Tikrit Journal for Political Science

Social media has become an important aspect of societies, and its role is no longer limited to personal and social communication among individuals, but it has also taken on political roles. Words such as "Facebook", "Twitter", and "YouTube" have become common in the political arena since the Arab Spring revolutions, which some called "the Facebook revolutions" due to the significant role these sites played in delivering the message of the revolution to the world, creating a sense of organization and management for the revolution's progress under the security control and intense surveillance imposed by the regimes.

Relations between Iran and the Arab countries have seen a real fluctuations ranging from support, if not the coalition to tension limit the severance of diplomatic relations, and then the war, since the success of the Islamic revolution in Iran, and fears of the spread of Shiism, and export it to neighboring Arab countries, which are dominated by Sunnis. If the Iranian politics before the Islamic revolution has been characterized Bastbdadah Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi), the leader of the pro-Western, this policy after the Islamic revolution had known Jdida.ovi turning point of this study to review these policies in the two pre-Revolution and Beyond two sections.

Since the beginning of the American campaign against Iraq and even before its occupation, the (Israeli) interest in the Iraqi issue has emerged, and there has been a strong interaction with events in the Gulf region from the first moments of weaving the crisis. This strong interaction reflects the vision of Iraq as an important actor in the Arab-Israeli conflict equation, and thus it was necessary to pay attention to all developments surrounding it and monitor the sequence of events with open eyes. The (Israeli) position on Iraq was governed by suspicion and fear, given the danger and challenge it represented as one of the most important Arab countries that opposed the Israeli entity and carried the banner of confrontation with it, boycotting it since its inception. Through a vociferous national position, the Palestinian cause became the central issue for Arabs, advancing above all other issues and requiring the mobilization of all material and moral efforts to support it. Iraq, in the (Israeli) perception, is a state of confrontation, even if it does not share borders with it, due to its role in the 1948 war and the subsequent confrontations and wars, especially the 1973 war.

Undoubtedly, the subject of this study, which is "The Kurdish Issue and its Impact on Iraq-Turkey Border Agreements: A Contemporary and Future Perspective", is an attempt to examine the historical and legal justifications for the Kurdish issue and the right to self-determination that has been raised both nationally and internationally. This is not a new event for those who specialize in Iraq-Turkey relations or the Kurdish issue. However, we attempted to expand on the study of the historical circumstances and developments that the region went through after World War I, which led to the fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of Arab states in the Middle East. We also studied the Kurdish issue from both its ethnic and national dimensions in both Iraq and Turkey. We addressed the issue of the Iraq-Turkey border and its relationship with the Kurdish issue, as well as regional and international competition. In the final discussions, we attempted to examine the Turkish vision of the Kurdistan region and the possibilities of its separation from Iraq, as well as the internal and regional factors associated with such a possibility, in addition to the internal fragmentation that the Kurdistan region is facing, like other parts of the Middle East

The political system in South Sudan, which was established in 2011, is facing various challenges that affect the overall state of the country and the political institutions that make up this system. These challenges include obstacles and supportive factors that are distributed in the internal and external environments of the system. The compass that can determine the future direction of this system depends on how it deals with these challenges by minimizing their negative effects and exploiting available opportunities in supportive factors.
Taking a general look at the current situation, the most prominent problems facing South Sudan include internal challenges such as improving the deteriorating infrastructure of the economy, completing the building of state institutions, tribal conflicts, conflicts over access to water, grazing lands, and livestock, the dominance of the Dinka tribe in government, corruption, lack of transparency and accountability, the spread of diseases and epidemics, the resettlement of southerners coming from abroad, and other problems. In addition, there are challenges in the region of the state, where the relationship with Sudan takes the largest share, as well as border problems with neighboring countries and the confrontation of armed movements such as the Lord's Resistance Army and others.

The Arab region is currently facing difficult internal conditions as a result of political and security instability in some Arab countries. The consequences have not been limited to the region alone, but have extended to neighboring countries. Although the outcomes of these events are similar, including chaos, internal strife, and political instability, the causes are varied, some of which are attributable to international and regional interventions, while others are the result of internal factors such as corruption, exclusion, and authoritarian rule.

These events have left behind a large number of casualties, including dead, wounded, and disabled individuals, as well as millions of displaced people. The destruction caused to the infrastructure, oil facilities, and industrial establishments has also resulted in significant damage to the countries' resources. In light of these negative conditions, most parties have realized that the only way out of these crises is through genuine dialogue and reconciliation, not violence. The problems must be diagnosed and treated using healthy means, and all parties must be willing to make sacrifices and concessions to exit these destructive wars and conflicts.

It is also important to learn from the successful experiences of some countries in achieving reconciliation.