Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

Exposed to the natural sources are risk, as a result of human activity aimed to get the food and agricultural raw materials. This leads to the weakening of the capacity of the resources to fulfill the needs of future generations. Therefore, it is important to preserve the environment and natural resources of interest to scientists. This resulted in the birth of the sustainable agricultural development.
The importance of this research is derived from the importance of agriculture to sustain life, it is impossible to do without food. Therefore, it should work to reduce the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment, and at the same time working to improve the positive effects too. The research aims at identifying the levels which were completed towards sustainable agricultural development at the global level in the group of developed and developing countries .
The research found that agriculture was able to increase the per capita calorie intake, in conjunction with the increasing use of external inputs harmful to the environment. But the developed countries started to go towards reducing these inputs, while developing countries still tend to increase their use.

The financial and human resources considred as one of the basic elements in the organization,. whatsoever either service or productive, and despite the importance of the financial resources of capital, machinery and machinery, but the human resources of the organization are more important than financiul physical resources where the organization owned skilled efficient human resources, make that organization to be able to perform its activities and business efficiently, and was able to achieve its objectives and messages. The efficiency of an organization measured by the possibility of exploiting all the resources .
Where is the study of the role of human resources in the organization of the critical studies. to achieve the goals of the organization and increase its productivity efficienty .
The research is divided into three sections first Section deals with the research methodology and second section contains the theoretical aspect of the importance of human resources and their goals to achieve production efficiencies. third section indicator the practical side that demonstrates the measure of productivity depending on the equation (indicator ) of the overall productivity of the company. The search reached some conclusious The most important Of them is conclusions that the company achieved high productivity and this due to back to the role of human resources in improving and increasing productivity .Research was presented several possible recommendations to be useful to the company.

The agricultural development Takes has an important and distinct place not in the Iraqi economy only, but in most economies of the world because of its important role in the growth and development of the agricultural sector .In Iraq it was and is still there is an urgent need for the state's role in the development of the agricultural sector, due to the weak financial technological and administrative capabilities, of agricultural sector, when the state agricultural sector during the period of the economic embargo that has committed to Iraq through its agricultural policies so are good at it succeeded in providing food and food security, even lowerat levels for the Iraqi people, but when stopped the state from providing the required support after the occupation at the time that the agricultural sector has suffered from the destroy and undermine infrastructure and the problem of water, desertification and exposure of the Iraqi economy and the spread and prevalence of dumping in the Iraqi market, we find that the levels of agricultural production has fallen dramatically from what it was in a period of economic blockade and before the occupation.

The empowerment of woman in Iraq regarded as an essential part in economic development, because woman constitutes half of the society and about (49.7%) percent from the populatation So the progress of any society is correlated with the advancement of women and increasing their economic contribution and lessen the difficulties, which are restricted their abilities . The hypothesis adopted in this study states that although the efforts have been taken in the field of the empowerment of woman economically in Iraq , especially after 2003 but the building of her abilities and strengthen her contribution in development process , still needs more effective efforts from all the develoment partners' ( state , private sector , and civilian community ) . The study divided into three chapters, The first one deals with conceptual and theoretical framwork of empowerment ot woman economically . the second chapter discuss the reality of woman from the economic point of view. while the third chapter shed light upon the future of empowerment of woman economically from the results it was appeared that it to empower women is not possible and the evidence reveals the weackness of the contribution of woman in economic activity though this ratio tends to balance with male from the size and quality,

The role of the banking sector is very important in the capital markets in several respects, it is able to issue financial instruments,which can be traded in financial markets, on the other hand it can do the financing of investment in financial assets traded in the capital markets, and on the third the commercial banks are directly investing in the capital markets through financial investment companies and specifically mutual funds, where these funds play an important role in the operations of the financial institutional investment of capital markets, not only in developed countries, but also in countries with emerging markets as well. The study aims to give the contribution of the banking sector listed in the stock market in economic activity.

In the last 30 years, Iraq’s economic involvement in the world market has dramatically fluctuated— fluctuations brought, in part, by damage in the infrastructure during the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, followed by a multinational military response and years of economic sanctions as a result of its invasion to Kuwait in 1990.
In the seventies of the last century the Iraqi public sector was taking the responsibility for most of the activities of exports and imports. The main exports products in Iraq were crude oil, which formed the average between (8 4% to 96%) of the total Iraqi exports in most of years. Iraq government established some of the industries mainly for exports, such as; oil products, Petro chemistry, fertilizer, and cement industry.
In the early of the 1980s when the first Gulf War started between Iraq and Iran , most of these industries stopped, as a result of war and the Iraqi economy transformed to war economy. This situation continued until the early 1990s, when the second Gulf War started and its consequences on Iraqi economy by imposing the economic embargo , which continued until 2003.
Over than 30 years, the trade policy in Iraq was bound, the law of the tariff number (77) for the year 1955 and its updates, which has been considered as one of the highest level of tariff laws. The most important restrictions was getting import license that allowed government to controll the imports. For instance, it was not possible to import a private car without import license, which was not provided to everyone he can get it only for very special cases, and the tariff level was vary according to the origin of the car and may it reach up to 300% of the value of the car.
The formal exchange rate of Iraqi dinar was too low for government imports, but for private sector trade there was a multiplicity of exchange rates and most of these prices were not given the real value of the Iraqi dinar. That led to a large deformation in the prices of goods in international trade