots speed. The work system designs for taking into consideration robots velocities as well as time ‎that robots will spend it in their target points, since both could be variant for all robots. In order to achieve ‎the work objectives, time and space method combined with sequential entry method are used to design ‎robots motion. In addition, two priority levels are used of carefully selected priorities to avoid collision ‎between robots; node level priority and robot level priority. In node level priority, the priority gives to robots ‎in a manner that minimize the number of over all system collisions. While in robot level priority the priority ‎gives to robots that cause faster speed for work achievement. The work is tested with different number of ‎robots and different types of maps, and the algorithm proved its efficiency in finding the optimum solution ‎regarding system performance for each robot in the collision points. The proposed algorithm is ‎implemented using VBA programming language.‎

The oxidation of benzene by UV-light in the presence of catalyst was studied .It was found that ‎the residual concentration of benzene decreased with the time of irradiation increasing .The complete ‎oxidation was at 180 min. Plot of (LnC) against (t) showed a straight line of pseudo first order reaction ‎‎.Many solvents such as methanol ethanol , toluene and n-hexane were used in the experiments which ‎explained that the rate constant increased linearly with the polarity of the solvent. ZnO , Cu2O , TiO2 ‎were used in the photo oxidation of benzene as a photo catalysts in addition to the using of Al2O3 ‎‎.The residual concentration of benzene was the minimized value with TiO2 due to increasing the ‎surface area. Also the increasing in the power of lamp lead to increase the rate of reaction.‎

In this research, an experimental study was conducted on the solar box cooker manufactured ‎with dimensions of (50*50*47cm). The solar box cooker was tested in Baghdad city from 7/4/2018 to ‎‎21/4/2018. Evaluation was carried out to test the performance of the solar cooker in two stages. The ‎first stage included the solar cooker test in four cases through the test of the solar box cooker as fixed ‎tracking and these two cases with and without a reflective mirror as another two cases. The results of ‎the tests show that the best performance of the solar box cooker is when using the tracking and the ‎reflective mirror in which the water temperature reached 109°C at 14:00 and also this test gives ‎average water temperature during test period 81.6°C. The second stage the best case was selected ‎‎(tracking solar box cooker with reflective mirror) to evaluate its performance according to the ‎American Society of Agricultural Engineers standards. Therefore, the test of the solar box cooker was ‎conducted with tracking and the reflective mirror for three days to reach a more accurate results in ‎which 38 observations from those tests was selected. The results show that standardized cooking ‎power equals to 56.09 W at a temperature difference of 50°C with r2 = 0.8318.‎

This work exhibits an incorporated way to deal with the procedure demonstrating and multi-‎target improvement of EDM parameters of Al-Si based on response surface methodology (RSM) ‎combined with desirability function (DF) method. The’ effect’ of’ process’ parameters for’ example, ‎pulse current (Ip), pulse’ on’ time’ (Ton) as well as pulse’ off’ time’ (Toff) on’ metal removal’ rate’ ‎‎(MRR), electrode’ wear’ rate’ (EWR) and’ surface’ roughness’ (Ra), were analyzed. An extensive ‎investigation of difference (ANOVA) at fixed indicative level of 5%, was done to completely ‎distinguish the most persuasive parameters, and the sufficiency of all fitted relapse models were ‎checked. To completely comprehend the trademark machinability conduct under various EDM ‎conditions, fundamental effect investigation. The results indicate that MRR increases with the rising Ip ‎and Ton. Low EWR and Ra can be acquired by diminishing Ip and Ton. Be that as it may, the Ip is the ‎most commanding parameter pursued by Ton and Toff for MRR and Ra whereas in the EWR, the Ip is ‎the foremost factor, followed by the Toff and Ton. Lastly, a multi-optimization way dependent upon the ‎desirability function (DF) idea was used to discover ideal blends of machining parameters so that it ‎was capable to produce the the most extreme estimation of MRR and least estimations of EWR and ‎Ra, inside the noteworthy information parameters. ‎

‎ The evolution of techniques required to mobilize reservoir fluids at critical saturation is ‎important because of global needs for petroleum, and because of the necessity to conserve the ‎subterranean water that deteriorated because of the slowness of the dismantling of persistent organic ‎pollutants. The acoustic waves of low frequency are one of these methods, but until recently the ‎absence of understanding of the vibration effect to displace oil prevent vibration application in the ‎field. This paper proves that oil permeability increased when the vibration induced in porous media; ‎that vibration makes resorting to the rock grains, which stimulate passage for liquid moving through ‎the reservoir. The capillary pressure and reservoir pressure should be taken in consideration in order to ‎make optimum validation for vibration stimulation.‎

The principles of processing the superposition of reflected ultra wideband chirp Signals by a ‎correlation-filter method are considered; as a result, a transformation occurs in the spatial "window" in the ‎range of the compressed LFM signals and is proportional to their frequency shift. At the same time, the ‎frequency band of the reflected signals is reduced in proportion to the transformation coefficient, so that ‎their further processing can be carried out in digital form, thereby ensuring high stability and identity of the ‎processed signals necessary for more reliable recognition of radar targets with allowance for ‎superresolution in the distance. A method is proposed for compensating frequency detuning compressed ‎and frequency-shifted superposition of reflected LFM signals, which makes it possible to carry out their ‎weight processing using standard methods and to limit the spectral band. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio ‎increases, and the correlation filtering method of processing, taking into account the compensation of ‎frequency detuning of the transformed and compressed LFM signals, approaches the optimal method. ‎This makes it possible to provide detection at longer distances, about 0.8 times the maximum detection, ‎and, if necessary, take appropriate measures. It is shown that, regardless of the size of the spatial window, ‎energy losses remain minimal, and the frequency of discrete samples of compressed pulses decreases in ‎proportion to the transformation coefficient, while ensuring high resolution and saving phase information ‎about the brilliant points in the spatial image. ‎

Solar distillation is an effective and a useful method to solve the problem of water scarcity ‎usable on the surface of the earth. A multi-stage solar still was used, and the performance of it was ‎improved by linking it to (Evacuated Solar Collector Tubes), the rate of increase in productivity is ‎about (38%). Practical and theoretical calculations were carried out on two cases. The first case was ‎the basin of the first stage containing water only; the second case was the basin containing the fiber of ‎the palm. When comparing the two cases there was a similarity between the two cases, but the addition ‎of leaf fiber improved the increase in night productivity. The rate of increase in night productivity is ‎about (25%).This type of solar still was a modern technology in improving the performance of multi-‎stage solar still.‎

Polyurethane foams were fabricated with different percentages of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) ‎and sizing by the unsaturated polyester. In these samples, the (TiO2) nanoparticles were inserted to ‎polyurethane foams as filler with different percentages (1%, 3%, 5% and 7wt %) to study the effect of ‎UV radiation and (TiO2) nanoparticles on some of mechanical properties, such as (impact resistance ‎and bending strength) as well as the chemical resistance in salt media. Results showed the impact ‎resistance increased with increasing of the (TiO2) nanoparticles weight percentage until 3wt%. ‎Moreover, the bending strength increased with rising in weight percentages of (TiO2) nanoparticles until ‎‎5wt%. The optimum sample of chemical resistance was 5wt% of (TiO2) nanoparticle. Finally, the UV ‎radiation leads to decrease of the mechanical properties. Additionally, chemical resistance was ‎decreased with UV radiation exposure. Sample with 5wt% has the best and lowest of weight loss than ‎other samples. ‎

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is one of the important multiuse plants in the world. There is no studies ‎about this shrub in Syria. In this study, information about this plant was collected from two sections: first ‎in the whole world with collecting environmental needs and information about international distribution ‎and abundance. In second way, sites that looked appropriate by using information from first section were ‎chosen for looking about elderberry in Syria. Information, samples, photos, evidences and witnesses have ‎been investigated for the first time about this species in Syria. Aleppo (City of Aleppo & Afrin province), ‎Idlib, Homs and Damascus were sites have individuals in natural or cultivated form of this plant. Lattakia ‎and Tartus didn’t have any evidence of this plant. As a result of this study a predicted map of Sambucus ‎nigra distribution was putted for Syria and collected information about this plant can help in future ‎researches in Syria. ‎

The architectural space has undergone several Transformations in its formal characteristics in line with ‎several factors such as environmental, social and political changes and demands. The spatial change appears ‎by influence of different cultures and societal characteristics, and chronologically through the succession of ages ‎and the consequent change in the factors mentioned above. The characteristic of internal space was an integral ‎part of the characteristics of the styles and architectural trends that prevailed in each era. There is no doubt that ‎the prevailing technology in every age had its role in shaping the architectural forms and crystallization of the ‎paradigm that expresses the characteristics of the age and its concept. As the current era is witnessing a shift ‎towards digitization technology, the research problem has emerged from the "The lack of knowledge in ‎clarifying the indicators of the transformation of technology systems which affect the characteristics of the ‎interior architectural space through the ages, up to the age of digitization technology".‎‏ ‏‎ Thus the aim of the ‎research is to explore the general features the paradigm shifts in the interior architectural spaces through a ‎technological system's perspective, assuming that " the interior architectural space has paradigm defined by ‎common characteristics associated with the prevailing technological system of its age, These characteristics ‎undergo a change along with changing technological system (or technological entity)." To reach its aim, the ‎research adopted an exploratory approach to the architectural interior spaces through the historical epochs and ‎by illustrating examples representing each epoch. This was preceded by an introduction of the concepts of the ‎interior architectural space and the paradigm in architecture, then identification of the indicators of the ‎architecture technological system, which were to be observed in the characteristics of interior space at all ‎historical epochs leading to the crystallization of the paradigmatic features. One of the most important findings ‎of the research is that the interior architectural space has undergone three major paradigmatic shifts in its ‎characteristics over the ages. They are; first, the pre-modern spaces paradigm, which had clearly marked ‎boundaries, heavy mass weight, limited association with the outside, and the principles of symmetry and ‎axiality. Second, the paradigmatic characteristics of Modernism spaces and beyond, which also had clear ‎boundaries but with the possibility of camouflage and manipulation and reduction in the mass of the space ‎elements as well as an increase of openness to the outside along with the Cancellation of the principles of ‎classical symmetry and axiality. Finally, the interior space paradigm of the age of digitization, which is ‎characterized by the possibilities of concealment of borders, in addition to lightness, transparency, smoothness ‎and the fusion of elements with abolition of mass weight.‎

This study investigated and prepared a coating for surgical implants by using hydroxyapatite ‎‎(HA) empowers characteristic bone that developed at a medium for prosthetic the parts of human ‎body. HA is the generally manufactured from both Calcium (Ca) and Phosphate (P) to produce ‎‎(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) that used as a base material for covering mineral embeds because of its incredible ‎biocompatibility and comparable the synthesis and structure to sclerous tissues of the human body. ‎HA, coatings on titanium substrates have been produced by Pulses laser deposition (PLD) techniques. ‎HA used in this search pressed at pressure (150MPa) with particle size (2.745 µm) and used as a target ‎in coating by (PLD) techniques. Surface characterization studies of the coatings such as XRD, SEM, ‎AFM and EDX to detect the amount of (Ca) and (P) in coating layer were carried out. Then test the ‎micro-hardness, surface roughness for HA coating .Corrosion behavior for uncoated and coated ‎samples with various number of pulses in Hank‏’‏s solution by using OCP and the potentially static ‎polarization test were achieved also, , in this test we obtained a greatly improved in corrosion resistance ‎of the samples B1 after coating by 99.88%.‎

The religious visit to the holy shrines is an important aspect of the life and behavior of ‎Muslims because of the connection to a religious and spiritual conviction based on frequent ‎statements sayings by the great Prophet Muhammad and his holy family, that the imam intended to ‎visit is present is hearing and responding the greeting. The visit has its impact on the heart from the ‎spiritual point of view, in addition to the request for intercession because they are close to Allah. The ‎visit to any imam is a visit to the Prophet, also as if he visited the throne of God. The importance of the ‎visit and then the number of visitors from an architectural and planning point of view form important ‎criterion in the development and change of the architecture of the threshold and the urban adjacent ‎fabric because its include the behavioral, social and cultural functional dimensions, as well as the ‎decrees and traditions of the visit during religious events. The absence of a clear knowledge of the ‎architectural and urban influences of religious visits in the building of the holy shrines, The aim of this ‎paper is to study and analyze the impact of the concept of the visit and the number of visitors in the ‎development of the architecture of the threshold and surrounding urban fabric. It also deals with the ‎ability of accommodating the urban spaces of the increasing numbers of visitors and their religious, ‎social and cultural activities and the need to study them as a functional criterion in the development of ‎the architecture of the thresholds in general and the Imam Ali threshold and sacred subject matter in ‎particular

This paper presents a study of free vibration of perforated laminate composite plate. The modal ‎characteristics consist of three layers, the material is hard orthotropic composite material, with simply ‎support (SSSS), Clamped boundary (CCCC) and simple clamed conditions (SCSC) are applied at all four ‎edges of the plate.. The natural frequency and mode shape of the plates have been obtained using ANSYS ‎‎15. Eight-node isopaprametric layered shell elements (SHELL 281) are employed in the modeling for ‎describing the vibrations of these perforated laminate composite plates. The effect of number of holes, ‎hole area ratio, lamination angles and boundary condition on vibrations are investigated. The convergence ‎study was achieved for numerically and compare with present literature. The results showed that the ‎frequencies of the plate with one hole at the center are different from the perforated plate when ‎maintaining a fixed ratio hole area, as well the lamination angle has a clear effect on the increase and ‎decrease of the fundamental frequency for all the tested cases. ‎

Internet is the essential tool of transmitting information and providing services to facilitate the ‎human daily jobs. The internet has a great impact on various fields of life, including learning, where e-‎learning emerged as one of the services provided by the Internet. E-learning is a distance knowledge ‎acquisition by using electronic methods and it has increased dependence in the two decades ago. One of ‎the problems facing e-learning is contents management because E-learning differs from traditional learning ‎by overcoming the conditions of time and place. The semantic web is the restructuring of the current web ‎to managing data and resources to become more effective for human and machine. The semantic web is ‎based on an ontology which is defined as a descriptive representation of data and resources. It is expected ‎that Semantic Web technologies and Ontologies will affect the next generation of e-learning systems and ‎applications. Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a general modeling for data representation by ‎using a variety of syntax. A friend of a friend (FOAF) and Dublin Core (DC) are a vocabulary description ‎depending on RDFs' rules. ‎
This paper presents a semantic management of E-learning in College of Engineering at University of ‎Kerbala based on ontology of users’ profile, scientific activities, and lessons. RDF, FOAF, and DC are used ‎to create a syntax of metadata. The proposed work was evaluated according to average precision and ‎recall of the search's results and social network metrics.‎
The results demonstrate that FOAF is a good way to represent nodes and relations and this ‎improves using it in searching without access the database. FOAF has the ability to gathering dispersed ‎data into common interests.‎

Historical city centers represent the oldest part of the city that reflect its importance and history ‎through a concrete cultural identity with fixed features. These centers maintain their authenticity by ‎maintaining their continuity. However, historical city centers have been exposed to many factors that have ‎affected their structure, especially the physical structure, which required the emergence of a policy to ‎regenerate these vital areas of the city in a sustainable manner. The Sustainable Urban Regeneration ‎Policy has focused on the multiple dimensions of the urban environment of the historical center ‎represented by - the physical dimension, the economic dimension, the social dimension, the cultural ‎dimension and the institutional dimension-, focusing on the physical dimension considering it the most ‎important in the regeneration of historical city centers.‎
Many urban sustainability strategies have focused on regenerating the historical center under the ‎umbrella of sustainable urban regeneration. However, they have not focused on physical aspect as a basis ‎for regenerating the structure of the historical center as a whole. In the 1990s, the Ecopolis strategy has ‎emerged, concentrating on the environmental -physical dimension of the urban structure, that promotes ‎the spatial attraction, thereby improving the quality of life in historic city centers.‎
The objective of the research is to extract the mechanisms and indicators of the Ecopolis strategy in ‎the environmental-physical dimension through three aspects; the urban form, urban efficiency and the ‎flow of elements in the historical center structure, which create a spatial environment that achieves the ‎well-being of the inhabitants. As well as the application of the indicators on an elected environment (Al-‎Karkh Historical Center).‎