Journal of African Studies

Through the historical sources available to us,
this study seeks to shed light on the nature of the
relationship that brought together the historian and the
ruling authority in West Africa during the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. This relationship was
often characterized by mutual cordiality and respect.
The study also tries to highlight the main issues and
problems that the historian focused on in his writings,
which in most cases do not deviate from official writing,
glorifying the sultan and embellishing his image in
front of his subjects. Lastly, this study examines the
issue of the relationship between the head of state
(the Sultan) and the rest of the components of African
society during the study period.

The African continent has become a region of competition
between traditional powers, such as the United States of
America, and the rising economic powers represented by
China. China has concluded many investment agreements
and contracts in the African continent with the aim of
achieving effective penetration with many pivotal countries
on the political, economic and military levels.
African countries, especially Ethiopia, are considered
one of the most important regions in which China wants to
invest. Investment has diversified into various projects and
main and sub-investment sectors. In 2018, it reached more
than 4 billion dollars, so China established the Eastern
Industrial Zone, which contains (83) factories, (45) Chinese
investment companies have entered to produce textiles,
cement, clothing, steel, car assembly, and others. China
also built dams with the aim of providing electrical energy,
such as ((The Renaissance Dam, Fesha Dam, and Takeze
Dam)), in addition to constructing land roads and railways
in the regions of Ethiopia. Investment was not limited to
these aspects only, but included important aspects such as
health, education, and communications. In the field of oil
and gas, air transport, health and sports.

A set of facts must be clarified that show us the
strategic importance of African oil in the overall
contemporary international competition and conflict
over energy resources. At the beginning of the current
century, the major powers expressed their interest in
the African continent, which has become an important
center in American, Chinese, and global diplomacy
alike, and has witnessed the entry of new powers.
It has shown a remarkable interest in a permanent
economic presence on the African continent, as well
as European countries,such as Japan, India, South
Korea, and others, which has brought the African
continent into the midst of a new global competition
for influence, economy, and oil there.

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are an important
stage in the history of Kunta and the western country of
Sudan, where Sheikh Mukhtar Al-Kunti and Ahmed Al-
Bakai took over the leadership of the Qadiriyah and the
tribe order, and their efforts resulted in restructuring the
method again in two new branches affiliated with them, Ali
was called the branch of Sheikh Al-Mukhtar Al-Qadiriyah
Al-Mukhtaria, while the branch of Sheikh Ahmed Al-Bakai
was known as Al-Qadiriya Al-Bakai, and in the era of these
two prominent branches, the Kuntian became influential in
the political, economic, religious, spiritual and social fabric
On the map of the country of Al-Baydan and Sudan, and
this position France tried in the twentieth century to take
advantage of it to dominate sub-Saharan Africa and exploit
its natural and human resources, so it bet on getting closer
to the sheikhs of Kunta through the diplomatic method
and temptations so that they receive their help in the
implementation of their imperialist projects, and this work
is of scientific importance, manifested in that it monitors
the Sufi policy formulated by France to get closer to the
Sufis Qadiriyah on the one hand, and on the other hand
reviews the services provided by these people.

Most international and regional organizations
have taken several designations to find the most
effective solutions to the issue of apartheid.
Conferences were held and fact-finding committees
were devoted to apartheid in the Republic of
South Africa during the period (19831985-). The
rights of African citizens, and as a result, most of
these organizations and others have condemned
the racist regime in South Africa and obliged it to
abandon that polic

African countries have adopted several policies
and strategies to face the challenges posed by the
effects and repercussions of globalization politically,
economically and socially, in addition to seeking
to remove all restrictions imposed on them in order
to reach advanced stages of economic integration,
Therefore, eastern and southern African countries
have sought to establish a common market called
(COMESA), and therefore this bloc is one of the
regional blocs on the continent of Africa, Which
was established since 1994 to be the place of (Trade
Preference Agreements Area) for East and South
Africa, which was established in 1981, in order to
push the wheel of sustainable development forward,
in addition to that, member states sought to try to
create appropriate conditions to facilitate and improve
economic performance, as well as Its endeavor to
eliminate structural weaknesses and work to remove
obstacles to free trade and investment, however, there
are many political and economic challenges from
internal and external countries that prevented the
achievement of this integration.

The issue of secession and federalism are important
political concepts in the African arena due to the many
conflicts with such multiple causes between ethnic, racial,
religious and other causes.
Therefore, the concepts of secession and federalism
gained such importance as a step towards finding
compromise solutions or understanding the solutions
sought by the different parties that differ in vision and
political approach.
The writer analyzed the situation in three important
regions, some of which were states and others that were
seeking secession, namely (Eritrea, South Sudan, and
Biafra), in an attempt to dissect the structures that could
contribute to the endeavor or limit it.
The writer does not neglect the international influence
and external interventions in directing or limiting federalism
or secession tendencies.
The researcher came up with many results, the most
important of which is the importance of comparing these
three files (Eritrea, South Sudan, and Biafra) due to the
presence of points of commonality that the conflicting
parties look to outside of them, and there are points of
difference that other parties who differ from the others in
their different orientations rely on.
The writer also notes the importance of the structure
upon which the societies of these three files are based,
between a religiously and ethnically diverse structure, a
structure dominated by religious orientation, and a structure
dominated by ethnic diversity

Patrice Lumumba is the first Prime Minister
of the Congo after it was liberated from Belgian
colonialism. His career was rich. He was from
a family that enjoyed education and received
knowledge until he studied economics and law.
He actively participated in the quest for
liberation and getting rid of the apartheid that
was practiced against Negroes. During his career,
he was imprisoned and wrote one of his most
important books there.
He participated in many international and
local conferences in order to present the issue of
liberation in global circles.
During his tenure as Prime Minister, he worked
seriously to get rid of colonial domination until
he was arrested, imprisoned, and then killed by
Belgian forces in 1961 AD.