Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research

The most popular heat exchanger is one that transfers heat between two fluids from one region with a high temperature to another one with a lower temperature when compared to the first one for achieving thermal equilibrium. It can be utilized for heating or cooling. MATLAB is used to build the heat exchanger's simulation,which is the shell and tube heat exchanger process, to examine how the process responds under various operating situations. The system's mathematical model was then derived to implement the control system. To determine the optimal sort of control system, various types of control systems have been used. By comparing the PID type control system to other control systems about both settling time and bypass or percentage overshoot, the results showed that it is the best control system.

Bamboo and other plant-based Fibers have become more popular in material science. This work involves the fabrication of a composite prosthetic socket by combining polymethyl methacrylate 80:20 with natural and synthetic Fibers. Hybrid laminated composite materials for transtibial prosthetic sockets are produced through vacuum casting and classified into three groups. These groups incorporate different combinations of bamboo, Kevlar, UHMWPE, and glass Fibers. This study confirms the experimental results for specific Fiber volume fractions using numerical finite element analyses by using ANSYS-22. Results show that the mechanical and physical properties are substantially influenced by the type and amount of reinforcing Fiber layers. Laminates comprising four layers of bamboo Fiber plus two layers of Kevlar Fiber demonstrated the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) values at 179 MPa. Hybrid laminates consisting of 4 layers of bamboo plus 2 layers of UHMWPE and 4 layers of bamboo plus 2 layers of glass exhibited ultimate tensile strength (UTS) values of 128 MPa and 89 MPa, respectively. The research indicates that bio composites perform best when using a proper blend of natural and synthetic reinforcing Fibers. The safety factor investigation indicates that all the laminated composite samples, including those with varying lamination distributions, possess a minimum safety factor of 3.06 for the below-knee socket, which appears safe and satisfactory. This study comprehensively investigates the benefits of various amounts of synthetic Fibers and natural Fiber lamination layups for enhancing the strength of PMMA resin composites. It gives us new information about a topic that hasn't been looked into before.

The technique of scouring involves removing silt from bridge piers and abutments using the hydraulic force of flowing water. Moving water flows create horseshoe-shaped vortices around bridge supports and piers, leading to a process known as scouring. Several researchers have investigated experimentally and statisticallythe damage that local scour causes to hydraulic and civil infrastructure. Local scour around bridge piers has been highlighted as a complicated process and the challenge of counteracting the local scour impact in comparison to flow hydraulics. In this study, many researchers analyzed several of the numerous variables influencing the scour pattern around piers. The pier's shape, the inclination angle between its axis and the flow direction, the orientation of its piers concerning the flow direction, the size of the bed material, and several other variables. The use of many uniform and complex shapes will contribute varying values to reducing erosion, and studies have agreed that the shape witha higher area will provide a higher depth of souring compared to the smaller area and shapes with smooth or round side corners for values up to 60%. And about 50% if it uses a permeable-filled stone pier. Additionally, the use of collars will help to reduce scour by up to 90%. By wrapping the pierwith a cable at various angles, erosion can be decreased by 52%. Erosion is reduced by 21.5% when double circular piers are used instead of three circular piers. A 0.3 mm increase in bed material diameter can reduce scour by up to 1.2 times, while covering with vegetation can reduce erosion by 15%. Elliptical, oblong, lenticular, and lenticular curve models can minimize erosion by up to 28%, while the hexagonal pier model at a rationalangle of 2.5° will reduceerosion to 35%. When compared to rectangular pier shapes with rectangular foundations, hexagonal will give 69% less scour.

The paper investigates thermal power plant malfunctions, including line-to-line, double line-to-ground, and single line-to-ground faults leading to system downtime. The research focuses on utilizing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as an intelligent tool for fault diagnosis in electrical power plants. Among various fault detection methods like Logic Regression, Genetic Algorithm, and Fuzzy Logic, the paper chooses ANN for its pattern recognition, classification, matching, prediction, decision-making, and control capabilities. Despite requiring extensive computational training, ANN is considered an intelligent system. The last part provides a concise overview of electrical stations, particularly thermal power plants,explores common fault types and introduces ANNs with explanations of the fundamental neuron model. It elaborates on human neuron (BNN) and artificial neuron (ANN) operations, providing examples of ANNs in fault detection from previous literature.

This research paper examines the nonlinear behavior of a Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) beam when combined with a concrete slab. The investigation is conducted by analyzing the variable modulus of elasticity of the materials, employing Karpenko's model. The paper comprehensively elucidates the outcomes derived from experimental inquiries into the system dynamics of I-section GFRP. The composite structure consists of concrete slabs cast on top of GFRP beams, which are joined using shear connectors in bolts to ensure full interaction. The maximum failure load was determined based on theoretical calculations, and the stiffness calculations for GFRP materialwere confirmed by testing beams with a net length of 2600 mm with the following variables: type of concrete (normal and high concrete) and the effect of using GFRP T-sections fixed with boltsand epoxy.The results showed that high-strength concrete increased the failure load by 98% compared to its counterpart. The study focuseson finding a mathematical model based on the Karpenko model, which is used to analyze concrete and GFRP composite beams efficiently. Using the results to establish design principles and standards for concrete and GFRP composite structures, the Karpenko model is a remarkable agreement between the numerical, experimental,and theoretical results.