Iraqi Journal of Science

For the determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCPD) in pharmaceutical formulations, a rapid and straightforward spectrophotometric method has been proposed. The method involves diazotizing the main amino group of MCPD with sodium nitrite followed by coupling reaction with reagent 1,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene (1,7-DHN) to form a stable and colored compound in alkaline medium of sodium hydroxide which showed a maximum absorbance intensity at the wavelength 578 nm. The linearity of developed method has ranged from 1.0 - 15 μg.ml-1 while the molar absorptivity 2.9867x104 l.mol-1.cm-1, RSD% was less than 1.11%. While the LOD and LOQ were 0.059 μg.ml-1 and 0.198 μg.ml-1 respectively. The method is appropriate for the determination of MCPD in the presence of other substances that are typically included in dosage forms.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome called coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to its concerning rate of
transmission and intensity, coronavirus was classified as a pandemic on March 11,
2020. With the continuous evolution of the viral genome and mutations that may alter
infectivity, disease severity or interactions with host immunity, SARS-CoV-2 has
evolved into many variants: Alpha (B.1.1.7 lineage), Delta (B.1.617.2 lineage), Delta
plus (B.1.617.2.1), Omicron (B.1.1.529 lineage) and other variants. Thus, this study
aimed to find and provide database for local clinical characteristics of different
variants of SARS-COV-2 and severity of infection with viral load compared with the
wild type. A total of 247 nasal swabs were collected from COVID-19 positive patients
between March 2021 to March 2022. Specimens were tested by using real time reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction rRT-PCR assay to confirm the infection after
RNA extraction by specialized kits. Results showed Alpha, Delta, Delta plus and
Omicron variants presence in local population at the same time of their global spread
at high rates with different cases of severity. The finding showed increase in severity
with Alpha 79/87 (90%), wild type 26/32 (81%) (with 3 mortality cases), Delta/ Delta
plus 68/84 (80%) and Kappa only one case. Also, Alpha along with the wild type was
more associated to severe and critical cases, while mild to moderate group appeared
with Omicron variant (32/43 (74%)). In addition, there was an increase in the severity
among older patients (>40) and in men more than the women. Results indicate that
although the wild type was no less dangerous or severe than Alpha or other variants,
but with continuous appearence of new variants led to its reduced prevalence. In
conclusion, findings demonstrated that most of the severe and critical cases had
infection with Alpha, wild type than Delta or Delta plus variants. Whereas mild to
moderate cases occurred in Omicron variants.

Ferns are considered as important medical herbs. They produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that could be useful in treating different diseases. However, they still remain underexplored in medical aspects in Iraq. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify alkaloids components in the methanol extracts of four fern species (Asplenium ceterach L., A. scolopendrium L., Cheilanthes pteridioides (Richard) C. Chr. from Malakan region in Erbil Governorate and Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. from Chemi Rezan in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, of northen Iraq during March - June 2018. The research was conducted by using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique to identify the alkaloid compounds. Seven types of alkaloids (martensine, almazoline, caulerpin, hordenine, corilagin, colocynthis and isoquinoline) were detected in four fern methanolic extracts. The results showed that the alkaloids varied in concentrations between the studied localities as well as in variance of the alkaloid content between these species. The results revealed that caulerpin was recorded as the highest concentration (563.3 μg/ ml), while isoquinoline was recorded as the lowest (23.7 μg/ ml) in both A. scolopendrium and C. pteridioides. In this study the highest total alkaloid content was recorded 1460.1 μg/ ml in E. ramosissimum extract and the lowest content (603.8 μg/ ml) was recorded in C. pteridioides extract during the study period.

The objective of present study is to identify the adverse effects of cyclosporine A drug and the protective role of garlic in cytotoxicity test, including sperms deformation and histological changes in testes tissues of male albino rats. The study recorded significant increase p≥0.05 in sperms head and tail deformation rates in groups that were administrated cyclosporine and cyclosporine + garlic for two weeks compared with control groups which were administrated olive oil and garlic. The study reported significant decrease p≥0.05 in sperms head and tail deformation rates in the group that was administrated cyclosporine + garlic compared with group that was administrated cyclosporine only. In addition, the study also indicated histological changes in testes tissues including degenerative changes represented by depletion of the spermatogonial cells (some seminiferous tubules appeared with one or two layers of spermatogonia) in the group that was administrated cyclosporine compared with the control group which was administrated olive oil. The study reported slight histological changes in testes tissues from normal testes architecture, somniferous tubules with maturation of spermatogony and sperms inside the lumen in group that was administrated cyclosporine + garlic for two weeks compared with the control group which was administrated olive oil and garlic. Finally, the findings showed reduction in histological changes of testes tissues in group which was administrated cyclosporine + garlic for two weeks compared with group which was administrated cyclosporine only.

P. aeruginosa is a famous bacterium that causes several diseases and has a high ability to be a multidrug resistant organism that is linked with the formation of biofilm. This study aimed to investigate tssC1 gene role in the resistance of different antibiotics in the presence of biofilm. We constructed biofilm for the isolates under the study and showed the effect of different antibiotics on biofilm formation and maturation. The presence of the gene was detected through achieving PCR reaction. Finally, tssC1 gene variation was determined through sequencing and aligning the sequencing products. The results showed that most of the isolates (80%) formed biofilm that played a role in the resistance of different antibiotics which could be due to the presence of tssC1 gene. However, the genic variation of tssC1 gene showed that no variation was detected. Therefore, we think this gene has no a role in the resistance of antibiotics and that the resistance may have been raised by other mechanisms found in P. aeruginosa isolates. This led us to conclude that the tssC1 gene does not contribute to the resistance of antibiotics through biofilm.

Endometrial Cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignancy of the female reproductive system. With an increasing incidence, it is important to improve the new prognosis ways for its pre-diagnosis that must be early, accurate and effective. This study aimed to search for biological (like some new interleukins) which could help in early diagnosis of EC before the hysterectomy. Currently not enough research is being done exploiting linking between the interleukins submitted in this study and EC. Epically IL-36 and IL-38, which have been recently described and are still under study in the world. This study is the first of its kind in Iraq. Fifty-five patients with EC (mainly in their first or second stage, due to early diagnosis and who newly have the symptoms and pain as a result of cancer) and 57 healthy controls (with ages up to 45) were involved in this study. To measure the concentration of the following interleukins: IL-27, 31, 33, 35, 36 and 38 by ELISA, blood samples were collected from women via vein puncture. The results of this study showed a highly significant (P≤0.01) increase in Interleukin 27 (IL-27), Interleukin 31 (IL-31) and Interleukin 33 (IL-33) among all studied interleukins levels in EC patient as compared with healthy controls. Interleukin 35 (IL-35), Interleukin 36 (IL-36) and Interleukin 38 (IL-38) also showed highly significant (P≤0.01) increase in EC patients as compared with healthy women. The significant increase (P≤0.01) of these interleukins can be used to help in the early diagnosis and treatment of EC, without need to hysterectomy or histological diagnosis.

The presented investigation was carried out to understand the status of the blood parameters, before and after deworming of Toxocara infection in dogs. For performing the study, 15 pet dogs were recruited from some residential areas in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. These dogs were exposed to fecal - microscopic - based detection of Toxocara eggs and hematological based evaluation of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and differential counts before and 10 days after the treatment with tetramisole. The helminthes eggs in the feces of dogs were detected by flotation method. In case of egg detection, deworming was carried out with tetramisole. The results revealed that the egg number significantly (p˂0.05) decreased in all age groups (˂2, 2 to ˂4, and ≥4 years old) after using the deworming drug. For the hematological features, WBCs and lymphocytes (LY) significantly (p˂0.05) decreased, while the granulocytes (GR) and RBCs significantly (p˂0.05) increased after utilizing the anthelmintic drug. No changes were detected at the hemoglobin (HB) levels and platelets (PLs) after the use of tetramisole. The results may indicate a strong deworming effect of tetramisole against Toxocara spp. adult worms, that led to decrease the egg counts in the feces of the studied dogs, accompanied with the correction of the hematological picture regarding WBCs, LY, GR, and RBCs.

By the time we conducted the current study,- COVID-19 epidemic has already become a global challenge, paralyzing socio-economic activity dramatically.
Hence , this study aimed to identify the most valuable prognostic indicators for COVID19 patients' early and accurate diagnosis by comparing laboratory biomarkers like C -reactive protein between non-severe and severe groups of patients. Depending on clinical symptoms, ---337 COVID-19 patients were enrolled at the Basra City Hospital from March 29 to April 29,2020 were classified into severe and non severe groups.
A total of 337 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, including 306 (128 males and 178 females) were adult patients, and ---31 (10 male and 21 female) Child & teens patients. The mean age of the adult patients was 42.79±16.22 (age rnage 18-85 years),----- Child & teens patients was 12.23± 4.06. All children and more adults had an initial normal C-reactive protein (CRP) <5 mg/L.
CRP in severe group (68.51±66.38) was assigned to 27 adult patients (8.82%), and the differences were high significantly (p <0.05) compared to the noٍّn severe group (24.31±45.26). There were significant differences (p<0.05) between the severe group and non- severe groups in all parameters, including hemoglobin, platelet count, white blood cells (WBCs) count, CRP, ferritin as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate ″ESR″.
---The results of this study indicated,--- that in the majority of children ----with COVID-19 infection , threre was no increase in CRP levels and other biomarkers.On the other hand, a positive link was found between COVID-19 severity and CRP, ESR, and ferritin levels in adults.

The current study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in a safe and eco-friendly biological method using green tea extract, characterize them using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and AFM tools, then investigate their antioxidant potentials against DPPH and their cytotoxicity toward lymphoma cells using MTT and ethidium bromide/propidium iodide dual staining assays, and their genotoxic capacities by assessing their effects on the gene expression of p53, caspase3, bcl-2, and bax genes by qPCR and DNA fragmentation. Results confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles; the UV-vis results showed a peak of absorbance at 414 nm; FTIR analysis showed absorbance belonging to the functional groups of green tea; XRD assay results confirmed the crystallinity of Ag NPs; and AFM revealed a mean diameter of around 24.37 nm. Finally, FESEM showed that the shape of Ag NPs was that of spherical aggregated nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects against lymphoma cells, with an IC50 = 1.138 μg/ml. Cell staining results showed alternations in the shape of treated cells due to apoptosis. Ag NPs affected gene expression as they increased proapoptotic genes p53, caspase3, and bax by 3.3, 2, and 4.25fold, respectively, while decreasing antiapoptotic gene expression bcl-2 by 0.59fold. We concluded that the biological way is an efficient way to synthesize silver nanoparticles, and the synthesized NPs have antioxidant potential and are cytotoxic and genotoxic toward lymphoma cells; thus, they may be utilized in related biomedical applications.

The present research design examines the relationship between SCARB1 gene expression and the progression of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in Iraqi patients. The variations in gene expression between patients with CML and healthy controls were investigated. The gender and age correlations with CML patients were included, as was the association of gene expression folding of the SCARB1 gene with clinical data (WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, platelets, and BCR-ABL gene). The results displayed a significant difference in the mean gene expression level (ΔCt) of the CML group when compared to the matching ΔCt values in the healthy control group. The gene expression folding of the SCARB1 gene indicates considerable changes in expression, which reached 0.134. There was no significant correlation for CML patients in regards to their age or gender, and with all studied clinical parameters except WBC and the BCR-ABL gene, there was no significant correlation. Our findings suggest that the degree of SCARB1 gene expression may serve as a determinant biomarker for CML prognosis.

Despite their long successful use, synthetic dyes have several problems due to their carcinogenic and toxic effects. Besides providing bright colors, some natural pigments have shown notable antimicrobial activity; thus, they could be utilized as functional dyes in many applications such as making colored antimicrobial textiles. In this work, a yellow pigment produced by Streptomyces thinghirensis AF7 and has a notable antimicrobial activity was used to produce a colored antimicrobial textile. The extracted yellow pigment was subjected to a purification step using silica gel column eluted with di ethyl ether solvent. The FTIR, GC-MS and NMR analysis showed that the colorings in this type of product are due to the presence of chromopeptides. The purified yellow pigment was effectively used to dye two types of fabrics (cotton and polyester). Results showed that polyester had more affinity for yellow pigment than cotton. The stability of dyed fabrics was verified based on ISO 105-E01:2013 which demonstrated that both dyed cotton and polyester fabrics had a considerable degree of fastness to water, seawater and detergent. Moreover, yellow dyed Polyester fabric exhibited more stability against acid than yellow dyed cotton fabric, and both were unstable against alkaline solution. Finally, the yellow dyed fabrics showed antibacterial properties against S. aureus proving that the antibacterial activities of the yellow pigment could be retained when the pigment is bound to the fabric.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that is considered a major worldwide healthcare problem. Multiple studies have revealed that people with DM are more likely to acquire oral problems, such as periodontal diseases, because the oral microbiota plays a major role in oral health and may affect the saliva composition. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiota of a sample of DM patients and its association with some demographic factors, such as smoking habits and gender. A total of 91 specimens, including 51 DM patients and 40 apparently healthy individuals, were enrolled in this study, which was carried out from November 2021 to February 2022. Whole saliva was collected in a sterile tube, and oral swabs were obtained from both patients and the control groups. The results of the present study show there was no significant difference between both genders in DM hits. As well, a smoking habit is considered a predisposing habit that may increase the risk of oral diseases in DM patients. The acidic pH of saliva recorded higher values between patients and control subjects than other pH items. On the other hand, the most prevalent bacterial isolates found in oral DM patients were Staphylococcus spp. (37.12%), E.coli (12.9%), Klebsiella spp. (10.60%), Pseudomonas spp. (9.84%), Enterobacter (8.33%), both Streptococcus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. (5.30%), Corynebacterium spp. and Proteus spp. (3.8%), Neisseria spp. and Haemophilus Influenza was 1.51%. These percentages were significantly different from those in the control group, which were Staphylococcus spp. (43.4%), Klebsiella spp. (25.0%), Enterobacter (7.89%), E.coli (6.58%), Bacillus spp. (5.2%), Acinetobacter spp. (3.9%), Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp., and Proteus spp. (2.7%).

Cadmium oxide CdO thin films were prepared by successive ionic layer adsorption
and reaction (SILAR) technique at varying number of dippings. The CdO thin films
were prepared from a source material of Cadmium acetate and ammonium hydroxide
solution deposited on glass substrate at 95℃. The prepared thin films were
investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and UV-Visible
spectrometry. The XRD analysis reveals that the films were polycrystalline with cubic
structure having preferential orientation along (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), and (3 1 1)
planes. While the tests of the scanning electron microscopy and the atomic force
microscopy indicate that the thin films are homogeneous and free of voids.

The main aim of the present paper is to study the electric breakdown in a uniform
electric discharge system. The system consists of two spheres separated by a
dielectric. The dielectric is dry air. Certain boundary conditions are taken into
consideration as applied voltage, pressure, and domain. The formation of discharge
types as Townsend and streamer under different distance gaps (1, 0.9,0.8, 0.6, 0.4,
0.2, 0.1) mm was sudied. The temperature effect on the breakdown voltages for the
discharge process is also included. Seven different temperature steps are chosen in the
study. Comsol Multiphysics software is used for the simulation model as a plasma
model. Results show that as the gap distance increases the breakdown voltage
increases for each of the discharges. For maximum electric field, as the distance
increases the field also increases. For gap distance, the temperature effects are more
apparent at the higher values of the pressure. The maximum electric field increases
as the voltage increases with the temperature.

Iron ore deposits have been identified from Nawgwezany Mishao in the Shalair
Valley area within the Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone (IZSZ) at NE-Iraq. The iron ore is
mainly hosted by the Shalair Metamorphic Rock Group calcschist. The transmitted
and reflected light microscope study and X-ray diffraction of the calcschist revealed
that the predominance minerals are calcite, and sillimanite, while muscovite, graphite,
k-feldspar, and opaque mineral represent minor constituents. Meanwhile, skarn host
rock as a second host rock shows the mineral assemblages of clinopyroxene, quartz,
hornblende, epidote, plagioclase, sericite, garnet, and opaque minerals. The field and
petrographical data indicated that the iron ore includes magnetite, hematite, pyrite,
martite, goethite, and limonite. Magnetite and hematite constitute the predominant
minerals of the ores, which display variable shape sizes (from < 1 cm to > 10 m) and
chiefly occurred as massive, veins, veinlets, and disseminated grains. Based on some
magnetite grains, filled veins in the host rocks support the hydrothermal ore-forming
processes. The paragenetic sequence of iron ore and the presence of dendritic
manganese texture on the surface of some of the skarn host rocks, as well as the
petrographical identification of calcite twins in calcschist of types one and two, are
the three reasons that point to the hydrothermal skarn origin of the iron ore. Overall
field evidence, morphology, mineralogy, textures, calcite twins, and dendritic
manganese texture on the surface of calcshist host rocks suggest that the Nawgwezany
Mishao iron ore is related to the hydrothermal skarn deposit.

2D Electrical Resistivity has been applied at three selecting areas within the study
area using Dipole-dipole and Wenner arrays with an a-spacing of 1 m, and the profile
length was 120 m for both. The total data points were 4455 reads for Dipole-dipole,
and the total data points for Wenner were 2340 reads, and the depth of each array was
15.4 m and 20.2 m, respectively. The 2D inverse results indicate the resistivity
anomalies approximately at depth (2 - 7.8) m formed as a weakness zone lies within
the quaternary and Injana Formation deposits and interbedded with secondary gypsum
and gypcretes. Additionally, the inverse resistivity distribution model demonstrated
that the area is impacted by groundwater that is interaction with sand, silt, and clay of
the subsurface layers due to the gypsiferous and gypcrete deposits. They are
distinguished by their ability to interact with water, whether it is surface or
underground, and as a result, cause the emergence of a set of cavities and voids that
may be filled with sediments that contain high levels of water and cause soil to wet.
As well, the investigation gives the ideal array as Dipole-dipole rather than Wenner
array due to its better in signal to noise ratio and provides the most suitable resolution
for these applications, as well as the study, recommends conducting engineering and
site investigations of the soil and determining the type of soil and the appropriate
treatment methods that can overcome these problems.

This study deals with microfacies analysis, diagenetic facies, environmental
interpretations related to sequence stratigraphy for Early – Middle Miocene in selected
wells within Balad (Ba-X) and East Baghdad (EB-Z) oil fields.
Seven major microfacies were recognized in the successions of the study wells, these
facies were used to recognize six facies association (depositional environments)
within the study oil fields: deep marine, toe of slope, open marine, restricted interior
platform, evaporitic interior platform and brackish interior platform. The facies
associations interpreted were based on texture and obtainable fauna.
The Early - Middle Miocene succession was deposited during two depositional cycles
as a third order cycle (C1and C2). These cycles are asymmetrical and started with
cycle one (C1) which divided into three sub-cycles in Balad oil field. The first (CS1)
deep open marine association facies in lower part of Serikagni Formation represents
by relatively thin transgressive system tract (TST). This facies overlying by evaporitic
interior platform association facies as highstand system tract (HST) within the upper
part of Serikagni Formation and bounded by MFS. The second sub - cycle (CE1) is
represented by relatively thin transgressive system tract (TST) reflected by restricted
interior platform occupies the lower part of Euphrates formation, while middle and
upper part occupies by highstand system tract (HST), which represented by evaporitic
interior platform facies. At the lower part of Dhiban Formation sub - cycle (CDh1) is
started with transgressive system tract (TST) reflected by Evaporitic interior platform
overlying by open marine environment which represent the starting of highstand
system trac (HST).
Cycle two (C2) is almost symmetrical cycle started with transgressive system tract
(TST) reflected by restricted interior platform occupies the lower part of Jeribe
Formation, while middle and upper part occupied by highstand system tract (HST),
which represented by open marine environment.
This succession appeared high cyclicity in East Baghdad oil field during the same two
major cycles (C1 and C2) with absence of deep open marine association facies
(Serikagni Formation). Where C1 cycle is appeared five sub-cycles of HST overlying
the TST within Euphrates and Dhiban succession. The second cycle is characterized
by three sub-cycles of HST overlying TST sub-cycle within the Jeribe succession. The
above gives accurate evidence that the location of the East Baghdad oil field was the
closest to the continental part, while the Balad oil field was towards the deep sea. This
clearly affected the number of sedimentation cycles and the shallowness of the
deposition environment in the East Baghdad field compared to the Balad oil field.

Four subsurface sections and electrical, porosity logs, and gamma-ray logs of the
Khasib Formation (age Late Turonian-Lower Coniacian) were studied to identify
reservoir characteristics and to evaluate the reservoir properties of the Khasib reservoir
units in the East Baghdad oilfield. The lithology of the formation is limestone
throughout the whole sequence in all studied wells EB-83, EB-87, EB-92, and EB94. It
is bounded conformably from the top by Tanuma Formation and has a conformable
lower contact with Kifl Formation. The lower and upper boundaries of the formation
were determined using well log analysis, and the formation was divided into three main
rock units (Kh1, Kh2, and Kh3), depending on the porosity logs. The porosity was
calculated using acoustic or sonic, neutron, and density logs. The effective porosity
(average 0.0 - 0.32 %) is the predominant porosity in the formation and to less extent;
the secondary porosity. The volume of shale is very low (average 0.0 - 0.13 %),
indicating limestone is the main rock of the Khasib Formation. The study of the
reservoir water (average 0.11- 1.0%) and hydrocarbon saturations (average 0.0 - 0.88
%) showed that the formation contains varying proportions and quantities of water and
hydrocarbons suspended in the wall void, and hydrocarbons capable of being produced.
The lithological study reflected that the predominant lithic formation is limestone. It
was found that Kh 2 unit is the best oil reservoir unit in all selected wells in terms of
porosity, water saturation, diagenesis processes, and microfacies analysis.

The main goal of this study was to assess the climatic parameters in a valuable
basin in northern part of Iraq, Erbil central sub-basin. Rainfall, relative humidity,
temperature, evaporation, sunshine duration, and wind speed are the climate
variables used in this study. The investigated periods (1980-2021) of Erbil
meteorological data were used to assess the climatic and drought conditions in the
studied basin. The results show a noticeable drop in relative humidity and rainfall
over the past two decades, as well as a considerable rise in temperature and
evaporation. The mean annual rainfall was 416mm, relative humidity is 48.74%
used as term of water availability, and mean annual temperature is 22°C, total
annual evaporation was 2257.59mm, sunshine duration was 8.2 hours/day, and wind
speed is 1.7m/s were used as water loss elements. Kharufa technique was applied to
determine the potential evapotranspiration, water deficit and water surplus periods.
According to the findings, there is a total of 2257.59 mm of potential
evapotranspiration, water excess, and water deficit, 89.22mm, and 1953.95mm,
respectively. Annual surface runoff was 37.85mm, and annual recharge from rainfall
was 13.07%. Alkubaisi classification for climate type were utilized to identify the
Erbil central sub-climatic basin's type. The results showed that the climate is arid
based on the initial categorisation, moist to sub-arid according to the second
cataloguing, and dry according to the third cataloguing.

One of the primary goals of any study involving groundwater is to make an exact
assessment of the physical properties of the layers containing the water. One of the
most fruitful ways to approach this goal is to conduct a pumping test for the aquifer.
To make the most use of groundwater in terms of sustainable water management, this
study attempts to assess its hydraulic features relative to the most significant aquifer
represented in the Euphrates formation. A pumping test was carried out on 6 wells
where each well is accompanied by an observation well. Cooper-Jacob and Theis
Recovery methods were used to determine the aquifer transmissivity and storage
coefficient. The ranges for permeability, transmissivity, and specific yield are (0.42 -
3.05 m/day, 13.89 -76.47 m2/ day, and 0.018 - 0.036) respectively, whereas, calculated
transmissivities based on specific capacity showed a wide range from 30.85 m2/day
to 120.96 m2/day. This wide range reflects the complex lithology of the aquifer, which
was influenced by structural elements including stress and joint density.

This paper intends to initiate a new type of generalized closed set in topological
space with the theoretical application of generalized topological space. This newly
defined set is a weaker form than the ????????-closed set as well as ????????????-closed set. Some
phenomenal characterizations and results of newly defined sets are inculcated in a
proper manner. The characteristics of normal spaces and regular spaces are achieved
in the light of the generalized pre-regular closed set.

The concept of separation axioms constitutes a key role in general topology and all generalized forms of topologies. The present authors continued the study of gpα-closed sets by utilizing this concept, new separation axioms, namely gpα-regular and gpα-normal spaces are studied and established their characterizations. Also, new spaces namely gpα-Tk for k = 0, 1, 2 are studied.

The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of heat transfer on a non-uniform
inclined asymmetrical channel with couple stress fluids via a porous medium using
incline magnetohydrodynamics. The governing equation is studied while using low
Reynolds approximations and long-wavelength assumptions. Mathematical
expressions for (pressure gradient), (temperature), (axial velocity), (heat temperature
coefficient), and (stream function). A precise set of values for the various parameters
in the present model has been used. The mathematical expressions for axial velocity,
stream function, pressure gradient, and pressure rise per wavelength have been
derived analytically. "MATHEMATICA" is used to present the computational results
in the form of graphs. It has been noticed that both the pressure rise and the pressure
gradient decrease with the rise of the inclination magnetic field angle and Darcy
number, while as the Grashof number increases, the pressure gradient reduces and the
pressure also increases. According to this study, the heat transfer coefficient and
temperature rise when the Brinkman number and the Hartman number are up. As the
Hartman number and couple stress increase, the incidence of trapped boluses
diminishes in size and vanishes in the direction downstream. The bolus size can also
be increased by raising the non-uniform channel's Darcy number.

Optimization is the task of minimizing or maximizing an objective function f(x) parameterized by x. A series of effective numerical optimization methods have become popular for improving the performance and efficiency of other methods characterized by high-quality solutions and high convergence speed. In recent years, there are a lot of interest in hybrid metaheuristics, where more than one method is ideally combined into one new method that has the ability to solve many problems rapidly and efficiently. The basic concept of the proposed method is based on the addition of the acceleration part of the Gravity Search Algorithm (GSA) model in the Firefly Algorithm (FA) model and creating new individuals. Some standard objective functions are used to compare the hybrid (FAGSA) method with FA and the traditional GSA to find the optimal solution. Simulation results obtained by MATLAB R2015a indicate that the hybrid algorithm has the ability to cross the local optimum limits with a faster convergence than the luminous Fireflies algorithm and the ordinary gravity search algorithm. Therefore, this paper proposes a new numerical optimization method based on integrating the properties of the two methods (luminous fireflies and gravity research). In most cases, the proposed method usually gives better results than the original methods individually.

This paper aims to introduce the concepts of ????∗-closed, ????∗-coclosed, and ????∗-extending modules as generalizations of the closed, coclossed, and extending modules, respectively. We will prove some properties as when the image of the e*-closed submodule is also e*-closed and when the submodule of the e*-extending module is e*-extending. Under isomorphism, the e*-extending modules are closed. We will study the quotient of e*-closed and e*-extending, the direct sum of e*-closed, and the direct sum of e*-extending.

The reliability of hybrid systems is important in modern technology, specifically in engineering and industrial fields; it is an indicator of the machine's efficiency and ability to operate without interruption for an extended period of time. It also allows for the evaluation of machines and equipment for planning and future development. This study looked at reliability of hybrid (parallel series) systems with asymmetric components using exponential and Pareto distributions. Several simulation experiments were performed to estimate the reliability function of these systems using the Maximum Likelihood method (ML) and the Standard Bayes method (SB) with a quadratic loss (QL) function and two priors: non-informative (Jeffery) and informative (Conjugate). Different sample sizes and parameter values are used in these simulation experiments, and the Mean Squared Error (MSE) was used to compare those experiments. The simulation results showed that the standard Bayes method with Conjugate loss function is better than the results from the maximum likelihood method.

In this work, injective semimodule has been generalized to almost -injective semimodule. The aim of this research is to study the basic properties of the concept almost- injective semimodules. The semimodule ℳ is called almost ????-injective semimodule if, for each subsemimodule A of ???? and each homomorphism ????: A→ ℳ, either there exists a homomorphism ???? such that ????????= ????. Or there exists a homomorphism ????: ℳ→Y such that ???????? = ????, where Y is nonzero direct summand of ????, and ???? is the projection map. A semimodule ℳ is almost injective semimodule if it is almost injective relative to all semimodules. Every injective semimodule is almost injective semimodule, if ℳ is almost ???? –injective semimodule and ???? is simple, then ℳ is ????-injective. In addition, some related concepts it have been studied and investigated as well.

The goal of this research is to solve several one-dimensional partial differential equations in linear and nonlinear forms using a powerful approximate analytical approach. Many of these equations are difficult to find the exact solutions due to their governing equations. Therefore, examining and analyzing efficient approximate analytical approaches to treat these problems are required. In this work, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is proposed. We use convergence control parameters to optimize the approximate solution. This method relay on choosing with complete freedom an auxiliary function linear operator and initial guess to generate the series solution. Moreover, the method gives a convenient way to guarantee the convergence of series solutions via the control parameter curve graphical method to rate the convergence and obtain the best solution. Decoding and analyzing potential Korteweg-de-Vries, Benjamin, and Airy equations, followed by convergence analysis to demonstrate the applicability of the method. By using the programs Mapel and Mathematica, the obtained results are very effective, accurate, and convergent to the exact solution after a few iterations, as shown in the tables and figures of this work.

Graceful labeling of a graph ???? with q edges is assigned the labels for its vertices by some integers from the set {0,1,2,…,????}, such that no two vertices received the same label, where each edge is assigned the absolute value of the difference between the labels of its end vertices and the resulting edge labeling running from 1 to ???? inclusive. An edge labeling of a graph G is called vertex anntimagic, if all vertex weights are pairwise distinct, where the vertex weight of a vertex under an edge labeling is the sum of the label of all edges incident with that vertex. In this paper, we address the problem of finding graceful antimagic labelin for split of the star graph ????1,????, ????2,???? graph, ????2+????̅???? graph, jellyfish graph ????????,????, Dragon graph ????3,????, kite graph (????4,????) and the double comb graph ????????????????,

In this paper, some conditions to guarantee the existence of bounded solution to the second order multi delayed arguments differential equation are given. The Krasnoselskii theorem used to the Lebesgue’s dominated convergence and fixed point to obtain some new sufficient conditions for existence of solutions. Some important lemmas are established that are useful to prove the main results for oscillatory property. We also submitted some sufficient conditions to ensure the oscillation criteria of bounded solutions to the same equation.

We introduce in this paper, the notion of a 2-quasì-prime module as a generalization of quasi-prime module, we know that a module E over a ring R is called quasi-prime module, if (0) is quasi-prime submodule. Now, we say that a module E over ring R is a 2-quasi-prime module if (0) is 2-quasi-prime submodule, a proper submodule K of E is 2-quasi-prime submodule if whenever a,b∈R,????∈W and abx∈K, then either a2x∈K or b2x∈K.
Many results about these kinds of modules are obtained and proved, also, we will give a characterization of these kinds of modules.

In this paper, we introduce an approximate method for solving fractional order delay variational problems using fractional Euler polynomials operational matrices. For this purpose, the operational matrices of fractional integrals and derivatives are designed for Euler polynomials. Furthermore, the delay term in the considered functional is also decomposed in terms of the operational matrix of the fractional Euler polynomials. It is applied and substituted together with the other matrices of the fractional integral and derivative into the suggested functional. The main equations are then reduced to a system of algebraic equations. Therefore, the desired solution to the original variational problem is obtained by solving the resulting system. Error analysis has been discussed. An illustrative example is given in order to illustrate that the proposed method is very accurate and efficient for solving such kinds of problems.

In today's world, digital image storage and transmission play an essential role,where images are mainly involved in data transfer. Digital images usually take large storage space and bandwidth for transmission, so image compression is important in data communication. This paper discusses a unique and novel lossy image compression approach. Exactly 50% of image pixels are encoded, and other 50% pixels are excluded. The method uses a block approach. Pixels of the block are transformed with a novel transform. Pixel nibbles are mapped as a single bit in a transform table generating more zeros, which helps achieve compression. Later, inverse transform is applied in reconstruction, and a single bit value from the table is remapped into pixel nibbles. With these nibbles, pixel values of the block are reconstructed without any loss. The average method is used in reconstruction of excluded pixels. This approach achieves better quality in reconstructed test images at lower PSNR values ranging from 33dB to 44dB. Compression ratio achieved is more than 2. Correctness ratio achieved by proposed method is more than 0.5.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has great importance in the medical industry. The creation of intelligent sensors, intelligent machines, and superior algorithms for lightweight communication made it feasible to connect medical equipment in order to monitor biomedical signals and also to detect illnesses in patients without human intervention. This new IoT and medical equipment connection is called IoMT. This IoMT model is most adapted to this pandemic since every human being has to be interconnected and monitored via a larger communication network. Hence, this article provides an overview of remote healthcare systems, monitoring ingestible sensors, mobile health, smart hospitals, and improved chronic disease management focused on the Internet of Medical Things. Finally, this paper proposes an IoMT architecture and platform to assist with persistent healthcare.

The dramatic decrease in the cost of genome sequencing over the last two decades has led to an abundance of genomic data. This data has been used in research related to the discovery of genetic diseases and the production of medicines. At the same time, the huge space for storing the genome (2–3 GB) has led to it being considered one of the most important sources of big data, which has prompted research centers concerned with genetic research to take advantage of the cloud and its services in storing and managing this data. The cloud is a shared storage environment, which makes data stored in it vulnerable to unwanted tampering or disclosure. This leads to serious concerns about securing such data from tampering and unauthorized searches by those involved. In addition to securing inquiries, making calculations on this data, and generating differential privacy and garbled circuits, cryptography is considered one of the important solutions to this problem. This paper introduces most of the important challenges related to maintaining privacy and security and classifies each problem with appropriate, proposed, or applied solutions that will fuel researchers' future interest in developing more effective privacy-preserving methods for genomic data.

The analysis of the hyperlink structure of the web has led to significant improvements in web information retrieval. This survey study evaluates and analyzes relevant research publications on link analysis in web information retrieval utilizing diverse methods. These factors include the research year, the aims of the research article, the algorithms utilized to complete their study, and the findings received after using the algorithms. The findings revealed that Page Rank, Weighted Page Rank, and Weighted Page Content Rank are extensively employed by academics to properly analyze hyperlinks in web information retrieval. Finally, this paper analyzes the previous studies.

Many cryptosystems and security techniques use substitution boxes to ensure the data’s secure communication. A new technique is presented for generating a robust S-box to fulfill security requirements. The AES algorithm represents a block cipher cryptographic algorithm. It was selected by the National Institute of Science and Technology as the optimal cryptographic algorithm in 2011. Through the study of the properties of original S-BOX, this algorithm has been subjected to a number of attacks (linear, differential, statistical, and interpolation), and original S-BOX has been static, which makes the attack strong and shows a weakness in the algorithm. It is necessary to make this algorithm more efficient and powerful through the improvement of the dynamic generation of the steps for the protection of textual data security. This paper proposes a dynamic S-Box based on the user's password key (8 chars), shifting, and a 1D circle map. The results in this work indicated that the suggested approach presents a secure S-BOX, which is considered to have 255 differences identified when 1 bit of the key is changed; therefore, about 99% of the S-Box has been changed. Also, an inverse table of S-Box (16*16) is generated via the S-Box output created from the above-mentioned suggestions for returning the values regarding the union of the column and the row for all the S-Box generated values. We examine the quality of our S-Box through various well-known performance parameters. All of the analysis yields very encouraging results, certifying that the generated S-box meets all criteria that are required for reliable and secure encryption. Just a few milliseconds are needed to implement it.

The current issues in spam email detection systems are directly related to spam email classification's low accuracy and feature selection's high dimensionality. However, in machine learning (ML), feature selection (FS) as a global optimization strategy reduces data redundancy and produces a collection of precise and acceptable outcomes. A black hole algorithm-based FS algorithm is suggested in this paper for reducing the dimensionality of features and improving the accuracy of spam email classification. Each star's features are represented in binary form, with the features being transformed to binary using a sigmoid function. The proposed Binary Black Hole Algorithm (BBH) searches the feature space for the best feature subsets, and feature selection is based on a fitness function that is proportional to the accuracy achieved using a Naive Bayesian Classifier (NBC). When measuring the performance of the BBH with the SpamBase dataset, the performance of the classifier and the dimension of the selected feature vector used as a classifier input are considered. The experiments revealed that the BBH can produce good FS results even with a small set of selected features. This shows that when utilizing the NBC-based BBH, good spam email categorization accuracy is possible.

The main task of creating new digital images of different skin diseases is to increase the resolution of the specific textures and colors of each skin disease. In this paper, the performance of generative adversarial networks has been optimized to generate multicolor and histological color digital images of a variety of skin diseases (melanoma, birthmarks, and basal cell carcinomas). Two architectures for generative adversarial networks were built using two models: the first is a model for generating new images of dermatology through training processes, and the second is a discrimination model whose main task is to identify the generated digital images as either real or fake. The gray wolf swarm algorithm and the whale swarm algorithm were relied on to generate values that improve the performance of GANs and insert them into the generator instead of random values, which in turn worked to reduce the loss values for the generated images. Loss values were adopted as a measure of optimizations for each epoch, and the fastest access time to actual digital images for each skin disease was adopted. Before the optimization operations, 50% accurate images of skin diseases were obtained; after the optimization operations, 98% accurate images of skin diseases were obtained.

Cyberbullying is one of the major electronic problems, and it is not a new phenomenon. It was present in the traditional form before the emergence of social networks, and cyberbullying has many consequences, including emotional and physiological states such as depression and anxiety. Given the prevalence of this phenomenon and the importance of the topic in society and its negative impact on all age groups, especially adolescents, this work aims to build a model that detects cyberbullying in the comments on social media (Twitter) written in the Arabic language using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest methods in building the models. After a series of pre-processing, we found that the accuracy of classification of these comments was 0.861 in XGBoost, and 0.849 in Random Forest. Then the results of this model were improved by using one of the optimization algorithms called cuckoo search to adjust the parameters in two methods. The results are improved clearly in the random forest method, which obtained results similar to the extreme gradient boosting method, with a value of 0.867.

The aims of visible watermarking are to prevent the illegal copying of videos and images and to avoid the theft and unauthorized advertisement of the legitimate owners' content. The visible watermark is distinguishable with the naked eye. This makes it easily removed by an attacker. This paper proposes an anti-removable visible logo by double embedding using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and a chaotic map. The main purpose of this method is to prevent the removal attack and restore the original video without information loss after the logo is legally removed. DWT is used for both the cover area and the logo to embed sub-bands of information from the cover area into sub-bands of the logo. The main idea of using a chaotic map is to make it difficult to recover the original video when the logo is removed by illegal means. The experiment results show that the proposed method is robust against illegal watermark removal. In addition, video frames were recovered without loss after the legal extraction process.

Restoration is the main process in many applications. Restoring an original image from a damaged image is the foundation of the restoring operation, either blind or non-blind. One of the main challenges in the restoration process is to estimate the degradation parameters. The degradation parameters include Blurring Function (Point Spread Function, PSF) and Noise Function. The most common causes of image degradation are errors in transmission channels, defects in the optical system, inhomogeneous medium, relative motion between object and camera, etc. In our research, a novel algorithm was adopted based on Circular Hough Transform used to estimate the width (radius, sigma) of the Point Spread Function. This algorithm is based on the PSF, which represents the redistribution of energy in the image plane of a point source located in the object plane. A second novel algorithm was adopted to estimate the variance of the added noise, based on dividing the degraded image into sub homogeneous images. The result shows that these two algorithms give excellent results for estimating the PSF and Noise Variance, and for different values of PSF widths and Noise variances, compared to real PSF widths and Noise Variances values.

This paper proposes a method for improving network security by introducing an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) framework between end devices. It considers big data challenges and the difficulty of updating databases to uncover new threats to firewalls and detection systems. The proposed framework introduces a supervised network using CNN and the UNSW-NB15 dataset. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and Extreme Gradient Boosting ( XGB) were used to save time and resources. The Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model (BGMM) reduce bias toward the majority class of the dataset. The results show that this model performs better than other methods, with 98.80% accuracy for binary classification and 96.49% for classification into multiple groups.

Marking content with descriptive terms that depict the image content is called “tagging,” which is a well-known method to organize content for future navigation, filtering, or searching. Manually tagging video or image content is a time-consuming and expensive process. Accordingly, the tags supplied by humans are often noisy, incomplete, subjective, and inadequate. Automatic Image Tagging can spontaneously assign semantic keywords according to the visual information of images, thereby allowing images to be retrieved, organized, and managed by tag. This paper presents a survey and analysis of the state-of-the-art approaches for the automatic tagging of video and image data. The analysis in this paper covered the publications on tagging in Scopus and the Web of Science databases from 2008 to 2022.

In this research, the eccentricity will be calculated as well as the best height of satellite orbit that can used to transfer from that orbit around the Earth to construct an interplanetary trajectory, for example Mars, when the transfer can be accomplished by a simple impulse, that means the transfer consists of an elliptical orbit from the inner orbit (at a perigee point) to the outer orbit (at apogee point). We will determine Keplerian equation to find the value of a mean anomaly(M) by Rung-Cutta method.
There are several types of satellites orbits around the Earth, but by this study, we find that the best stable orbit to the satellite that is used to inter its orbit around Mars is the Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at a height about 3500km above the Earth surface. (MEO) comprises a wide range of orbits anywhere between LEO and GEO, its height above the Earth surface is about 2000-35700 km, and it is very commonly used by navigation satellites.
The values of Euler angles (i=23.45°, Ω=20°, w=60°) were installed and the values of each of the height of the perigee point were changed by controlling the height from the ground surface (hp=500, 3500, 35800) km and the eccentricity of the orbit from e=0.1 to 0.9. We found that the best stable orbit of the satellite around the Earth in preparation for its transition to another orbit around Mars is at an altitude of 3500 km, with eccentricity of approximately 0.6, because this orbit was the most stable according to the program results shown in the graphs (no.10) because at the perigee of the orbit we obtained the highest escape speed was approximately 8 km/sec, which means the possibility of transfer with the lowest possible energy.

Many Iraqi provinces had collective cemeteries, especially in the middle and southern regions of Iraq, but many of those cemetery locations are undefined yet. Ground penetration radar has two features that make it optimal from a geophysical perspective for shallowly detecting sensitive materials near the surface. First, the instantaneous image is formed upon scanning, called a radargram. Second, the non-destructive inference of the scanned materials. For these two reasons, this technique was chosen to conduct a simulation process to reveal the old human remains in Iraq's central and southern areas using another model with the same physical feature (old burial) at the AL-Khamisiya site, Thi-Qar province.
The demanded stages for completing the simulation process can be divided into two parts. The first part is that before the model's burial, a field survey was conducted to identify the site subsurface features and test the penetration extent of the selected antennas, in addition, to accurately calculating the speed of radar phase waves to obtain a calibrated measurement of the target's depth of burial. After the model's burying (the remains of old Iraqi humans), the second part included individual scanning and grouping at a depth of two m and four m.
This simulation proved that the variation value in the dielectric constant between the burial medium (host medium) and the buried body (target) is the most critical determinant of detecting the remains' success or failure. Also, the work proved that low frequencies between (100-250) MHz are optimal for detecting human remains in a saline environment.