Diyala Journal of Human Research

Sibawayh is the true founder of the theory of the function, though his teacher Al-Khalil was the first to link function with expression. However, Sibawayh motivations in function are purely linguistic motives aimed at unifying the phenomenon of syntax in names and actions. The one who is examining the thinking of Ibn Abi Rabee 's opinion finds him to be in agreement with Sibawayhs views concerning function, and in contrast to other Grammarians, in order to prove it to him, and to understand the book, and to understand it deeply and claims that Ibn Abi Al-Rabee was distinguished from others of ex-grammarians, or later in understanding the theory of function for Sibawayh. In this context, the research was brief, "with examples that show what the researchers say, not excessive and non-negligent," relying on the basic grammatical books.

Aktham bin Saifi is one of the preeminent Arab men before Islam, because of his wisdom and his mind, as he became a judge among the people who appeal to him in their deductions, and that status came from his experience gained from life for the length of his life which exceeded the two centuries, since his birth according to the most likely sayings were limited to the year 430 A.D. until his death in 9th A.H. corresponding to the year 630 A.D. .He realized Islam at the end of his life and accepted voluntary because of what he saw from the principles of true Islam.
Aktham has provided advices and guides to contemporary people as well as to his family and the people of his tribe in particular and to the generations that have plagued him until this day. His intellectual product, in all its sections, was one of the most advanced literary creations, and also shows the status of Arabic poetry before Islam.

The idea of establishing an association or organization consisting of owners of newspapers and magazines As a result of the bullying that hit the journalists for the large number of claims to obtain the guarantees of their freedoms and ideas , As well as the desire to form a press front that stands in the way of restricting the press freedoms of successive governments and depriving them of the freedom of expression by tying the press with heavy restrictions imposed by the Iraqi printing laws.
The Association of Iraqi Journalists is the first step in the field of organizational journalism in Iraq. After its establishment, it represented a successful experiment in the management of an independent press organization, despite its short age, problems and government pressure , The activities of the Society were therefore restricted and limited to the management of the press work away from political action, which hastened the government's assault on them and close them early.
In addition to the activities of the Association in the internal sphere, it had clear positions on the development of the situation in the Arab countries, especially the French mandate over Syria and Lebanon, the division of Palestine and the establishment of a national homeland for the Jews at the expense of the Palestinian people.

This study aims to reval “The Environmental Effects Caused from Change of Agricultural Land Usages in Rural Habib District” through the locations that the samples were taken from and have been collected from four locations of network of water streams and drainages. The study depended on spatial analysis and field study of the area and scientific study of (laboratory Tests) were (6 elements) of chemical elements have been tested divided into two sample of each element (sample of water irrigation and sample of water drainage). The field work which is the finishing of office work has reached that the study includes two sections. The first section is theoretical dealing with research problem, hypothesis, aim of study, and limits of study. The second section included the reasons that caused pollution in area of study which dealt with different aspects containing pesticides used in treating and exhausting environmental resources and by using fertilizers and architecture building.
The researcher concluded the research with a number of conclusions leading to set appropriate solutions through a group of suggestions in which by them environmental damages caused by change of agricultural land usage in rural areas of Habib District.

The Tuareg problem has its strategic dimensions where Tuareg spreads in a vast desert, and this minority suffers from marginalization and difficulty in social integration.
The Tuaregs are divided into five African countries: Libya, Algeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. Of these five countries, two countries have not paid attention to this group, and have not avenged their reprisals. They have not been given their rights, namely Mali and Niger, and their leaders and men have been incarcerated in prisons and detention centers. The state and the lack of the elements of the state integrated with the fragility of the state and administrative corruption and the absence of justice and frequent coups.
Each country in the region has its own interests in another, and it is difficult to understand the Algerian strategy in the region.
Algeria has worked on a preventive policy by providing the economic and social alternative for the Tuareg who are present on its territory, collecting them in the villages and cities of the country and promoting their living, as well as their integration into political life. The Arab Islamic Front for the Opposition, and for the purpose of stopping the armed operations.
Libya has played the best mediator in the Tuareg dispute in Mali, considering Libya governed by multiple and heterogeneous relations with Tuareg leaders and their governments. The late former President Muammar Gaddafi had a statement on 1/9/1980 on the establishment of a Tartar state comprising all the Tuareg tribes dispersed between the coast desert and extended them a helping hand through development projects.
As for the Kingdom of Morocco, it used the Tuareg problem in managing its relations with Algeria, because of the dispute over Western desert.
Mortana feared that the rebels would join the jihadist factions active in the state of Mali to attract young people to ideological and political work inside the country.

The sentences are a wide range of linguistic research in all human languages. The speaker is a correct system and a signifier. He is capable of producing correct and incorrect structures that are based on linguistic data such as order, significance, usage, All this is done in the mind of the speaker through unconscious knowledge. This concept is called, as in Sibawayhi , by the meaning of nature. Ibn Khaldun referred to the "linguistic competence" and and intended to human ability to produce grammatical and non-grammatical in an infinite manner, Noam Chomsky is important to the concept of (L. Faye language), which is the ability to build a model of my mind a common language between the speaker and the listener and judged fundamentalist structures.

The text is regularized using certain procedures whether linguistic or non-linguistic to perform certain functional uses that their effect in text intention and its understanding. The linguists put forward seven criteria to text linguistics, one of the most important is lexical coherence as it provides the required connection for the utterances and sentences. It is of two types:
Lexical coherence which depend on the vocabulary mentioned in the lexicon in a type of relation that joins two or more words in a text as it is a means of coherent vocabulary that tries to mix its parts lexically. Repetition and collocation are examples of such a type.
Syntactic coherence which has its great effect in analyzing the text to its syntactic elements like elision, conjoining and substitution.
The researcher used lexical coherence in "Cities of Salt" as a subject of our study as it totally depends on the lexicon and what constitute a relation between its parts that lead to the textual coherence that each Arabic context has.

University of Diyala/ College of Education for Sciences
The study deals with the impacts that resulted from the intervention of people in the area of study between Darbandakhan and Himren dams. It deals with the negative impacts that appear as a result from the extraction of the river sediments (quarries) in the form of gravel and sand as it considered as a primary material for many building materials.
The study shows the effects of the extraction of gravel and sand from the downstream and islands in the construction of halls and big pools and its role in the pollution of water in addition to its clear impacts on the changes on the surface of earth and the stream of Diyala River.
The study also clarifies the positive benefit of the quarries in the exploitation of gravel and sand in the building industries and in the gardens.

The tribute sources are one of the important resources of public treasury in Islamic State in general and tribute is what is being collected by making use of different State properties especially agricultural lands subjected to tributes. After the Islamic conquer of western countries. The conditions of tribute were set by Muslims on the lands conquered by them. After the stages of conquering and the fall of consolidated State and the division between smaller three states (Bini Hafas, Bini Zaiin, and Bini Marian). The tribute system differed and the divisions between lands of these small states and Arabic Tribes.

The importance of this study appears in analyzing and diagnosing the primary education services in Diyala Provence and limiting how they are distributed and their sufficiency in producing the required services for the population at the level of Administerial Units for the Provence. It has been during the study the lack of school buildings were the original schools reached (80.9%) from the total of the Provence and (19.1%) hosting schools form the total of the Provence. The is an increase in the number of schools compared to the number of students were the ration of each student was (13 students/teachers) in all the Provence.

The aim of the this study is to present recent style , cling to aesthetics. It is the stylistic juxtaposition , it works according to procedural harmony in literary texts ,to promote them to the poetic , especially the prosaic texts and their formation in text . Later we saw many in our traditional heritage as distinguished and valuable texts to infuse musical harmonies. Therefore we shed light our attention to one of these Maqamats to form a title (the structures of acoustic juxtaposition at Al-Hariri , Damietta Maqamat is as a mode

One of the achrevment that the presdent Karter was proud of was the credence on panas treatment. That involved neutrality of chanal until 2000. The studying spotlight on important side of president Karter out wardenss policies, towards the chanal. In previous time the USA signed treatment in which UAE monopolize the profit of the chanal for USA. The studying focus on the role chet the presidant played in sat convincing contraviness in American congress to sing the treatment. With Danama's goremment the president have the ability to show that USA respect other countries and their rights to do whatever with their wealth. And that was one the most important achievement to the president Karter in which he sutus fied both countries to signed the treatment. In spite of all accusations to the president Karter from some American who tried to abandon freely from precious wealth but American attitude was clear in that canal Panama is supplier to Panama that will accept USA interests. Finally one of the greatest efforts of president Karter was he won the chumming from Elders council after that the signed the greatest treatment in 1978.

The economic life of the inhabitants of Andalusia during the period of the caliphate was characterized by many positive features, especially at the level of living, according to most of the books in the history of Andalusia, but what is close to the essence of the reality of that era is what Dr. Ahmed Heikal said if there is prosperity for the state and individuals Yes, Andalusia arrived at that time to the prosperity and economic prosperity, but were all Andalusians enjoyed prosperity and luxury? Obviously, no society is free of class inequality divided by two halves, a soft, opulent class, and a powdered toiling class. Through our study of that era, conflicts and battles have consumed a lot of the state's sources of income, but despite all this, it is recognized that members of the special classes They may be at the same pace does not affect them any decline because they are likely to enjoy and enjoy many manifestations of luxury and extravagance in all aspects of social life and this confirms that the special layers of luxury enjoy the prosperity and economic sophistication at the expense of the hard-working class that wraps around its side of hunger and crushed anxiety, and so on When a society is exposed to situations of oppression ... especially at the economic level as the backbone of life, life is devoid of its content in light of poverty, hunger, deteriorating living conditions and poetry from earlier times until later historical stages. It has been a humanitarian document that reveals the nudity of societies, other subjects, and poets. The most poetic imagination of the people who looked forward to a brighter world that transcends obstacles in real life.

The presence of Badie (Albadie) in the literary production comes as the nature of the meanings which calls for strengthening or clarifying it, or when the imagination resorted to portraying a strong emotion and reaction, even Up to the highest levels of creativity and perfection. Based on this, we have chosen a collection of sacred hadiths in which the word badie was mentioned in the book of the Sunnahs in the sacred hadiths in research and study. It shows us the good use of the benevolent virtues of both the moral and the verbal Through this, the research reached a series of results with this series of sacred conversations, showing how the creative arts in their types, forms and patterns played an effective role in imparting the literary and aesthetic meaning, and in the delivery of the religious purpose which is one of the most important purposes of the holy Quran. The receiver feels a spiritual ecstasy emanating from the audio and visual impact, which deepen the idea of unity of the problem of the textual construction by employing the conversations of this technique in terms of formality and semantics.

This research concerns with studying how people understand each other and their way of producing a connected verb in tangible speaking situation. The theory of " speech verbs" is considered the most important theory in the communicative linguistics because studying these verbs and what the speakers do in language of the influence , conveying, and the achievement of verbs are represented the manor structure which must be analyzed and studied their nature before transforming to the major structure which is represented in the different kinds of speech exchange in a specific society of the societies. The holy prophetic Hadith is considered a fertile ground for this study because under its scope locate the most promoted merits of informing after the Glorious Qu'ran.

Since the age of ignorance, woman found a special position for her in the society. She played a role in every aspect of life. She nourished literature and criticism. She is either creative (poet or critic), or inspirational who inspire poets. Critics consider her position when judging creative texts.

The research aimed to determine the degree to which Arabic language books in the middle stage in Saudi Arabia include the dimensions of intellectual security, And to detect whether there were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) in the degree of inclusion of the content of the books in the three grades according to the variable of grade, the population and participants of the research was formed from all the Arabic books in the intermediate stage and which were six books, also a list of the dimensions of intellectual security was constructed and was formed from (the religious dimension - the national dimension - the cultural dimension - the social dimension - the mental dimension)and Each dimension is followed by a set of indicators to verify that dimension in the content of the books and After presenting it to the specialists, it was transferred to the content analysis card and its validity and reliability was then verified and then applied to the research sample and analysis of the books.
To answer the research questions, the frequencies and percentages were calculated of the inclusion of the book content for the dimensions of intellectual security , , And the Croscalwills test was used to identify differences in the degree to which the content of the books included the dimensions of intellectual security according to the class variable, And used the Mann-Wttni test to identify the direction of differences in the degree to which the content of the books included the dimensions of intellectual security according to the class variable. The research resulted in the following two results:
- Arabic language books included the dimensions of intellectual security in varying degrees, the highest of which was the mental dimension (43.1%, then the national dimension, 21.3%), the social dimension (16.3%), the religious dimension (10.4% and cultural dimension by (8.8%),Although the mental dimension was the highest percentage, it was a medium degree indicating that the content of the books included the dimensions of intellectual security at a low rate.
- There were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0,05) in the degree of inclusion of Arabic language content in the three grades for the third-grade average

The present study aims at investigating Self-Control Among Orphan Students in Intermediate Stage. The researcher adopted the descriptive methodology. The study community included the orphan students in intermediate stage of morning classes in public schools which includes 17 schools in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala/ Baqubah. The total number of students was 544. The scale was applied on a sample of 210 students from 10 schools chosen in a simple random way. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher built a self-control scale which consisted of 30 items. The researcher verified the validity of the scale through face validity, and markers of construct validity. Reliability was calculated by test-retest method which reached 0.83 as well as Cronbach’s Alpha and reached 0.79. For data processing, the researcher used several statistical devices such as: t-test for single sample, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s Alpha. The results showed a decline in the level of self-control among the subjects of the study. In the light of the results, the researcher came up with certain recommendations and suggestions.

The current research issue established on the study of the role of summoning heritage characters and their civilized value , inherited cultural and social traditions as generators of artistic aesthetic effect, which the researcher sought to reveal its impact on the structure of these products and the ability of artists to transmit his ideas , adoptions , his understanding of the nature of these characters and their multiple themes each according to its own techniques and style.
The current research aimed to: reveal the relationship between the heritage characters and the products of contemporary Iraqi sculpture.
The second chapter included the theoretical framework which the researcher divided into two topics, first topic: The tendency to express with heritage characters in the products of contemporary Iraqi sculpture and the second: The products of contemporary Iraqi sculpture. Referring to the experiences of many artists of the sixties, the experience of the late artist (Mohamed Ghani Hikmat) was chosen as a model of the period and one of its most important banners. The chapter also includes the theoretical framework indicators reached by the research.
The third chapter includes the procedures that the researcher did to achieve the research objective. The researcher chose a collection of the artist's (Mohammad Ghani Hekmat) products as a representative sample of the output of the sixties of the twentieth century, which he subjected to study and analysis to reach his aim of research.
The fourth chapter included the main results of the research .

The current research aims at identifying the behavior of psychological solitude among female students through the verification of the objective of the research which is to measure the level of behavior of psychological solitude of the female students. The research is limited to female students of intermediate schools of the district of Baquba for the academic year (2017) 2018). The researcher adopted the descriptive approach and applied a scale of psychological solitude to the sample of the research which was chosen on purpose from the intermediate schools located in the center of the district of Baquba. The sample consisted of (400) students selected from the research community. To achieve aims of the study, the researcher constructed a scale of solitude. The psychometric properties and the statistical characteristics of the paragraphs were extracted. The face validity and reliability of the scale were ensured. The study findings showed that there is a high level of psychological solitude among female orphans. The study ends up with a number of recommendations and suggestions

هدف البحث الحالي إلى تحديد مهارات التفكير الاولية المتضمنة في كتب المرحلة الإبتدائية , ومدى توافرها في كتب القراءة الإبتدائية للمراحل الثلاثة الاولى , و لتحقيق هذا الهدف قام الباحث بطريقة التحليل ,وبالاستعانة بمحللينِ آخرينِ ,وبلغ معامل الثبات بينه وبين المحلل الأول (0.80%) ,وبين الباحث والمحلل الثاني (0.85%) ,وبين المحلل الأول ,والمحلل والثاني(0.82%) ,ولاستخراج النتائج استعمل الباحث التكرارات ,والنسب المئوية لمهارات التفكير الاولية، واسفرت نتائج البحث عن أعلى مهارة محققة, وهي ( مهارة التطبيق) بنسبة (59) , ومن ثَمَّ(مهارة التذكر) بنسبة ( 45 ), ثم تليها ( مهارة المقارنة) بنسبة (37) ,ثم (مهارة الادراك) بنسبة (22), ومهارة (التصنيف) بنسبة(13) ,ثم (مهارة الترميز بنسبة (9), و(مهارة الاستقراء) بنسبة (11), و(مهارة الترتيب) بنسبة ( 8 ) , و(مهارة الأسئلة) متساوية بنسبة (8) ,وفي ضوء نتائج البحث أوصى الباحث بتوصياتٍ عدّة , واقترح مقترحاتٍ عِدّة منها ,إجراء دراسة مماثلة لهذه الدراسة في تحليل تمرينات كتب اللغة العربية الاخرى للمرحلة الابتدائية ,وفي ضوء مهارات التفكير الاخرى.

This research aims to identify “Reading Capabilities Relationship to Dictation Capabilities for Male and Female Third Grade Primary Students”. This research is limited to male and female students at Third Grade and registered at Primary Schools in Baqubah City for the academic year (2017-2018) and (442 male and female) students were chosen randomly. They were asked to read the prose text (Open Sesame) from the selected reading book that was chosen randomly. The researcher recorded the correct spoken words for each student and then asked them to write the same text ten days after reading them so that they would not remember after reading them and recorded the written words correctly for each student as well.The researcher used the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between the reading capabilities and the dictation capabilities of the students. The researcher used conditional variance and T-test to determine the significance of the relationship. It was found that there was a positive relationship between the reading capabilities, and dctation capabilities of the third grade male and female students with a significant statistical difference (0.05). The researcher recommended the need to pay attention to reading and writing words or letters correctly, and suggested to conduct other studies for grades first and second primary and each gender separately.

University of Diyala, College of Education for Human Sciences
Bakers industry considers as a small industry food spreads in small and big cities in the same time. There are in the city to meet the needs of daily populations that relates by daily food security being an available the main food substance for population besides to obtain word opportunities and occupies the high position in an international food security for its effects in consumption strategic detention .It represents one of the basic pillars for the economic development in developing states . so it takes a part of urban land uses in spite of this limit so it not reduce of this use.It classifies from the transformational industries and it needs a small areas often near the residential areas and near the shops . Endemic and distributed in Baquba city , the Bakers industry among the neighborhoods in disparity case . so the numbers about (100) Bakers in 2017 and conforms about %75 from the total Bakers in district .The standards deviation for Baker distribution is about (5,08) among the neighborhoods of Baquba city ; whereas the mean disparity for Bakers distribution is about (25,8) so this indicates a strong correlation it reaches (0,998) the correlation between population with Bakers distribution(0,890) this case increasingly because of population growth in an equal case , also it concentrates increasing of the need for this food substance by the restaurants, the Bakers suffers from some problems such as production and to obtain for the substance and energy resources and to gain for vacations and land price and work circumstances .

impact on the productivity and mental efficiency. Climate is one of the vital factors of the physiological and psychological comfort as well as activity and health. It is an essential indicator of human interaction with the environment. In spite of the technological advance that humanity witnessed to control environment, climate is still affecting human comfort and health. Comfort differs from one person to another depending on several factors. Some of them are related to human and some related to climate. Many criteria depend on one climatic factor and two or more factors. In the present study, the focus was on two main climatic factors, i.e., temperature and relative humidity as they directly affect the levels of physiological comfort in Iraq. Four climatic stations: Erbil, Mosul, Baghdad and Basra. It was found that there is a variation in comfort among the months of the year in all the stations in the study area.

The researchers and reviewers' view points of heritage are varied some of them considered it as and abstacle in the way of contemporariness and newness whereas others shappeel up on sipraguara and the pursued him consciously and carefully. They followed the other reviewers like saeed yaqteen, Abdulfattah Qaleeto, Abdullah Ibrahmeem, Saeed Al-Ghanimi Mohammed Al –Qadhi and others taking newness and criticism approaches into consideration in their analysis of speech and inherited Arabic recitation text reading.
This paper aims at revealing the reviewer's viewpoints concerning recitation heritage and following their efforts to regenerate it: They were aware of its importance in enriching the Arabic literature.
The researchers arrive at a anmeber of conclusions. Some of these conclusions include that the reveivers (Abdullah Ibraheem, Saeed Yaqteen and Mohammed Al-Qaqhi set out from one grand that was recitation but for each one of them his viewpoint: The formers's viewpoint hs'as comprehensive, the second cared for public CV and Mohammed Al-Qadhi followed him. Concerning Abdullah Ibraheem, he paid attention for religious centrality. Whereas Saeed Yaqheen paid attention for social centrality. He has his private viewpoint which is called goodness culture by the researcher. It was noticed that he paid attention for perfectness and arriving at conclusions. The others like Abdullah Ibraheem and Saeed Yaqteen left the area opened for other studies.

The urban lands in the city of Baquba, especially in the main streets, faced another invasion of use. It has a clear impact on the morphology of the city. As a result, the industrial uses represented by car maintenance workshops are centralized in part of Fatah Al-Fotouh street in Al- Moalmeen neighborhood; the old highway of Baghdad- Baquba. It is worth mentioning that it is a change of function as there is no change in the commercial institutions during the invasion of the industrial workshop. It is also worth mentioning that the frontispiece of Fatah Al-Fotouh Street is designed for the commercial uses and not for the industrial uses according to the current design of the city of Baquba 2006. The most important reasons for the transfer of industrial workshops to the Al- Moalmeen neighborhood were economic and security reasons. It has a clear effect on the morphology of Baquba city, especially the distortion of the general cultural appearance of the city. Besides these, the negative effects such as the pressure on the infrastructure services in the district especially the increase in the use of the electricity power and the industrial sewerage that can cause a block in the same neighborhood.
The change in urban land use, which has been called a change in the function, is the commercial uses invasion represented by the medical clinics and pharmacies for the residential uses in Kaemmakamea Street and conducting obvious changes in the frontispiece of the residential units in Baquba Al-Jadida on the same street. It is possible to say that these commercial encroachments have exceeded on the residential use of the city of Baquba according to the current design of the city. In addition, it has clear negative impacts on the morphology of the city of Baquba, especially in the rise in rents and the real estate prices. Moreover, it pressurizes on city services especially electricity as well as pollutants posed by clinics and medical laboratories owners

The study aimed at identifying the (4x4) strategic effect in the achievement of the fourth grade students in Arabic grammar. The sample consisted of (64) students who are divided into two groups. The researcher equalizes between the two research groups. The results were then examined by using the T-Test test. It has been noticed that there was a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group and the control one in favorer of the students of the experimental group who studied Arabic grammar subjects by using the active learning strategy (4x4)

This study aims at investigating the obstacles in using high-rank thinking methods by university teaching staff members. The sample of the study consisted of teaching staff members from the University of Diyala, College of Education for Human Sciences, departments of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Arabic Language, History, Geography, and English Language. The tool of the study was a questionnaire prepared by the researchers consisted of eight items. Face validity , hypothetical medium, and weighted medium for the items were extracted.
The researchers has reached to certain conclusions like there is a weakness in the programs of preparing and training university teaching staff. The researchers recommended developing programs of preparing and training university teaching staff by utilizing modern methods of thinking during their service. The researchers also recommended conducting a similar study on the students.

The Holy Qur'an is highly structured and constructed. It is a rich source of using rhetorical and metaphorical devices in spite of its simple language. Therefore, some meanings in the Holy Qur'an cannot be captured literally. Rather it requires an essential knowledge to get the right meaning. So, this paper aims at investigating the most important types of implicature, the conversational implicature, that are found in the Holy Qur'an. The study selects specific Qur'anic verses that contain invisible meanings. The model that has been adopted in this study is Grice (1975). However, the study provides first a brief account of the area of pragmatics and the notion of the context, and then it continues to discuss the three issues of Gricean implicature in general, and maxims of conversation, and the conversational implicature in particular. Then the study analyzes the implied conversational meanings that are found in seven Holy Qur'anic verses. The Qur'anic verses are analyzed according to Grice's maxims (quantity, quality, relevance, and manner).
implicature.

Self-directed learning (SDL), is an essential concept in learning, and, in a more extensive sense, student-centered learning. Considering the sophisticated nature of SDL, it has been underestimated and given a superficial meaning, i.e. self-study. With specific end goal to build up a deeper understanding and make utilization of the potential in SDL, this study discusses and puts forward a more significant meaning.