iasj@rdd.edu.iq | +964 XXX XXX XXXX

العربية | English

Iraqi Journal of Science

Volume: 64

Issue: 07

Publication Year: 2023

Publication Date: July 2023

Articles in This Issue

Pages 3205-3724

1

Anti-Breast Cancer Activity of Some Synthesized Pyrazole Derivatives Bearing Imidazo[1,2a]pyridine Moiety

Pages: 3205-3217 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

A novel series of pyrazole derivatives containing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine D1-D8 moiety has been synthesized. The reaction of 2-aminopyridine with 4-phenylphenacyl bromide and 4-bromophenacyl bromide gave the products A and A1, respectively. These products then reacted with DMF and POCl3 to obtain new aldehyde derivatives B and B1. These two aldehydes were condensed with various acetophenone substitutes to yield the corresponding chalcone derivatives C1-C10. Following this, the cycloaddition reaction with hydrazine hydrate provided new pyrazole derivatives D1-D8. The prepared compounds were verified by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Two of these derivatives (C5 and D1) were chosen to investigate their cytotoxic efficacy against breast cancer using the MTT assay.

Keywords

[1 2a]imidazo pyridine anticancer chalcones Pyrazole

2

Studying the Corrosion Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances on Thyroid Hormones

Pages: 3218-3224 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) ions amounts and investigate their potential effects on thyroid hormones in patients' saliva who were receiving treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA). In this study, 42 FOA volunteers participated, and all samples were obtained from a specialized center for manufacturing and orthodontics in Bab Al-Moadham, Baghdad, Iraq. According to the findings, individuals with fixed orthodontics have significantly higher levels of the thyroid hormones (P<0.05) FT3 and FT4 than those who did not have orthodontic treatment, whereas there were no significant changes in TSH (P=0.599). Additionally, the amounts of Ni+2 and Cr+3 were considerably higher in the individuals receiving metallic orthodontic treatment (P <0.0001). The findings of this investigation support the hypothesis that corrosion metals from the FOA have a meaningful impact on the concentration of Ni and Cr ions and, consequently, on the thyroid and salivary functioning of the patient group.

Keywords

Chromium fixed orthodontics Nickel Thyroid hormones.

3

Preparation and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles With and Without Magnetic Field Effect Via Hydrothermal Technique

Pages: 3225-3231 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

With and without the use of magnetic fields, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized using the hydrothermal method at extremely high temperatures and pressures. Titanium tetra isopropoxide [Ti(C12H28O4)] was used for the preparation, which was performed at pH 7 and under temperatures of 160 and 190 ˚C. UV spectroscopy, XRD crystallography, FE-SEM microscopy were used for characterizations. From UV spectroscopy, the energy gap values were clearly affected by the increase in temperature and the presence of the magnetic field. At the temperatures of 160 and 190 oC for TiO2 without magnetic field, FE-SEM microscopy images have shown an average crystal diameter of 13.436 and 12.551 nm, respectively. While for TiO2 with the presence of magnetic field, the crystal diameters were found to be 14.665 and 14.468 nanometers, respectively, at same temperatures. Additionally, XRD analysis has revealed that the average crystal size of TiO2 at 160 and 190 ˚C without a magnetic field is 13.13 and 11.59 nanometers, respectively. While the crystal sizes for TiO2 in the presence of a magnetic field were determined to be 13.19 and 12.93 nanometers, respectively.

Keywords

hydrothermal method Magnetic field Nanoscience Nanotechnologies Semiconductors TiO2 nanoparticles

4

Production of Lactic Acid by lactobacilli using Legume Flours

Pages: 3232-3241 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Due to their high nutritional value, richness in carbohydrates and good source of protein, legumes are considered essential for human diet. Legumes flours were used as fermentable material for lactic acid production. Hence, previously isolated lactobacilli strains were used in this study. The strains showed strong microbial growth and their survival in glucose-containing MRS medium and were described using a modified Gompertz equation. Lactobacilli exhibited the shortest latency phase in MRS-glucose medium. While the highest lactic acid produced was 15.40g/l by Lpb. pentosus U1 isolate after 48hours. Furthermore, these strains were evaluated in flours samples for acidification capacity. The results showed a decrease in pH values after 12hours of fermentation, indicating the fastest acidification with maximum lactic acid generation of 31.66, 25.33, 31.00 and 31.66g/l for black gram flour by Lpb. plantarum M1, Lpb. pentosus U1, Lpb. plantarum VIP1 and Lev. brevis TIP1 isolates. Black gram flour was considered the best among the used substrates for enhancing lactic acid production. Overall, this study can be termed as a preliminary step for fermentation using the desired organism in preparing legume-based food at the industrial level and benefiting consumers.

Keywords

Lactobacilli; Legumes; Fermentation; Lactic acid; Growth curve; Fermented food

5

Prevalence of Non-Dermatophytic Molds in Toenails among Diabetic Patients in Homs, Syria

Pages: 3242-3250 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for fungal infections, including onychomycosis. The study aims to determine the prevalence of toenail onychomycosis in diabetic patients and its correlation with associated factors, identify the causative agents and compare the fungal culture findings with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) findings of diagnosing 6 fungal isolates. A total of 126 diabetic patients were included between November 2020 to June 2021. Nail samples were subjected to potassium hydroxide 20%. Culture was done on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (SDA), both with and without cycloheximide. Identification of non-dermatophytic molds was based on colony characteristics, colony reverse, cello-tape flag method and slide culture technique. Molecular analysis was done to make sure of the identification of 6 fungal isolates. Out of 126 cases, 106 (84.1%) had toenails onychomycosis. Non-dermatophytic molds (NDM) were the most common isolates 75 (70.8%), followed by yeasts 8 (7.5%) and mixed infections 23 (21.7%). Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) was the most frequent clinical type 90 (85%). Onychomycosis was found to correlate significantly with advancing age, type 2 diabetes, its duration and clinically abnormal nails. However, there was no significant correlation with gender and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). When the results obtained by RT-PCR were compared with the results obtained by fungal culture, a 100% match of the isolates was found.

Keywords

Diabetes mellitus Non-dermatophytic molds Onychomycosis RT-PCR Toenails

6

Ameliorative Potentials of Quercetin in Some Histo-Physiological and Biochemical Parameters Against Alterations Induced Benzene Inhalation in Albino Rats

Pages: 3251-3262 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Present study investigates the protective role of quercetin in reducing benzene-induced toxicity in rats. Sixteen adult rats, weighing 200-250 g, were selected. They were divided into four groups: 1. Control group, 2. Benzene inhaled group, 3. Quercetin group and 4. Group of benzene and quercetin in combination. Biochemical, spermatological parameters, and histopathological changes in lungs were recorded. Results of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine levels in the serum of rats were higher in benzene exposed rats than in unexposed rats. Conversely, exposure to benzene led to a decrease in sperm quality compared to the unexposed rats. Histopathological examinations of the lung tissues revealed structural changes in exposed rats, including emphysema, thinning of the wall of the alveolar sac, congestion between the alveolar sacs and more elasticity in the wall of smooth muscles. The present study showed that quercetin treatment can reverse the negative effects of benzene in approximately all studied parameters and showed amelioration in the histological anomalies induced by benzene toxicity.

Keywords

Benzene biochemical and spermatological parameters lung histology quercetin

7

Impact of SARS-COV-2 Variants on the Infection Severity among Iraqi Patients

Pages: 3263-3272 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory corona viruses (SARS-COVs) are a particular category of RNA viruses that have emerged as a potential danger to the human population, triggering epidemics and pandemics that have resulted in catastrophic human mortality. The SARS-CoV2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that began on December 12, 2019 in Wuhan, China, has been linked to bats. A new SARS-CoV-2 variant appeared in late December 2020. Mutations with variants continued to appear until the time of this study. Thus, this study aimed to provide a local database among Iraqi patients about SARS-COV-2 variants as there have been very few local studies documenting its existence and its relationship with the progression and severity of infection. For this study 234 nasal swabs were collected from COVID-19 positive individuals between March 2021 to March 2022. RNA was extracted and tested by using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay to confirm infection, and the variants were detected by using a special kit that stratified the characteristic mutations. Results showed the presence of Alpha, Beta or Gamma and Omicron variants in our population at the same time as their global spread at high rates with different severity of cases. It increased in severity during infections with wild type 26/32 (81.25%) and Alpha 82/109 (75.23%) variants but a high incidence of Beta or Gamma 28/38 (73.68%) and Omicron 35/46 (76.09%) variants within mild-moderate infections. Moreover, there was a significant increase in severity in older age groups than younger. Hence, we can conclude that most severe infections with SARS-COV-2 appeared in wild type and during the appearance of Alpha variant which provided a unique database of variants of COVID-19 circulating in the Iraqi population and also assisted in determining the severity of disease. More research is needed on this subject.

Keywords

Covid-19. cycle threshold RRT-PCR Severity TaqPath Variants of SARS- COV-2

8

Adsorption of Direct Blue 2 Dye by Dry Biomass of Bacillus cereus from Aqueous Solution

Pages: 3273-3280 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

One of the significant environmental problems is the pollution of water by dyes;. Biological treatment method was used, which is one of the effective ways to reduce this sort of pollution as it is environment friendly, economic and does not require any expertise. Under controlled conditions, this study estimated the efficacy of dry biomass for Bacillus cereus to reduce Direct Blue 2 dye from the aqueous solution. The optimum conditions such as pH values, contact time and concentration of dyes, were used in this research. The end results showed that the adsorption efficiency, when using a weight of bacterial biomass 0.2 g/50mL, reached 69.2% at a concentration of 10 ppm after one hour at 40°C and pH5. While it reached 54.6% for a concentration of 15 ppm with a contact time of three hours and pH 7. At 40oC and one hour contact time, the adsorption efficiency for a concentration 20 ppm was 46.5% at pH9. The optimum conditions for the highest adsorption efficiency were achieved after one hour and pH5.

Keywords

Adsorption Bacillus cereus. Direct Blue 2

9

Prevalence of Some Parasitic Infections in Iraq from 2019 to 2020

Pages: 3281-3291 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Parasitic infections are associated with low education, wars and migration, absence of animal control and poor sanitation. Infections like visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (VL and CL), trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, malaria, echinococcosis and schistosomiasis are all spread worldwide and have harmful effects on individuals and societies. The aim of this survey was to identify the possible association of these infections with spatial distribution (province/governorate) and patient demographics (age and gender). According to the data collected from the Iraqi National CDC from 2019 to 2020, the predominant parasitic infections in both years were trichomoniasis and CL, followed by echinococcosis, VL and toxoplasmosis. Iraq is malaria and schistosomiasis free. The highest incidence rate of trichomoniasis was in Duhouk (2019) and Al-Dewaniya (2020) and majority of CL cases were in Diala in both 2019 and 2020. The number of echinococcosis cases was the highest in Thi-Qar (2019) and in Nineveh (2020). VL mostly affected Al-Dewaniya (2019) and Thi-Qar (2020). Toxoplasmosis scored the highest incidence rate in Basra in 2019 and 2020. All infections were higher in 2019 than in 2020, except for CL. As for age groups: echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis and trichomoniasis were higher in age group 15 – 44 years, while VL and CL was most common in 0-14 years juveniles in both years. Females were more affected than males by echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and trichomoniasis, while VL and CL affected males more often in the years included in this study.

Keywords

Echinococcus Epidemiology Iraq Leishmania Parasites toxoplasma Trichomonas

10

Evaluation of Serum Ghrelin and Leptin Levels in Patients with Celiac Disease, Type1Diabetes Mellitus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pages: 3292-3302 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Ghrelin and leptin are two hormones that possess multiple functions, including appetite regulation, maintenance of the tissue homeostasis and regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. A few studies on serum ghrelin and leptin levels in autoimmune diseases have exhibited conflicting results. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the two energy balance hormones and autoimmune diseases. Serum ghrelin and leptin levels were assessed in 94 adult patients, 61 females and 33 males, with various autoimmune diseases (celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis) as well as in 35 healthy people as controls, using commercially available ELISA kits. Statistically important distinctions (P < 0.05) were found between the patients and controls with regard to serum ghrelin and leptin levels. Moreover, females had higher mean serum ghrelin and leptin levels than males. On the other hand, serum ghrelin level was positively correlated with serum leptin levels (r = 0.399, P < 0.05) in the RA group. Whereas no significant correlation (P > 0.05) was found between serum ghrelin and leptin levels in both CD and T1DM groups. As well as the correlation of the diseases biomarkers (tissue transglutaminase antibodies, anti-tTG; glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, anti-GAD; and cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, anti-CCP) with ghrelin/leptin levels revealed that anti-CCP was the only marker that significantly (P < 0.05) associated with ghrelin and leptin in patients with RA. The current study indicates a linkage between the immune system and metabolic hormones depending on response to different autoimmune conditions. Additional studies are required to understand whether changes in ghrelin-leptin levels influence the emergence of autoimmune diseases or vice versa.

Keywords

Celiac Disease ghrelin leptin Rheumatic arthritis Type 1 diabetes mellitus

11

Analysis of Acetylcholinesterase Gene Expression in Male Mice Exposed to Sublethal Dose of Endosulfan Pesticide

Pages: 3303-3309 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to investigate endosulfan effects on the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and gene in albino mice. Thirty selected male albino mice were randomly divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group (G1), while the other two treated groups were injected intraperitoneally twice per week with two doses of endosulfanG2 (3 mg/kg) and G3 (17 mg/kg) for 21 and 45 days respectively. The results recorded a significant decrease in AChE enzyme in the group treated with 17 mg/kg b.wt. (3986.67 ±170.32 U/L),compared to the control (5584.33 ±140.35 U/L)and treatment group with 3 mg/kg b.wt.(5556.00 ±341.01) U/L for 21 days. Also, there was a significant decrease in the enzyme level between the two treated groups (4688.00 ±221.49 U/L)and (3413.67 ±305.42 U/L) for the duration of 45 days of the dose, compared with the control group (5584.33 ±140.35 U/L), and increased expression of AChE gene in the treated groups.Gene expression fold in all treated groups was higher than in the control group withthe highest recorded value of 14.320at 17 mg/kg for 45 days, compared with the control group.

Keywords

Acetylcholinesterase AChE gene LD50 Pesticide

12

Cytotoxic Activity of Ephedra alata Extracts on Human Lymphocytes and Breast Cancer Cell Line in Vitro

Pages: 3310-3322 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This study was conducted to use the local Ephedra alata plant as a model for extracting and detecting alkaloids in the stem of plant (alkaloids-rich extract and crude extract). Different extraction procedures were adopted for qualitative as well as the quantitative examination of the alkaloid extracts, as well as plant crude extract, the best methods for the extraction of the plant materials were applied. Simple, fast and accurate methods like TLC (thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography), were used for the identification of the alkaloids (ephedrine) in different extracts of stems E. alata stems. Ephedrine alkaloid was detected in each alkaloids-rich and crude extracts of E. alata stems with 8 and 5 ppm concentrations respectively.
The assessment of plant stems extract was carried out as these extracts have effects on human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) and normal human lymphocytes (HLs). The study showed that there was no risk in using Ephedra in medicines as it has low cytotoxicity on HLs, while on MDA-MB-231 cell lines the percentage of cell death was 50.11% at a concentration 75mg/ml for crude extract after the 72-hours incubation period and the concentration of 15 mg/ml during the 24-hours incubation period had 50.63% inhibition rate.
The study showed that E. alata, an important medicinal plant, has alkaloids-rich extracts that have low cytotoxic effects on cultured HLs, particularly when used at a concentration of 5 mg/ml considering its use at low concentrations, the local Ephedra alata plant has promising effects on cancerous lines.

Keywords

Ephedra alata; Alkaloids ephedrine HLs. HPLC; TLC MDA

13

Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carrying lukS-lukF Gene in Iraqi Patients with Furunculosis

Pages: 3323-3329 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the causative agent of furunculosis in 64 (27.5%) out of 233 Iraqi patients presented with furunculosis. 16SrRNA gene was located in all isolates. Nevertheless, mecA and lukS-lukF genes were located in 60% and 4% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Interestingly, the lukS-lukF carrying S. aureus isolates were mecA positive as well.

Keywords

furunculosis lukS-lukF mecA Staphylococcus aureus

14

Integration of Sunflower and Sorghum Water Extracts Applied Alone or in Combination With Reduced Doses of Chevalier for Weed Control in Wheat

Pages: 3330-3339 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Field trial was conducted with the aim of utilizing extract of allelopathic crop to reduce the use of synthetic herbicides in wheat fields. Sorghum extract at 12 L /ha, sunflower extract at 12 L /ha, combination of sorghum and sunflower extracts at 12 L /ha and chevalier at 25, 50 and 100% of recommended dose were applied alone or in combination with each other. Weed free and weedy check treatments were included for comparison. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the recommended dose of chevalier treatment recorded lowest means of weed density 15.7, 23.7, 25.3 and 27.9 weeds m-2and weeds dry weight 13.4, 16.4, 23.3 and 29.2 g m-2 and gave highest percentage of weed control 71.4, 67.4, 64.3 and 63.0% after 60, 75, 95 and 115 days of planting respectively, without significant difference on the sorghum water extract + sunflower water extract at 12L/ha +50% of treatment. Also, the recommended dose of chevalier treatment had highest mean of number of spikes 368.6 spike m-2, grain yield 5.75 ton ha-1, biological yield 17.70 ton ha-1 and harvest index 32.55% without significant difference in the sorghum water + sunflower water extracts at 12L/ha +50% of treatment in the grain yield and biological yield also without significant difference on the sorghum water extract + sunflower water extract at 12 L/ha) +33% of recommended chevalier treatment in the grain yield and biological yield. We can conclude that the allelopathic effects of sorghum and sunflower extracts with chevalier herbicide at half dose gave positive results in weeds control while improving the grain yield of wheat without a significant difference with the spraying of the chevalier herbicide at full dose.These results were a clear indication that the presence of the extracts had a synergistic or cumulative additive role with the low doses of chevalier herbicide that contributed to raising its efficacy in weeds control.

Keywords

allelopathy Chevalier herbicide Herbicide weed control

15

Screening of periodontal disease related Bacteria in Iraqi patients and their relationship with salivary TLR2 and IL-6 level

Pages: 3340-3348 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The oral cavity has the second major and most diverse microflora after the gut. Since it is the starting point of digestion; the oral microbiota is essential for maintaining oral and systemic health. Thus, this study aimed to find the bacterial isolates which act as a causative agent of periodontal diseases in Iraqi patients and their relation with some immune oral parameters. Saliva specimens and oral swabs of 91 patients (51) and control individuals (40) were collected in this study. The specimens of patients were collected from Al-Amirya and Almaamon Specialized Dental Centers in Baghdad for a period from November/2021 to February/2022. The microbiological results revealed, that the most prevalent bacterial isolates were related to the genus, which was descending graduated into Staphylococcus spp.74.5%> Enterobacteriaceae spp.62.7% > Streptococcus spp. 13.7% and Acinetobacter spp.13.7% > Neisseria spp.9.8% > Bacillus spp.5.8% > Corynebacterium spp. 3.9% and Pseudomonas spp.3.9%, and in the same context, the acidic pH of the patient's or control's mouths is more conducive for bacterial development than other pH items. As well by using the ELISA technique, the soluble form of TLR2 7.384 ± 4.031 ng/ml elucidated a significant increase in patients than the control group 5.313 ± 3.106 ng/ml, while interleukin 6 shows a strange increase in both patients and the control group saliva 50161 ± 63869, 52087 ± 62756 ng/ l respectively.

Keywords

IL6 Oral diseases oral microbiome salivary levels TLR2

16

IR Spectra of Entrance and Exit Channels of Methane Molecule and Oxygen Atom Reaction at MP2 Theory

Pages: 3349-3355 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

IR spectra of entrance and exit channels of methane and radical oxygen reaction are predicted in the ground state energy. Ab initio calculations at perturbation theory (MP2) with Dunning correction- consistent basis set (aug-cc-pVDZ) have been used. The calculations predicted structures, vibrational frequencies and potential energy surface. Three van der Waals minima from three adiabatic potential energy surfaces have been predicted in entrance and exit channels. Vibration frequency of 3209 cm-1 and 3212 cm-1 of C-H stretching in entrance structures are predicted while O-H vibrational frequency is predicted to be at 3673 cm-1 in the other channel. The lowest energy structure in entrance channel has - 0.18 kJ/ mol minimum energy.

Keywords

IR spectra ; vibrational frequency; entrance channel; exit channel; Ab initio calculations.

17

Effect of Barium Sulfate Nanoparticles with Organic Alcohol on the Ionizing Radiation Shielding

Pages: 3356-3361 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this study, the gamma ray shielding properties of shields prepared from polyvinyl alcohol as a base material reinforced with barium sulfate nanoparticles at different reinforcement ratios (5,15,25,35,45 %) and thickness 1 cm were studied. To determine the acceptability of these shields for use in gamma ray protection, some parameters including linear attenuation coefficient (μ), mean free path (λ), and half value layer (HVL) were determined using133Ba, 22Na, 137Cs, and 60Co radioactive sources that produced gamma rays with energies of (356, 662, 1173, 1275 and 1332 KeV). The (NaI (Tl)) gamma system was employed for this purpose. The fabricated shields' effective atomic number was also determined. The findings demonstrated that as the reinforcement ratios of the nano-barium sulfate were raised, the linear attenuation coefficient and the effective atomic number of the shields inceased . The mass attenuation coefficient , mean free path and the half value layer decreased as the nano-barium sulfate reinforcement ratios increased.

Keywords

Attenuation coefficients BaSO4 HVL Radiation Shielding Zeff

18

Development of Low-Temperature Atmospheric Plasma Jet Sources for Biological Applications

Pages: 3362-3372 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The research aims to develop and build a plasma jet system operating under atmospheric pressure.for biological purposes. The advanced plasma system consists of a power supply and a plasma torch. The source of the development of the system is a previous laboratory system that was developed by changing the voltage and frequency of the power supply, as the power provider equips the system with a voltage in the form of a sine wave whose value is fixed at about (7.5kV) peak to peak and its frequency is about (28 kHz). The plasma torch consists of a teflon tube with of width of (10 m ) located at (10mm) from the end of the tube. The current waveform and voltage wave were measured using a current and voltage sensor and an oscilloscope. The plasma jet was characterized. Electron temperature and electron density vary with the gas flow rate; the length of the plasma jet depends on the flow rate of argon gas, and the best length of jetting plasma was (1.5 cm) at a flow rate of (2.5 l/min). The gas temperature was measured by an infrared thermometer at a constant flow rate of (2.5 l/min) which is (18°C) after 15 minutes of irradiation. From these results, it was concluded that the developed plasma is suitable for biological applications.

Keywords

Argon gas Atmospheric pressure plasma . optical emission spectroscopy Plasma jet

19

Impact of Electrodes Material on the Properties of Atmospheric DBD Plasma

Pages: 3373-3380 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this research, the effect of electrode material on the parameters of the produced DBD plasma was investigated. First, a non-thermal plasma was created by applying a 15 kV AC voltage between two electrodes and using a glass plate as a dielectric barrier in the design Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma system. The obtained plasma spectrum was analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy to calculate plasma parameters by the Boltzmann plot method. Electrodes made of copper, aluminium, and stainless steel were employed in this research. Electron temperature (????????) for copper, aluminium, and stainless steel was found to be (1.398 eV), (1.093 eV) and (1.009 eV), respectively.

Keywords

Boltzmann plot. DBD Plasma non-thermal plasma optical emission spectroscopy Plasma Parameters

20

Verification of Phase Space Inversions Based on The Initial Conditions of the Chaotic Chen System

Pages: 3381-3391 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Theoretically, an eight-term chaos system is presented. The effect of changing the initial conditions values on behavior Chen system was studied. The basic dynamical properties of system are analyzed like time series, attractor, FFT spectrum, and bifurcation. Where the system appears steady state behavior at initial condition xi , yi , zi equal (0, 0, 0) respectively and it convert to quasi-chaotic at xi ,yi ,zi equal (-0.1, 0.5,-0.6). Finally, the system become hyper chaotic at xi ,yi ,zi equal(-0.5, 0.5,-0.6 ) that can used it in many applications like secure communication.

Keywords

Attractor Bifurcation Chaos Chen model Time series

21

Environmental Study of Groundwater Quality of Selected Wells in Al-Zubair, Southern Iraq and their Uses

Pages: 3392-3406 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Twenty-five groundwater samples from the Al-Zubair area, southern Iraq, were analyzed for physical and chemical variables. The study showed that the groundwater is of acidic type and in it tends towards light alkalinity. Both electrical conductivity and the total dissolved solids showed increased concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, and nitrate. The hydrochemical formula for most groundwater wells are (Ca-Cl), (Ca-SO4), (Mg-SO4), and (Na-Cl) type due to the high concentrations of these ions in the water., it was found that this water is not suitable for human drinking. Due to its high salinity compared to the requirements of international standard and Iraqi standard
standards, while it is suitable for drinking animal's construction purposes, it has not exceeded the permissible limits. Also, it has been found that this water is not suitable for industrial and irrigation purposes, where it is possible to grow crops that tolerate high salinity

Keywords

Chemical formula Groundwater irrigation water Water Type

22

Depositional environment of the Sarmord Formation (Valanginian-Aptian) in selected areas, northeastern Iraq

Pages: 3407-3423 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The current study deals with microfacies and the depositional environment of the Lower Cretaceous Sarmord Formation at selected sections in Sulaimani and Erbil Governorates, northern Iraq. The Sarmord Formation alternates rhythmically between yellowish grey marly limestones and grey black marls. These lithologies are observed in all studied sections of Sarmord Formation in northern Iraq. Petrographic investigation of this study based on 240 thin sections demonstrated that the carbonate constituents are mainly composed of skeletal and non-skeletal grains. The skeletal grains include a variety of foraminiferas (planktonic and benthonic), bioclasts, calcispheres, ostracods, radiolaria, echinoderms, sponge spicules, ammonoids and belemnites. The non-skeletal grains consist of rare intraclasts. Based on field observations, two major lithofacies are recognized in the studied sections, namely marly limestone and marl lithofacies. Depending on the detailed microfacies analysis, two main microfacies, which in turn are divided into four sub-microfacies, were identified. These facies were subdivided upon their environmental interpretation into two types of facies associations: deep shelf and basinal.
From the results of petrographic, facies, and textural analyses, it is concluded that Sarmord Formation in the studied sections was deposited at a rimmed carbonate platform. With a gradual shallowing of the basin from basinal sediments at the lower part overlying by deep shelf sediments in the uppermost part of the formation in the studied sections.

Keywords

Basinal environment. Depositional Environment Facies Outer shelf Sarmord Formation

23

Some Results on the Generalized Cayley Graph of Complete Graphs

Pages: 3424-3436 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

????−1⊆????. Suppose that ????????????(????,????) is the Cayley graph whose vertices are all elements of ???? and two vertices ???? and ???? are adjacent if and only if ????????−1∈????. In this paper,we introduce the generalized Cayley graph denoted by ????????????????(????,????) which is a graph with a vertex set consisting of all column matrices ???????? in which all components are in ???? and two vertices ???????? and ???????? are adjacent if and only if ????????[(????????)−1]????∈????(????), where ????????−1 is a column matrix that each entry is the inverse of the similar entry of ???????? and ????(????) is ????×???? matrix with all entries in ???? , [????−1]???? is the transpose of ????−1 and ????≥1 and m∈????. We aim to provide some basic properties of the new graph and determine the structure of ????????????????(????,????) when ????????????(????,????) is a complete graph ???????? for every ????≥2, n≥3 and n, m∈???? .

Keywords

Cayley graph Comb product. Secondary 05C07 . Complete graph generalized Cayley graph

24

On the G-quadratic and LG-quadratic of the Exterior Algebra and Associated Algebra

Pages: 3437-3441 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Given an exterior algebra ???? over a finite dimension vector space v, and let ????=????/???? , where ???? is a graded ideal in ????. The relation between the algebra ???? and ???????????????? regarding to ????-quadratic and ????????- quadratic will be investigated. We show that the algebra ???? is ????- quadratic if and only if ???????????????? is ????- quadratic. Furthermore, it has been shown that the algebra ???? is ????????- quadratic if and only if ???????????????? is ????????- quadratic.

Keywords

and LG-quadratic. Associated algebra Exterior algebra G-quadratic Initial ideal

25

Detour Polynomial of Theta Graph

Pages: 3442-3451 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Let Γ be any connected graph with vertices set ????(Γ) and edges set ????(Γ). For any two distinct vertices ???? and ????, the detour distance between ???? and ???? which is denoted by ????(????,????) is a longest path between ???? and ???? in a graph Γ. The detour polynomial of a connected graph Γ is denoted by ????(Γ;????); and is defined by Σ ????,????∈????(????)????????(????,????). In this paper, the detour polynomial of the theta graph and the uniform theta graph will be computed.

Keywords

Detour distance Detour polynomial Theta graph.

26

On GCYD-Method In e-Abacus Diagram

Pages: 3452-3457 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

We will provide a new method in this study that integrates two types of applications, namely Graph Theory and Conjugate Young Diagram, the idea of combining the graph and the Young diagram is presented by Ali And Mahmood, which is primarily based on the idea of the e-abacus diagram, the new method is called GCYD, it directly applies to the English letter section, which will be a two-layer coding. It makes it difficult to detect the word or sentence.

Keywords

Conjugate Young Diagram e-abacus diagram Graph Theory. Partition Theory Young Diagram

27

On Complete Intuitionistic Fuzzy Roh-Ideals in Roh-Algebras

Pages: 3458-3467 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this paper, we shall investigate and study some kinds of ????−ideals in an intuitionistic fuzzy setting, they are called complete intuitionistic fuzzy ????−subalgebra, complete intuitionistic fuzzy ????−ideal, and complete intuitionistic fuzzy ????̅− ideal. In this study, we have also proposed some hypotheses to explain some of the relationships between these kinds of intuitionistic fuzzy ideals.

Keywords

Intuitionistic fuzzy intuitionistic fuzzy -ideal. Intuitionistic fuzzy –ideal

28

Liouvillian and Darboux First Integrals of the Self-Assembling Micelle System

Pages: 3468-3484 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this paper we prove that the planar self-assembling micelle system ????????????????=????−????????2−????(????+????),????????????????=????????+????????2−???????? ,
has no Liouvillian, polynomial and Darboux first integrals. Moreover, we show that the system
has only one irreducible Darboux polynomial ????????+ ????????−???? with the cofactor being −???? if and only if ????=???? via the weight homogeneous polynomials and only two irreducible exponential factors ????????+????and ????(????+????)2 with cofactors ????−????????−???????? and 2(????+????)(????−????????−????????) respectively with (????+????−???????? )????????−???????????? , be the unique Darbox invariant of system.

Keywords

Darboux first integrals Darboux polynomials Exponential factors Invariant algebraic curves Self-assembling micelle system Weight homogeneous polynomials.

29

Exact and Near Pareto Optimal Solutions for Total Completion Time and Total Late Work Problem

Pages: 3485-3494 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this paper, the bi-criteria machine scheduling problems (BMSP) are solved, where the discussed problem is represented by the sum of completion and the sum of late work times (1//(Σ????????,Σ????????)) simultaneously. In order to solve the suggested BMSP, some metaheurisitc methods are suggested which produce good results. The suggested local search methods are simulated annulling and bees algorithm. The results of the new metaheurisitc methods are compared with the complete enumeration method, which is considered an exact method, then compared results of the heuristics with each other to obtain the most efficient method.

Keywords

Bi-criteria machine scheduling problems Complete enumeration method completion time Late work times

30

Some Transformation Properties with Omitted Value

Pages: 3495-3506 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to show that for a holomorphic and univalent function in class S, an omitted –value transformation ℊ(????)=????ʄ ????−ʄ yields a class of starlike functions as a rotation transformation of the Koebe function, allowing both the image and rotation of the function
ʄ(????)=????−????01−????̅0????????−????????−|????0|2to be connected. Furthermore, these functions have several properties that are not far from a convexity properties. We also show that Pre- Schwarzian derivative is not invariant since the convexity property of the function ℊ(????)=ʄ 1−ʄ ???? is so weak.

Keywords

Convex univalent function Omitted- value transformation Rotation property. Starlike univalent function Univalent function

31

A Numerical Study for Solving the Systems of Fuzzy Fredholm Integral Equations of the Second Kind Using the Adomian Decomposition Method

Pages: 3507-3530 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this paper, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is successfully applied to find the approximate solutions for the system of fuzzy Fredholm integral equations (SFFIEs) and we also study the convergence of the technique. A consistent way to reduce the size of the computation is given to reach the exact solution. One of the best methods adopted to determine the behavior of the approximate solutions. Finally, the problems that have been addressed confirm the validity of the method applied in this research using a comparison by combining numerical methods such as the Trapezoidal rule and Simpson rule with ADM.

Keywords

System of fuzzy Fredholm integral equations; Fuzzy Solution; Adomian decomposition method; Adomian polynomials.

32

The Class of Weakly Normal Operators

Pages: 3531-3537 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Our purpose in this paper is to introduce new operators on Hilbert space which is called weakly normal operators. Some basic properties of these operators are studied in this research. In general, weakly normal operators need not be normal operator, ????-normal operators and quasi-normal operators.

Keywords

normal operators projection. weakly normal operators

33

New Results of Normed Approach Space Via β-Approach Structure

Pages: 3538-3550 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Researchers have identified and defined β- approach normed space if some conditions are satisfied. In this work, we show that every approach normed space is a normed space.However, the converse is not necessarily true by giving an example. In addition, we define β – normed Banach space, and some examples are given. We also solve some problems. We discuss a finite β-dimensional app-normed space is β-complete and consequent Banach app- space. We explain that every approach normed space is a metric space, but the converse is not true by giving an example. We define β-complete and give some examples and propositions. If we have two normed vector spaces, then we get two properties that are equivalent. We also explain that β-normed app- spaces are norm bounded with a condition. We show that functions of β-normed Banach spaces are β- contraction, with some results and properties. The sequentially β-contraction is also explained and the relation between metric β- app- space and Hausdorff space is studied.

Keywords

approach normed Banach space.

34

A Mathematical Modelling of a Plant-Herbivore Community with Additional Effects of Food on the Environment

Pages: 3551-3566 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

By taking into account various food components in the ecosystem, the research intends to develop a set of difference equations to simulate a plant-herbivore interaction of Holling Type II. We determine the local stability of the equilibrium points for the scenarios of extinction, semi-extinction (extinction for one species), and coexistence using the Linearized Stability Theorem. For a suitable Lyapunov function, we investigate theoretical findings to determine the global stability of the coexisting equilibrium point. It is clear that the system exhibits both Flip and Neimark-Sacker bifurcation under particular circumstances using the central manifold theorem and the bifurcation theory. Numerical simulations are done by MATLAB which are used to validate our conclusions.

Keywords

Plant-herbivore model; Discrete systems; Stability theory ; Neimark-Sacker and Flip bifurcation; Semi-Cycle and Periodic Behavior.

35

Influence of Magnetic Force for Peristaltic Transport of Non-Newtonian Fluid Through Porous Medium in Asymmetric Channel

Pages: 3567-3586 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this paper, we study the effects of a magnetic force on the flow of hybrid bio - nano fluid (Cu - Au. NPs) for a peristaltic channel through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel. Nanoparticles of gold and copper as well as the blood (the base fluid) is taken into account. By using the Adomian decomposition method to solve the governing equations, formulas for velocity, stream function, temperature, current density, and magnetic force have been obtained. The findings show that Gold nanoparticles have an elevation magnetic force compared with copper nanoparticles, based on fluid (blood) and hybrid nanofluid. Finally, the phenomenon of trapping is offered as an explanation for the physical behavior of many parameters. The effect of physical parameters is plotted and analyzed by using the Mathematica software.

Keywords

Adomain decomposition technique current density. Magnetic force Peristaltic transport Porous medium

36

Generalization of Gamma and Beta Functions with Certain Properties and Statistical Application

Pages: 3587-3595 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This work is devoted to define new generalized gamma and beta functions involv-ing the recently suggested seven-parameter Mittag-Leffler function, followed by a re-view of all related special cases. In addition, necessary investigations are affirmed for the new generalized beta function including, Mellin transform, differential formulas, integral representations, and essential summation relations. Furthermore, crucial sta-tistical application has been realized for the new generalized beta function.

Keywords

Beta distribution. Beta function Gamma Function integral representation Mellin trans-form

37

Paradigm Shift Towards Federated Learning for COVID-19 Detection: A Survey

Pages: 3596-3612 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory syndrome with similar traits to common pneumonia. This major pandemic has affected nations both socially and economically, disturbing everyday life and urging the scientific community to develop solutions for the diagnosis and prevention of COVID-19. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) is the conventional approach used for detecting COVID-19. Nevertheless, the initial stage of the infection is less predictable in PCR tests, making early prediction challenging. A robust and alternative diagnostic method based on digital computerised technologies to support conventional methods would greatly help society. Therefore, this paper reviews recent research based on using machine and federated learning techniques on publicly available datasets comprising Computed Tomography (CT) images, Chest X-ray (CXR) and ultrasound of COVID-19 patients. This paper also analyses the analytical efficiency such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and F1-score of models to determine the efficacy. Based on our study, we observed that Machine Learning (ML) was proposed widely in COVID-19 prediction and diagnosis methods. But this method has challenges due to less dataset availability and privacy concerns. However, federated learning-based COVID-19 detection overcame the challenge and provided better efficacy with low datasets and supported medical data privacy. Thus, based on the advantage observed, federated learning-based COVID-19 detection systems should be developed in the future.

Keywords

Covid-19 Federated Learning machine learning

38

An Overview of Robust Video Watermarking Techniques

Pages: 3613-3624 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Copyright hacking and piracy have increased as the Internet has grown in popularity and access to multimedia material has increased. Security, property protection, and authentication have all been achieved via watermarking techniques. This paper presents a summary of some recent efforts on video watermarking techniques, with an emphasis on studies from 2018 to 2022, as well as the various approaches, achievements, and attacks utilized as testing measures against these watermarking systems. According to the findings of this study, frequency-domain watermarking techniques are more popular and reliable than spatial domain watermarking approaches. Hybrid DCT and DWT are the two most used techniques and achieve good results in the field of video watermarking, and the system is more robust against attacks. PSNR was taken into consideration as a comparison metric in various recent articles in terms of robustness in the video watermarking field.

Keywords

Capacity Hybrid watermark Imperceptibility Robust Watermark Robustness.

39

Color Image Steganography Using Gradient Selective Bezier Curves

Pages: 3625-3641 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Internet technology has revolutionized the landscape of communication technologies in the modern era. However, because the internet is open to the public, communication security cannot be guaranteed. As a result, data concealment approaches have been developed to ensure confidential information sharing. Various methods have emerged to achieve the goal of secure data communication via multimedia documents. This study proposes a method, which is both adaptable and imperceptible, for concealing a secret text in a color image. From an adaptivity perspective, image corners are detected using the Harris corner detection algorithm and utilized as anchor points for picking the optimal hiding regions of interest using Bezier curve interpolation. On the other hand, because human vision is less sensitive to aberrations in edge regions, imperceptibility is guaranteed by utilizing curves that cross through these regions. Experiments indicate that utilizing gradient selective Bezier curves for secret text concealment can keep the imperceptibility even when the payload capacity is increased.

Keywords

Bezier Curve Harris corner detection Image Steganography Least Significant Bits (LSBs) Sobel gradient filter.

40

Automatic Diagnosis of Coronavirus Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN)

Pages: 3642-3656 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

A global pandemic has emerged as a result of the widespread coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Deep learning (DL) techniques are used to diagnose COVID-19 based on many chest X-ray. Due to the scarcity of available X-ray images, the performance of DL for COVID-19 detection is lagging, underdeveloped, and suffering from overfitting. Overfitting happens when a network trains a function with an incredibly high variance to represent the training data perfectly. Consequently, medical images lack the availability of large labeled datasets, and the annotation of medical images is expensive and time-consuming for experts. As the COVID-19 virus is an infectious disease, these datasets are scarce, and it is difficult to get large datasets due to patient privacy. To address these issues by augmenting the COVID-19 dataset. In this paper, we adjusted conditional generation adversarial networks (CGAN) along with traditional augmentation (TA). The augmented dataset includes 6550 X-ray images that can be used to improve the diagnosis of COVID-19, and we have implemented five models of transfer learning procedures (DTL). The proposed procedures yielded high detection accuracy of 95%, 93%, 92%, and 92% in only ten epochs, for VGG-16, VGG-19, Xception, and Inception, respectively, and a custom convolutional neural network. Experimental results prove that our model achieves a high detection accuracy of up to 96% compared to other models. We hope it can be applied in other fields with rare data sets.

Keywords

Augmentation Conditional Generative Adversarial Network Covid-19 Deep Transfer Learning Generative Adversarial Network synthetic image.

41

Using Visual Cryptography and hash function for Fragile Watermarking to Detect Electronic Document Forgery

Pages: 3657-3669 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Recent developments in technology and the area of digital communications have rendered digital images increasingly susceptible to tampering and alteration by persons who are not authorized to do so. This may appear to be acceptable, especially if an image editing process is necessary to delete or add a particular scene that improves the quality the image. But what about images used in authorized governmental transactions? The consequences can be severe; any altered document is considered forged under the law and may cause confusion. Also, any document that cannot be verified as being authentic is regarded as a fake and cannot be used, inflicting harm on people. The suggested work intends to reduce fraud in electronic documents using a novel generator. It employs modern encryption methods to conceal the data represented by the watermark and hide it secretly inside the document so that it is easy to check for signs of counterfeiting; thus, allowing for the discovery of forged papers

Keywords

fragile watermark government Document LSB PNG spatial domain

42

Estimation of the Standard Atmospheric Earth Model Parameters at 86 km Altitude

Pages: 3670-3678 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Utilizing the Turbo C programming language, the atmospheric earth model is created from sea level to 86 km. This model has been used to determine atmospheric Earth parameters in this study. Analytical derivations of these parameters are made using the balancing forces theory and the hydrostatic equation. The effects of altitude on density, pressure, temperature, gravitational acceleration, sound speed, scale height, and molecular weight are examined. The mass of the atmosphere is equal to about 50% between sea level and 5.5 km. g is equal to 9.65 m/s2 at 50 km altitude, which is 9% lower than 9.8 m/s2 at sea level. However, at 86 km altitude, g is close to 9.51 m/s2, which is close to 15% smaller than 9.8 m/s2.
These results have been compared with an international standard atmosphere. The presumed atmosphere model differs significantly from the actual atmosphere because weather fluctuations are not taken into consideration in this model.

Keywords

Atmospheric Earth Density Gravity acceleration Pressure temperature Turbo C language

43

Performance Estimation of Solar Imagery Using Different Types of Atmospheric Turbulence Models

Pages: 3679-3690 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This paper proposed several approaches for estimating the optical turbulence of the Earth’s atmosphere and their effect on solar images’ resolution using ground-based telescopes based on von Kárman, Kolmogorov, and modified von Kárman PSDs models. The results showed a strong correlation coefficient for the modified von Kármán model of atmospheric representation. As can be seen in the case where solar adaptive optics have been properly designed, they typically decrease aberration considerably and provide greatly improved imagery.

Keywords

Kolmogorov Modified von Karman. Solar adaptive optics Solar Image von Karman

44

Mapping of Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Case of The Oued Bouhamdane Watershed (North-East of Algeria)

Pages: 3691-3704 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The northern region of Algeria is experiencing a real threat to the spatial extension of soil erosion. The Oued Bouhamdane watershed, part of this region, brings together all the natural and anthropogenic conditions that accelerate its degradation. This study is based on the use of remote sensing and GIS to map soil erosion in the Oued Bouhamdane watershed in north-eastern Algeria, using the Gavrilovic equation. The combination of data from different sources and field observation has made it possible to draw up a contextualized map of all the factors of soil erosion. Integrating the model into the GIS made it possible to give a first estimate of the annual volume of eroded soils, i.e., 14.57% of the total area of the Oued Bouhamdane watershed is affected, where soil losses are estimated on average at 941.13m3/Km2/year. This modest cartographic result is a perfect base for environmental monitoring and managing water resources in this watershed.

Keywords

Soil erosion; watershed; Remote Sensing and GIS; Oued Bouhamdane; Algeria.

45

Studying the Environmental Changes Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Pages: 3705-3716 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The research aims to monitor environmental changes and study the state of deser-tification in the northeastern part of the Al-Najaf province, Iraq. The study area suffers from desertification and drought phenomena. Remote sensing systems "RS" and geo-graphic information systems "GIS" are essential for monitoring environmental changes because they provide Earth observation satellites that contribute to detecting environmental changes. Two Sentinel 2 images were acquired on December 26, 2015, and November 29, 2021. The images were combined and used for indices calculations. Normalized vegetation difference index "NDVI,” Normalized difference index "NDWI," soil exposure index "BSI," and Normalized difference index "NDBI." The results showed that the extent of desertification in the study area began to increase during the study period. Also, the results of change detection showed that the study area became very dry, especially in the western part, suffering from dunes, barren land, and a lack of water sources, especially in the western part of the study area.

Keywords

Desertification Environment Changes Remote sensing Sentinel 2.

46

Flood Scenario of Tigris River in Baghdad City

Pages: 3717-3724 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Flooding hazard is an important and dangerous natural phenomenon that leads to significant material losses. It should be studied and scenario to prevent significant losses. The studies should consider the impact of many factors such as human, infrastructure, economic,..etc. The main objective of the research is the risk management procedure. The study was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq. The materials for completing this research were prepared by gathering a satellite image and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) via the USGS website, then processed, analyzed, and converted into a different flood region concerning the probability of rising water levels where the normal height of Baghdad city is 28m over sea level. This scenario defines 3m, 4m, and 5m heights over the Tigris river cliff, which are the possible heights at which the water level may rise above the normal height. The range of the elevations becomes either 31m, 32m, or 33m over sea level. Many software’s were conducted in this research, such as MatLab, ArcGIS, and ENVI.

Keywords

DEM. Flood modelling scenario Tigris River