Journal of African Studies

Large dams built on transboundary rivers have positive
and negative impacts on the surrounding environment
of the riparian countries around the transboundary
river, but have these effects of dams been studied before
construction? If the answer is yes in the countries of the
developed world, the answer will be no in the countries
of the developing world, especially the African continent,
where the study of the positive aspects of the economy
relied on generating electricity and taming the river from
floods without considering any of the other aspects, such
as the social or environmental aspects or the problems that
will be associated. For the construction process, such as
financing, settlement, or the damage that could be caused
to the countries riparian to the river, all of these matters
were not studied at the time of building any dam on the
African continent. From the point of view of statesmen in
the African continent, building dams is inevitable to achieve
economic and social development, but from the point of
view of environmentalists and economists, it is useless
due to the negative effects of these dams. Many questions
have arisen about what are the benefits of building large
dams for development? And the political motives. To build
dams? How effective is the dam in generating electrical
energy? What are the negative effects of dams? Do dams
have effects on relations between riparian countries? In
addition to many questions about the repercussions of
population displacement and the exacerbation of social
tension in society due to displaced communities. The dam
was Kariba between Zambia and Zimbabwe is one of the
dams that has many cross-border problems.
Hence the importance of studying the topic of
transboundary water problems: the Carib Dam between
Zambia and Zimbabwe, a case study. The study included
six points in addition to an introduction and conclusion, and
included an introduction to large dams on transboundary
rivers, their purpose, and the problems that accompany
these dams.

Decision-making requires a delicate balance,
and an equal equation between the world powers,
because Namibia has a complex colonial past, as it
was originally a German protectorate and moved to
the mandate of the League of Nations after the South
African defense forces defeated the German forces
in that colony during the First World War, and South
Africa got Africa was given a mandate to administer
the territory, on behalf of the British government, as
part of the Treaty of Versailles. The conflict between
the United Nations and the Union of South Africa
over that mandate began in 1946, when the United
Nations demanded that South West Africa be made a
territory of the United Nations, and the South African
government rejected this invitation To relinquish
its control, claiming that the United Nations had no
authority to alter the mandate issued by the League of
Nations, ensued a lengthy series of legal and political
arguments establishing the international status of
South West Africa.

The study focused on the statement of modern
development indicators in the United Republic
of Tanzania, with an indication of the internal
and external challenges it faces, which impede
the sustainability of these indicators and their
development in a way that allows this country to
maintain its stability, and then the continuation of
its comprehensive and sustainable development
programs, and this matter undoubtedly requires
a continuous and effective confrontation of
economic obstacles And the political and system
of corruption in the state apparatus.
The study concluded in its overall results that
the procedural steps taken for the purpose of the
developmental advancement in the country and
at all levels may be subject to regression due to
many internal challenges, fore-most of which is
the decline in societal awareness of the importance
of developing infrastructure and develop-ment
in the country as well as the effects of external
challenges.

The colonial policy that Portugal pursued towards
Guinea-Bissau necessitated the emergence of national
figures who took it upon themselves to lead the national
movement to confront this policy. At the forefront
was Amlicar Lopez Cabral, who had a major role in
establishing the African Party for the Independence
of Guinea and Cape Verde, which had a major role
in obtaining Guinea. Bissau on its independence
from Portuguese colonialism, especially Amlicar
Cabral, with the education he obtained in Lisbon, It
was influenced by political organizations, including
the spread of ideas and ideologies in some European
countries, most notably communist thought and
socialist organizations, as well as the spread of national
movements on the African continent, especially in
Guinea’s neighboring countries, including Guinea
Conakry, and also the emergence of libertarian thought
after World War II and the emergence of the United
Nations, which called for giving Countries under
occupation gain their independence.

He is a cleric from Sierra Leone who contributed
greatly to humanitarian issues and diplomatic
rapprochement between different political trends
out of his desire to bring peace.
This activity did not prevent him from his own
religious beliefs, which led him to change his
religious doctrine.
But all of this did not prevent him from
continuing to unite and bring together the
components of Sierra Leonean society, especially
during the days of war.

The Patches (AL-Riqaa) and scripts which were
written by Ibn-Al-Qaseera and Specially (ALSultaniaat)
have just not literary value but historical
value as well. These Patches (AL-Riqaa) and Scripts
told the news and the news of the political collapse
when the Andalusian state divided into small states
at the age of creeds Kings lightening on the period
of Andalusian life and the chang-es that took place
politically with rigid, rhetorical-style so fascinating
in ex-pression. Through these scripts and patches, the
general and artis-tic,characteristics to the prose can
be clear in that period, so the historical fig-ures look
quite transparent and explicit, This cohesion in reality
can be clearly seen in Ibn - Al-Qaseera's prose patches
showing the events

A novel by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe,
translated in Egypt by Abdel Salam Ibrahim, and
published by the Culture Palaces Authority.
Its first edition in English was in 1962 by
William Heinemann Ltd in the United Kingdom.
It has been translated into nearly 50 international
and local languages.
The secret to this spread, acceptance, and
demand by readers and critics lies not only in its
literary plot and high contents, but in the message
that the writer wanted to convey, the idea that he
wanted to defend, and the identity that he wanted
to prove, in contrast to the colonial quest to distort
identity and create an image different from the
Nigerian reality, first, and the African reality,
second.
What reflects this psychological acceptance of
this novel is what leader Mandela announced in
describing his journey with the writer, that he was
his companion in prison and his wings with which
he flew were outside the prison walls.