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Iraqi Journal of Science

Volume: 64

Issue: 06

Publication Year: 2023

Publication Date: June 2023

Articles in This Issue

Pages 2648-3204

1

Topology Molecular Indices Relationship of Electronic Properties of N-Alkanes and Branched Alkanes

Pages: 2648-2668 English

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Abstract

Eight electronic properties; HUMO, LUMO, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, dipole moment point-charge, dipole moment hybrid, molecular weight, heat of formation and zero-point energy of 60 normal and branched alkanes were examined using topology molecular indices. All the electronic properties were calculated using semi-empirical self-consistent molecular orbital theory. The relationship of electronic calculation properties with seven models of topology indices based on degree and/or distance were obtained in terms of their correlation, regression and principal component analysis. Most of the properties were well-modelled (r2 > 0.82) by topology molecular indices except the dipole moment point-charge and hybrid. The PCA resulted in 7 properties and 60 structures of alkanes that produced two principal components with eigenvalues of greater than 1. The first principal component explained 60.388%, while the second principal component explained 26.457%, bringing a cumulative value of 86.845% to the data variation.

Keywords

molecular electronic properties QSPR semi-empirical calculation. topology indices

2

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Parameters for some of Baghdad City Fuel Stations Workers

Pages: 2669-2680 English

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Abstract

Because of inhalation of the volatile substances and unintended ingestion, the risk of health problems for fuelling employees exposed to gasoline vapours in gas stations is increased. Therefore, the goal of the study was to compare the oxidative stress state of healthy volunteers, who served as the control group, to Iraqi male fuelling staff, who served as the exposed groups. The levels of total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), Uric acid (UA), and total peroxidase activity were measured. A total of 102 subjects divided into three groups according to the duration of fuel vapours exposure: 25 exposed for 1-10 years (G1), 50 exposed for 11-19 years (G2) and 27 exposed for ≥ 20 years (G3), as well as 50 healthy people as a control group (C). The results exhibited that the levels of TOS, OSI, MDA, and total peroxidase activity were highly significant increased in all exposed groups (G1, G2 & G3) as compared to the C. A highly significant decrease was observed in TAS levels in all exposed groups in comparison with the C, while there was no significant difference in UA levels in all studied groups. The exposure to petrol associated with significant increase of TOS, OSI, MDA and total peroxidase activity with a significant decrease of TAS among workers in fuel stations and they increased oxidative stress, which likely resulted in negative impacts on human health later on as a result of prolonged labour at gas stations.

Keywords

Fuel Lipid peroxidation oxidative stress Peroxidase activity Uric acid

3

Synthesis, Modification and Characterization of New Phenolic Resins linked to Tetrabromophthalimide

Pages: 2681-2695 English

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Abstract

The present work aimed to synthesize new phenol resins via incorporation of structural modification through introducing new phenolic compounds containing cyclic imide moiety in reaction with formaldehyde. The synthesis of these new resins involved three steps. First, one of the three N-(hydroxyphenyl)tetrabromophtalamic acids 1-3 were processed via a reaction between tetrabromophthalic anhydride and aminophenols. Amic acids 1-3 were dehydrated in the second step by smelting, producing the identical N-(hydroxyphenyl)tetrabromophthalimides 4-6. The new imides represent the new phenolic component that was presented in condensation reaction with formaldehyde in the third step, creating the target phenolic resins 7-9. The work also involved curing the new resins through esterification of phenolic OH groups by treatment with benzoyl chloride. The chemical structures of prepared compounds were confirmed according to FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral data. As a conclusion, the present work supply of new phenolic resins and the presence of the cyclic imide (tetrabromophthalimide) moiety in their structures exhibit high softening points and resistance to solubility, which fit with some applications, while subsequent curing through esterification exhibits better solubility and lower softening points, which fit with other applications.

Keywords

Modified resins Phenolic resins Tetrabromophthalamic acid Tetrabromophthalimides.

4

Assessment of ica A and D Genes in Biofilm producers methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Pages: 2696-2706 English

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Abstract

This study investigates in vitro biofilm production. Presence of ica A and D genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated for biofilm production by the microtiter plate method. Between December 2020 and October 2021, out of 215 clinical specimens were collected from patients with pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, bacteremia, chronic burns, deep wounds, urinary tract infection and catheterized patients. Out of which 45 MRSA isolates were identified by the susceptibility test utilizing cefoxitin and the occurrence of mecA gene for resistance for this antibiotic verified by polymerase chain reaction technique. A sensitivity test was conducted for five other antibiotics. All MRSA isolates were producers of biofilms but the formation of robust biofilms by 42% of MRSA isolates, 20% of isolates was intermediate and 38% of isolates weak. Formerly ica A and D genes, responsible for polysaccharide intracellular adhesin dependent biofilm formation were investigated in all MRSA isolates using the polymerase chain reaction technique. ica A were detect in 33 (73.3%) of the isolates and was lacking in 12 (26.6%) of the isolates. ica D gene was present in 38 (84.4%) isolates and was lacking in 7 (15.5%). However, the total number of isolates that contained icaA and D genes was 10 (22.2%). The most noteworthy finding was that the five weak isolates lacked any genes. Thus indicating that these isolates are capable of producing biofilm without the need for ica in order to make polysaccharide intracellular adhesin that means the isolates have an ability to form biofilm in ica independent biofilm mechanisms

Keywords

biofilm production ica A and D. MRSA

5

Assessing the Potentiality of Using CXCL9 as A Predictive Biomarker for Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis, and Study the Correlation Between CXCL9, Toxoplasmosis and Thyroid Disorder in These Cases

Pages: 2707-2716 English

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Abstract

Background: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL9) has an important role recruiting the T-lymphocytes and immune response after infection by inducing T-cells accumulation around the areas associated with infections. However, this role is poorly known in relation with Toxoplasma gondii infection and also in association with thyroid hormones, which the present study is focused on.
Methods: Eighty-seven women were included in this study for the period between September 2021 and February 2022. Blood samples of uninfected healthy pregnant, in addition to aborted and pregnant women infected with toxoplasmosis, were collected. Sera were then obtained and stored at -10°C. Toxo-latex agglutination test was done, followed by detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, which were identified in sera of cases and controls using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay. Finally, an ELISA test for CXCL9 and thyroid hormones tests were performed as well.
Results: CXCL9 levels showed a non-significant increase in comparison with the control group. This increase was observed during the first 5 months of abortion and pregnancy. Thyroid hormones T3 and TSH were significantly higher in the aborted and pregnant women than the control group. Whereas T4 results revealed lower levels in the same group in comparison to the control group, specifically during the first 5 months of abortion and pregnancy for most of the groups.
Conclusion: Determining CXCL9 chemokine levels in female patients infected with Toxoplasma gondii might play an important role in early diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, especially during the first 5 months of abortion or pregnancy as well as thyroid hormones levels can be influenced or affected by the parasite infection, which can provide an indicator of thyroid dysfunction in general.

Keywords

CXCL9 Chemokine thyroid hormone Toxoplasma gondii

6

Nutritional Status and Lipid Profile Among Children Infected with Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium

Pages: 2717-2725 English

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Abstract

Some intestinal parasites might impact a child's nutritional condition and lipid profile. It has recently been revealed that these parasites have a link to biometric data and lipid profiles. As a result, the current study aims to see how Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium affect nutritional status and lipid profile. From October 2021 to March 2022, this study was done in Baghdad. The participants in the study were 110 children of both sexes, ranging in age from 2 to 17. According to the results of the stool examination, the children were separated into three groups: those infected with Giardia lamblia (n=47), those infected with Cryptosporidium (n=43), and those who appeared to be healthy (n=20). All participating children were subjected to some biometric measurements (body mass index -BMI, weight and height for age percentile) and lipid profile assessment. BMI and height for age percentile were not significantly related to the G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections. Results showed that weight for age percentile was decreased significantly among children who had giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis compared to control group. Cholesterol levels were significantly increased in G. lamblia infected group and triglyceride was significantly increased in Cryptosporidium infected group. HDL was significantly raised up in both G. lambli and Cryptospordium infected group comparing to control. While non-significant differences were notice regarding LDL among groups

Keywords

Biometric measurments ‎Cryptosporidium Giardia Lipid profile

7

Phylogenetic Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Nosocomial and Community Infection in Diyala, Iraq

Pages: 2726-2740 English

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Abstract

The biological diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) has widely been reported to be associated with pathological progress in severe nosocomial and community-acquired infections. 250 clinical specimens included sputum, urine and swabs from wound and burns samples were collected from Al-Batool Teaching Hospital (38.4%), Baqubah Teaching Hospital (61.6%) and private laboratories in Baqubah and Diyala, Iraq. Positive rates of nosocomial acquired infection were sputum 98%, urine 96%, and swabs from wound and burns 94%, while positive rates of community acquired infection were sputum 60%, urine 60%, and swabs wound and burns 30%. Positive rates of nosocomial and community acquired infections were 96% and 48%, respectively. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria of E. coli was 19.2% and 8.8%, and those of K. pneumoniae were 23.2% and 12% of nosocomial and community acquired infections respectively, which is a higher percentage than other pathogenic bacteria of nosocomial and community acquired infections. The nosocomial-acquired K. pneumoniae isolates were less susceptible than community-acquired K. pneumoniae isolates. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) are commonly caused by ????-lactam/????-lactamase inhibitor combinations: Ticarcillin clavulanate, carbapenems and meropenem 100%; cephalosporines and ceftazidime 96%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed the presence of six nucleic acid variations in various samples. This variance might exhibit a clear tendency to be localized in the community acquired K. pneumoniae isolates. Fifteen ribosomal sequences were deposited at GenBank in accession numbers starts from OM992298 to OM992312.

Keywords

16S rRNA gene antibiotic susceptible K. pneumoniae

8

Salivary Immune Parameters as A Predictor of Oral Diseases

Pages: 2741-2749 English

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic and hormonal disorder in which the body does not produce sufficient or respond ordinarily to insulin, leading to an increase in blood sugar (glucose) levels. This disordered has many side effects on body health, one of them being oral health. This study aimed to find these effects on several oral immune parameters included (IL6, CRP, and alpha-amylase) and the possible use of these parameters in the prediction of oral health and further risk sequel. A total of 91 specimens including 51 DM patients and 40 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled in this study which was carried out from November/2021 to February/2022. The results revealed that, abnormal increase of both IL6 and CRP in the saliva of both experimental groups, with no significant differences between them. Simultaneously, alpha-amylase shows significant increases in the saliva of the patient's group than in the control. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with Area under the curve (AUC) confirmed that alpha-amylase can be used as a predictor parameter reflected oral and body health.

Keywords

DM salivary alpha-amylase salivary CRP salivary IL6

9

Effect of Liver Enzymes, Oxidative Stress and Vitamin D3 in Psoriatic Patients

Pages: 2750-2758 English

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Abstract

Psoriasis is one of the skin’s chronic inflammatory diseases. Psoriasis etiology isn’t exactly known. Recently, it has been suggested that the imbalances in oxidant-antioxidant status happening because of the increase in reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and/or deficient function regarding the antioxidant system might be included in psoriasis pathogenesis. The major goal is to evaluate the antioxidant defense status in patients experiencing psoriasis and oxidative stresses represented by malondialdehyde (MDA) level and evaluate liver enzymes and vitamin D3. There are some tests of biochemical parameters and vitamins (GSH, MDA, VitD3, SOD, GPx, CAT, AST, ALT, and ALP) are conducted on 35 patients experiencing psoriasis. The results indicated that the significant increase in MDA in psoriatic patients in comparison to the control at (P<0.05), while the level of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly in psoriatic subjects compare to control. No significances differences in levels of liver enzymes in psoriatic patients compared to the control group.

Keywords

and vitamin D. Antioxidant enzymes liver enzymes oxidative stress Psoriasis

10

Potentials of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4): As Antioxidant and Alternative Therapeutic Agent Against Common Multidrug-Resistant Microbial Species

Pages: 2759-2773 English

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Abstract

For the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections, multidrug resistance (
has become a major issue. The use of nanoparticles is a promising strategy for
combating medication resistance in a variety of pathogens that cause deadly diseases.
The goal of our research was to extract multidrug re sistant bacteria from wound
infections and then use iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 as alternative therapeutic
agents in vitro. Gram staining, morphological attributes evaluation, and biochemical
testing were used to assess the microbes. The Kirby Bauer d isk diffusion method was
used to test MDR bacterial strains against several antibiotics; the majority of these
isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, amoxicillin, Gentamicin, and tetracycline. the
iron oxide nanoparticles were produced by the co prec i pita tion method and were
confirmed by changing the color to dark black as well as the Scanning Electron
Microscope ( and Transmission Electron Microscope ( analysis that
shows the shape and average size between (29.03 56.54) nm. The highest effect of
i ron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 on the growth of Proteus.mirabilis P.mirabilis was
as it was found that the average diameter of the inhibition zone was 22.6622.66±1.15 mm,
followed by Staphylococcus.epidermidis (S. Acinetobacter.baumannii
A.baumannii with the average diameter of the inhibitory zone it was 21.6621.66±1.52
mm, 20.3320.33±1.53 mm respectively and Candida.albicans C.albicans was
18.3318.33±1.15 mm at 100 µgmL 1 ( The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
(Fe 3 O 4 are used to capture rapidly microbes under the magnetic field effect. The
antioxidant activity DPPH of the iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 showed 29.3%,
42.2%, 58.6%, 67.4% and 74 at a concentration ( 12.5, 25, 50, 100) µgmL 1
respectively, it demonstrated that the scavenging percentage increase with increasing
the iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 concentrations.

Keywords

Multidrug resistant species; Iron oxide nanoparticles; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity.

11

Comparing the Disease Severity in Iraqi Psoriasis Patients According to Some Immunological and Biological Factors

Pages: 2774-2785 English

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Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is closely related to the
oxidative stress state of the body. The current study focused on some immunological
indicators directly related to inflammation (Procalcitonin, and lysozyme) with the aim
of investigating their potential as a prognostic factor for psoriasis. This study included
150 samples, including 90 patients with psoriasis and 40 people who appeared to be
healthy, and was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022. The results showed
a significant increase in the level of procalcitonin in patients with psoriasis compared
to its level in the control group, while it was noted that the increase in the level of the
other indicators was not significant, according to the statistical study. It was found that
the highest percentage of psoriasis patients are those with excessive weights, and they
constitute 37.8 %, and in the second degree they are obese, and they form 35.6 %, and
a large percentage 62.2% of the patients have a family history of as a risk factor, and
a percentage of 18.9 of the patients are smokers and the same percentage 18.9% of
patients are diabetes, while those who suffer from hypertension accounted for 12.2%.
All these indicators showed significant differences compared to the control group. It
was also found that the value of the disease severity index in hypertensive patients is
lower than that in normal pressure psoriasis patients. This result indicates that there is
no association between both disorders. Although the increase in lysozyme level in
psoriasis patients is not significant when compared to its level in healthy subjects, its
level in smoking psoriasis patients was significantly higher than its level in nonsmokers
psoriasis patients, and this result indicates the role of smoking in raising the
level of this inflammatory marker. It was found that the highest level of procalcitonin
(457.79 ± 256.75) pg/ml was in patients over 50 years of age, and the lower the age,
the lower the level of procalcitonin. This result confirms the relationship between age
and severity of inflammation, the older you get, the greater the inflammation, In
addition, there are other inflammatory indicators that were not mentioned in this study.

Keywords

Lysozyme. procalcitonin Psoriasis

12

Serum Level and Genetic Polymorphism of IL-38 and IL-40 in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Pages: 2786-2797 English

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Abstract

Autoimmune thyroid disease mainly includes Graves’ disease (GD) and autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIH), which is caused by individual genetics, autoimmune dysfunction, and a variety of external environmental factors. Interleukin IL-38 and IL- 40 are involved in a wide range of autoimmune diseases, but little is known about IL-38 and IL-40 expression in autoimmune thyroid disease. This research included 82 female patients with Graves' disease (GD), 78 females with autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIH), and 85 female healthy controls (HC). An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and sequencing of IL-38 and IL-40 were used to evaluate serum levels and gene polymorphism, respectively. Results showed that significantly lower level of serum IL-38 levels in the GD and AIH groups in comparison with HC group (both p 0.0001). While there were highly significant differences in the GD and AIH groups than in the HC population (both p 0.0001). There was a significant variability in genotype and allele frequencies in the promoter region of IL-38 and IL-40 genes between patients with thyroid disease and healthy controls. The IL-38 homozygote genotype GG exhibits a substantial correlation with GD (P=0.000). While the CC genotype of IL-40 was shown to have a significant correlation with AIH. The findings suggest that serum concentrations of IL-38 and IL-40 are potential novel diagnostic biomarkers in patients with GD and AIH, and that the homozygotes GG and CC of IL-38 and IL-40, respectively, serve as a potential predisposing factor on GD and AIH development in the Iraqi population.

Keywords

autoimmune hypothyroidism genetic polymorphism graves’ disease interleukin-38 interleukin-40

13

Expression of Protamine-1 Gene and Association with Interleukin-12 gene in Infertile Men: A Case-Control Study in Iraqi Patients

Pages: 2798-2808 English

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Abstract

Approximately 15% of all couples all over the world suffer from difficulty conceiving their first child. The word "infertility" is used to describe this problem.
When a couple had regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer, it indicates that they have been unsuccessful in their efforts to conceive.
The current investigation aims to find out if there is a relationship between PROTAMIN-1(PRM-1) and INTERLEUKINE-12 (IL-12) gene expressions and their effect on the development of infertility. The current investigation comprised 100 teratozoospermia patients and 100 healthy fertile controls who had their semen examined. Samples were given by Al-Nahrain University's Biotechnology Research Center and the Kamal Al-Samarie IVF Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Determinations Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to test the expression of the PRM gene in semen and blood samples, as well as the IL-12 gene in blood samples. And the titer of IL-12 was evaluated in the seminal plasma employing the Enzyme Linked Immune Sorband Assay (ELISA) technique. The difference between the mean threshold cycle (ΔCt) of PRM-1 and IL-12 mRNA in the infertile patient group versus the healthy control group was also statistically significant. Evaluating the means of 2 ̄ΔΔCt revealed an important finding, a decrease in the expression of PRM-1 mRNA in the infertile group in comparison to the control group in the two types of samples. Conversely, there was an increase in the expression of IL-12 mRNA between the two study groups. In infertile Iraqi men, the expression of the PRM-1 gene was found to be down-regulated, whereas the expression of the IL-12 gene was found to be up-regulated. Our data revealed the diagnostic value of these genes and might be considered as predictive biomarkers in infertile people with idiopathic infertility .

Keywords

gene expression IL-12 infertile patients . PROTAMINE-1 gene RT-PCR

14

Technical and Economic Evaluation of Electricity Generation and Storage Using Renewable Energy Sources on Socotra Island, Yemen

Pages: 2809-2842 English

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Abstract

Renewable energy sources are a promising hope for avoiding many environmental and economic problems such as the problems of climate change and environmental pollution resulting from fossil fuels combustion, in addition to the problems of oil derivatives high prices and their absence in many countries, which in turn affected the rise in electricity prices. Yemen is considered one of the countries most affected by electricity prices rise due to lack of oil derivatives as a result of the ongoing wars in Yemen. This paper presents a technical and economic study of renewable energy sources for producing and storing electricity. It gives a clear scientific and economic vision for implementation of these projects in one of the Yemeni islands, Socotra. This study has proven the high efficiency of energy sources in this region, which encourages their use to produce electricity to cover the region needs at low prices compared to the current prices of electricity in Yemen., where the cost of electricity from renewable energy sources ranges between 0.073 to 0.25 $ / kWh. The study also provides an assessment of the expected decline in electricity prices until 2030. It should be noted that this study can be applied to many coastal cities and other islands in Yemen at a cost close to this cost.

Keywords

biomass Hydroelectric Hydrogen renewable energy Solar Tidal wind energy Yemen.

15

Numerical Investigation in Nitinol Lattice Stability and Safe Usage in Replacing Hard Tissue

Pages: 2843-2851 English

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Abstract

NiTi (also called Nitinol) transforms from cubic (austenite) to monoclinic (martensite), and vice versa, owing to the shape memory effect and superelasticity. Nitinol has a large number of biomedical applications because of its low elastic modulus close to that of natural bone material and good resistance to corrosion and fatigue, in addition to the transformation temperatures of nitinol that are close to body temperature. It has many other important applications, such as in the aircraft industry. In all these important applications, especially medical applications, Nitinol stability is an important factor for safety. Our goal is to study the stability of NiTi by calculating the phonon dispersion relation to obtain an accurate understanding of the mechanically unstable phases of the NiTi alloy. The dispersion relation for the cubic and monoclinic phases was studied and coded using MATLAB to make a clear consideration of the dispersion relation and its optical and acoustic branches. Moreover, the density of the state and energy from the lattice vibrations were calculated.
The crystal is found to be stable by the anharmonic part of the interactions. The austenite phase is stable up to (300 K). While it is not above (300 K). Any extra energy due to temperature changes caused the transformation to the martensite phase. The positive phonon modes indicate that the monoclinic phase is stable against energy perturbations. When the thermal vibration energy was calculated Fvib(T)=54.8 meV for the cubic phase and Fvib(T)=38meV in the case of the monoclinic phase at T= 300 K. In both cases, it was less than 5 eV. There are no broken bonds owing to the energy of vibration.

Keywords

density of states lattice stability MATLAB. Nitinol phonons

16

Activity Treatment of Some Long-Lived Radioactive Nuclides Using Thermal Neutron Incineration

Pages: 2852-2866 English

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Abstract

In the present work, the possibility of treating many types of radioactive sources was examined practically. Six types of sealed radioactive sources were selected: 137Cs, 133Ba, 90Sr, 152Eu, 226Ra, and 241Am. The sources were exposed to a neutron flux emitted from 241Am/Be source for 33 days. The results showed a measurable reduction of activity for 226Ra, 241Am, and 152Eu, while the other radionuclides, 137Cs, 133Ba, and 90Sr, showed less response to neutron incineration.

Keywords

133Ba 137Cs 152Eu 226Ra 241Am 90Sr neutron capture radioactive sources incineration radioactive waste treatment

17

Surface Treatment of Epoxy/Al Composite by Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) at Atmospheric Pressure

Pages: 2867-2876 English

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Abstract

In this study, the surface of the epoxy/Al composite is treated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in the presence of air. The epoxy composite was prepared by mixing 0.1g and 0.3 g aluminum powder with epoxy resin and its hardener in a ratio of 3:1. The surface epoxy/Al composite as a dielectric barrier layer (DB) is studied at an applied frequency of 8 kHz and at three exposure times 0, 2, and 4 min. The UV degradation process has been studied using UV-Visible spectroscopy, for these polymers. The absorbance intensity in the UV region (200–320 nm) was high. The absorbance level decreased after 2 minutes and increased after 4 min exposure time. Before exposure to plasma, the epoxy/Al composite at 0.1 g Al had an optical band gap of 3.72eV, while it was 3.6 and 3.42 eV after 2, and 4 min exposure time, respectively. For the composite with 0.3 g Al, the optical band gap was 3.6 eV before exposure which decreased to 3.2 and 2.78 eV after exposure to plasma for 2 and 4 min, respectively. This was due to the increase in conductivity for epoxy/Al composite with 0.3 g Al. Also, after treatment, physical changes happened on their surfaces as well as chemical changes which have been test using AFM technique. Three spectra are characterized by the appearance of halos extending in 2θ range from 16˚ to 45˚ for the XRD spectra of the untreated and treated Epoxy/Al composite samples at several exposed time (0, 2, and 4 min).

Keywords

AFM. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Optical Properties Surface treatment XRD

18

Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Pages: 2877-2888 English

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Abstract

In this work, lead oxide (PbO) thin films were deposited using D.C. sputtering method on a surface of glass substrates and then thermally annealed at a temperature of 473K with annealing times of (1,2 and 3) hours. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of films were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FT-IR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The structure studies confirmed that PbO films are polycrystalline structures in an orthorhombic phase with average grain size (24.51, 29.64, 46.49, 16) nm with increasing annealing time. From AFM, the roughness of the film surface (3.26, 1.76, 1.61, 1.79) nm as the film annealing time increases. The optical band gap values of the PbO thin films are (3.9, 2.8, 3.7, 2.4) eV as the annealing time increases.

Keywords

DC Sputtering Lead Oxide structure PbO roughness

19

Effect of Plasma-Activated Water and Direct Plasma on Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria for Disinfection of Tooth Root Canal

Pages: 2889-2898 English

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Abstract

This research studies the effect regarding two plasma types, plasma jet and plasma-activated water (PAW), on tooth root canal bacteria Enterococcus faecalis. The plasma jet works with argon gas, and it is generated by a power supply that operates at alternating high voltages in the form of a sinusoidal wave with peak-to-peak value of about 12 kV at a frequency of 30 KHz and its power is about 200 watts. This plasma was utilized directly to treat the tooth canal and indirectly by activating the water that was used later for treating the Enterococcus faecalis bacteria that are present in the tooth root. Pure distilled water was treated by plasma jet for one hour at flow rate 1 L/min. Plasma water activated by plasma contains NO2, NO3, and H2O2 with a concentration (10,100,200) ppm, respectively. It was noted, as a result of direct exposure with the two values of gas flow rate and for different exposure times, an ideal killing rate (from 298 x 108 to zero)CFU/ml was obtained when the exposure time changed from (5-30) minutes with a constant gas flow rate of 2.5 L/min; while in the case of changing the gas flow rate from (0.5-2.5) L/min and fixing time to 5 min, the killing rate decreased from (298 ×108 to 30×108) CFU/ml. In the case of (PAW) when the time changed (5-25) min, an ideal killing rate was obtained (298 x 108 to zero) CFU/ml; adopted one factor, where the results indicated that plasma-activated water is good in disinfecting the root canal of the tooth and inactivating bacteria.

Keywords

Enterococcus faecalis PH concentration plasma activated water Plasma jet Reactive species

20

Stratigraphy Analysis of the Nahr Umr Formation in Zubair oil field, Southern Iraq

Pages: 2899-2912 English

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Abstract

The Nahr Umr Formation is considered one of the main reservoirs produced in southern Iraq. It is one of the important siliciclastic deposits of the Cretaceous sequence of Iraq oilfields. Zubair oil fields ZB-190 and ZB-047 were chosen to study areas. This study depends on the available core and cutting samples to determine the facies analysis, depositional environments, petrographic characteristics and diagenesis processes. Based on the description of the core and the borehole, six types of facies were distinguished in the Nahr Umr Formation, resulting in an intercalated sandstone and shale with a thin layer of siltstone. The petrographic study of the clastic part of the Nahr Umr Formation showed that the sandstone is composed mainly of quartz arenite. Diagenesis processes affecting the Nahr Umr Formation are two types compaction and cementation processes. The sedimentary environment of the Nahr Umr Formation was represented by the deltaic fluvial environments. These environments appear in the central and southwestern parts of the study area. Sequence stratigraphy in the Nahr Umr Formation is beginning by sequence boundary type one (SB1) and sequence boundary type two (SB2) that appeared in the upper part of the formation. The other surfaces were represented by the end of the deposition of the Nahr Umr Formation and the emergence of the transgressive ravinement surface (TRS) within the transgressive system tract (TST)and The maximum flooding surface (MFS) was distinguished in the middle of the formation and each of these surfaces has a lateral extension along the study section.

Keywords

Albian; Nahr Umr Formation; Sequence stratigraphy; Microfacies; southern Iraq

21

Lower Permian Fluvial Sediments, Ga’ara Depression, Western Iraq: Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Potential

Pages: 2913-2933 English

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Abstract

Synthesis of sedimentologic, paleocurrent, and organic geochemistry data of the Lower Permian Ga’ara Formation from the Western Desert, western Iraq, shows good hydrocarbon potentiality and deposition by high sinuosity and mixed-load channels, likely by a meandering river system. The Ga’ara Formation includes kaolinitic mudstone beds of various colors and channelized quartzitic sandstone beds. Based on the lithofacies identification, five lithofacies associations have been recognized: channel-floor, point-bar, abandoned channel plug, crevasse splay, and interchannel flood basin. In addition, the paleocurrent analysis and sandstone percentage map indicate a variation of the paleoflow spatially and temporally with a general direction range between NE and Sw, and the depositional environment has been interpreted as a meandering river system.
To unravel the hydrocarbon potentiality of the Ga’ara Formation deposits, Pyrolysis and TOC% analyses were conducted on selected samples. The studies indicated that the Ga’ara Formation in western Iraq could be a moderate to excellent rock source. The PCI agrees with TOC content, suggesting that the generation potentiality of the mudstones as a source rock is poor and poor to excellent. All the analyzed samples show that their hydrocarbons are indigenous. The Ga’ara mudstones of the Nijili and West Tayyarah have very good generative potential, whereas the Ubairan samples have excellent generation potentiality. The Nijili and Ubairan samples are at an early stage of oil generation, i.e., immature. In contrast, the Tayyarah sample represents a postmature phase at the end of oil generation. Collectively, these new data on spatial distribution, geologic characters, and organic geochemistry propose that the Ga’ara Formation in western Iraq could be a valuable economic asset with good hydrocarbon potentiality .

Keywords

Hydrocarbon potentiality Iraq Meandering river system Rock-Eval analysis

22

Seepage Simulation of the Proposed Makhool Dam in North Iraq

Pages: 2934-2945 English

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Abstract

This study aims to simulate water seepage and identify areas of weakness in the foundations through the right and left sides of the proposed Makhool dam in northern Iraq, using the finite element method by advanced computer software (SEEP/ W, 2012). The earth fill dam is 3670 m long on the Tigris River. Many attempts were made to ascertain the program results on the supposed earth dam and compare the results with those of other analytical methods to verify the program. The results are comparable, showing that the program is suitable for use in the seepage analysis at the proposed Makhool dam. According to the seepage analysis, the quantity of seepage through the left side of Makhool is acceptable within permissible limits; however, the right side has a lot more than the left side because of the presence of cracks, fractures, and cavitations in the stratigraphic sequence of Fatha formation at great depths in the gypsum beds under the diaphragm. The results indicate the need to lower the diaphragm about 6 m extra in the foundation's zone to a level of 49 m.a.s.l until reaching the low permeability clay bed within the foundations' zone. This action will reduce the amount of seepage and flow velocity and avoid using more grouting during the dam life. The design limits of the piezometric head (total head) were also determined, which are supposed to be read by the monitoring devices when operating the dam at the maximum level of the reservoir and the normal operating levels.

Keywords

dam Makhool SEEP/W2012 Seepage Simulation

23

The Relation Between the Variation of Electrical Resistivity Values and Moisture of Soil at Baghdad University, Iraq

Pages: 2946-2958 English

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Abstract

Six ERI profiles using Wenner Schlumberger array were carried out at Baghdad University (ALJadiriya campus) to investigate soil at two sites. The spacing between electrodes of four profiles surrounding the new building in the Campus at the first site is 1 m, and the profile length ranges from 50 to 90 m. In comparison, two across profiles in the garden to detect water seepage in the site. The inverted model of the studied profiles shows many high and low resistivity zone. The sedimentology and mineralogy of the soil samples analysis from a depth range of 15 to 100 cm from three pits confirm the high homogeneity of the soil in the studied site composed of (silt and clay). The low resistivity values coincided with the moisture and amount of vegetable and herbs growth. Therefore, the authors believe the main factor causing variation in the resistivity value in the study area is the moisture Factor.

Keywords

Electrical Resistivity Imaging; Seepage Investigation; Water content University of Baghdad

24

Evaluation of Vanadium Contamination in Some Soils of the East Baghdad Oil Field

Pages: 2959-2972 English

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Abstract

Since oil is the primary source of vanadium in the environment and crude oil has a correspondingly high percentage of vanadium. Vanadium is crucial as a sign of oil contamination. Twenty soil samples were taken from various locations surrounding the East Baghdad oil field in Iraq during February 2022 and then analyzed to determine the effects of industrialization along with urbanization-related pollutants. The soil samples were analyzed using spectrophotometry analysis. In soil samples taken from the research area, vanadium concentrations range from (0.26 to 1.2 ppm). The contamination (CF), geoaccumulation (Igeo) and Enrichment factors (EF) indicated that all the soil samples are uncontaminated.

Keywords

Contamination; Spatial distribution East Baghdad Oil field soil Vanadium

25

Triple ????−Homomorphisms and Bi - ???? -Derivations on Jordan ????−algebra

Pages: 2973-2981 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the concept of Jordan Γ –algebra, special Jordan Γ –algebra and triple Γ –homomorphisms. We also introduce Bi - Γ –derivations and Annihilator of Jordan Γ−algebra. Finally, we study the triple Γ –homomorphisms and Bi - Γ –derivations on Jordan Γ−algebra.

Keywords

Centroid derivation Jordan algebra Triple homomorphism

26

Z-Small Quasi-Dedekind Modules

Pages: 2982-2990 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we define and study z-small quasi-Dedekind as a generalization of small quasi-Dedekind modules. A submodule ???? of ????-module ???? is called z-small (????≪????????) if whenever ????+????=???? ,????2(????)⊆???? , then ????=????. Also, ???? is called a z-small quasi-Dedekind module if for all ????∈????????????????(????),????≠0 implies ???????????????? ≪???????? . We also describe some of their properties and characterizations. Finally, some examples are given.

Keywords

Quasi-Dedekind module Second singular submodule. Z-small quasi-Dedekind module

27

Constructing New Topological Graph with Several Properties

Pages: 2991-2999 English

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Abstract

In this paper, a new idea to configure a special graph from the discrete topological space is given. Several properties and bounds of this topological graph are introduced. Such that if the order of the non-empty set equals two, then the topological graph is isomorphic to the complete graph. If the order equals three, then the topological graph is isomorphic to the complement of the cycle graph. Our topological graph has ????−1 complete induced subgraphs with order ???? or more. It also has a cycle subgraph. In addition, the clique number is obtained. The topological graph is proved simple, undirected, connected graph. It has no pendant vertex, no isolated vertex and no cut vertex. The minimum and maximum degrees are evaluated. So , the radius and diameter are studied here.

Keywords

Complete graph Complete induced subgraph Discrete topology Induced subgraph Topological graph

28

????-Difference Equation for the Operator ????̃(????,????;????) and their Applications for the Polynomials ????????(????,????,????|????−????)

Pages: 3000-3010 English

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Abstract

This paper concentrates on employing the ????-difference equations approach to prove another generating function, extended generating function, Rogers formula and Mehler’s formula for the polynomials ℎ????(????,????,????|????−1), as well as the generating functions of Srivastava-Agarwal type. Furthermore, we establish links between the homogeneous ????-difference equations and transformation formulas.

Keywords

generating function Mehler’s formula Rogers formula Srivastava-Agarwal type generating function.

29

Spatio-Temporal Mixture Model for Identifying Risk Levels of COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraq

Pages: 3011-3021 English

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Abstract

This paper focuses on choosing a spatial mixture model with implicitly includes the time to represent the relative risks of COVID-19 pandemic using an appropriate model selection criterion. For this purpose, a more recent criterion so-called the widely Akaike information criterion (WAIC) is used which we believe that its use so limitedly in the context of relative risk modelling. In addition, a graphical method is adopted that is based on a spatial-temporal predictive posterior distribution to select the best model yielding the best predictive accuracy. By applying this model selection criterion, we seek to identify the levels of relative risk, which implicitly represents the determination of the number of the model components of all regions over independent time periods. The estimation of parameters and the model selection are both performed in a Bayesian framework. Also, the means of estimated relative risk for the selected mixture model are mapped to give a clearer picture of distributing the disease risks in each district.

Keywords

Bayesian framework Covid-19 mixture model Relative Risk Widely Akaike information criterion

30

Construction the linear codes in PG (1, 31)

Pages: 3022-3035 English

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Abstract

The goal of this paper is to construct the linear code, and its dual which corresponding to classification of projective line PG(1,31), we will present Some important results of coding theory, the generator matrix of every linear code in PG(1,31) is found, A parity check matrix is also found . The mathematical programming language GAP was a main computing tool .

Keywords

generator matrix Linear Code stabilizer group

31

Characteristic Zero Resolution (Lascoux Resolution) of Weyl Module in the Case of the Skew- Partition (11, 7, 5)/ (1, 1, 1)

Pages: 3036-3043 English

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Abstract

In this paper, the terms of Lascoux and boundary maps for the skew-partition (11,7,5) / (1,1,1) are found by using the Jacobi-Trudi matrix of partition. Further, Lascoux resolution is studied by using a mapping Cone without depending on the characteristic-free resolution of the Weyl module for the same skew-partition.

Keywords

Characteristic free Lascoux resolution Mapping Cone resolution skew-shape. Weyl module

32

On Г-n- (Anti ) Generalized Strong Commutativity Preserving Maps for Semiprime ????-Rings

Pages: 3044-3053 English

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Abstract

In this study, we prove that let N be a fixed positive integer and R be a semiprime Γ-ring with extended centroid ????????. Suppose that additive maps ???? ???????????? ????:????→???? such that ???? is onto, satisfy one of the following conditions (i) ???? ???????????? ???? belong to Г-N- generalized strong commutativity preserving for short; (Γ-N-GSCP) on R (ii) ???? ???????????? ???? belong to Г-N-anti-generalized strong commutativity preserving for short; (Γ-N-AGSCP) ???????? ????. Then there exists an element ????∈???????? and additive maps ????,????1???????????? ????2∶????→ ???????? such that is of the form ????(????????)=????????????+????(????) and ????(????)=????−1????????+????1(????) when condition (i) is satisfied, and ????(????)=−????−1????????+????2(????) when condition (ii) is satisfied ???????????? ???????????? ????∈???? ???????????? ????∈Γ.

Keywords

extended centroid semiprime Γ-ring Г-N-anti-generalized strong commutativity preserving maps.

33

Estimating the Rate of Occurrence of Extreme value process Using Classical and Intelligent Methods with Application: nonhomogeneous Poisson process with intelligent

Pages: 3054-3065 English

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Abstract

In this paper, the propose is to use the xtreme value distribution as the rate of occurrence of the non-homogenous Poisson process, in order to improve the rate of occurrence of the non-homogenous process, which has been called the Extreme value Process. To estimate the parameters of this process, it is proposed to use the Maximum Likelihood method, Method of Moment and a smart method represented by the Artificial Bee Colony:(ABC) algorithm to reach an estimator for this process which represents the best data representation. The results of the three methods are compared through a simulation of the model, and it is concluded that the estimator of (ABC) is better than the estimator of the maximum likelihood method and method of moment in estimating the time rate of occurrence of the proposed Extreme value process. The research also includes a realistic application that deals with the operating periods of two successive stops for the raw materials factory from the General Company for Northern Cement / Badush Cement Factories (new) during the period from 1/4/2018 to 31/1/2019, in order to reach the time rate of factory stops.

Keywords

ABC Algorithm Extreme-value process maximum likelihood estimator Modified Moment Estimation Simulation

34

Statistical Analysis of COVID-19 Data in Iraq

Pages: 3066-3073 English

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Abstract

The analysis of COVID-19 data in Iraq is carried out. Data includes daily cases and deaths since the outbreak of the pandemic in Iraq on February 2020 until the 28th of June 2022. This is done by fitting some distributions to the data in order to find out the most appropriate distribution fit to both daily cases and deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The statistical analysis includes estimation of the parameters, the goodness of fit tests and illustrative probability plots. It was found that the generalized extreme value and the generalized Pareto distributions may provide a good fit for the data for both daily cases and deaths. However, they were rejected by the goodness of fit test statistics due to the high variability of the data.

Keywords

Anderson-Darling Test chi-Squared Test extreme value distributions Kolmogorov-Smirnov test Statistical modeling

35

The Calculations of Wiener ????-invariant on the Corona Graph

Pages: 3074-3086 English

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Abstract

A topological index is a real number that relates to a graph that must be a structural invariant. In this paper, we first define a new graph, which is a concept from the coronavirus, called a corona graph. We give some theoretical results for the Wiener and the hyper Wiener index of a graph. Moreover, we calculate some topological indices degree-based on a corona graph. In addition, we are introducing a new topological index ????????4, which is inspired by the definition of the ????????1 index.

Keywords

Corona graph Gourava indices Hyper Winer Winer Zagreb indices

36

On (????,????)−????−Paranormal Operators

Pages: 3087-3092 English

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Abstract

The new type of paranormal operators that have been defined in this study on the Hilbert space, is (????,????)−????−paranormal operators. In this paper we introduce and discuss some properties of this concept such as: the sum and product of two (????,????)−????−paranormal, the power of (????,????)−????−paranormal. Further, the relationships between the (????,????)−????−paranormal operators and other kinds of paranormal operators have been studied.

Keywords

(k m)-n-paranormal operator paranormal operator

37

On Subspace Codisk-Cyclicity

Pages: 3093-3097 English

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Abstract

Let ???? be a subspace of an infinite dimensional complex separable on a Hilbert space ℋ. The operator ????∈ℬ(ℋ) is said to be ????-codisk-cyclic, if there is a nonzero vector ???? in ℋ, then ????∩{????????????????:????∈ℂ,|????|≥1,????∈ℕ} is dense in ????. This paper, introduces the properties of the concepts ????-codisk-cyclic and ????-codisk-cyclic transitive. The existence of a subspace codisk-cyclic operator on ???? -dimensional complex Hilbert space is illustrated and a criterion of ????-codisk-cyclic operator in infinite dimensional is obtained.

Keywords

Codisk -cyclic transitive Codisk-cyclic operators dense sets. Hilbert spaces

38

Tackling Skewness, Noise, and Broken Characters in Mathematical Expression Segmentation

Pages: 3098-3113 English

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Abstract

Segmentation is one of the most computer vision processes importance, it aims to understand the image contents by partitioning it into segments that are more meaningful and easier to analyze. However, this process comes with a set of challenges including image skew, noise, and object clipping. In this paper, a solution is proposed to address the challenges encountered when using Optical Character Recognition to recognize mathematical expressions. The proposed method involves three stages: pre-processing, segmentation, and post-processing. During pre-processing, the mathematical expression image is transformed into a binary image, noise reduction techniques are applied, image component discontinuities are resolved, and skew correction is performed. Two skew correction methods are proposed: The first method is the Deskewing using iterative PCA, and the second method is the PCA prediction. The line fitting-correction image deskewing and both gave better results than the well-known Hough transformation method. In the segmentation stage, the vertical and horizontal distances between mathematical expression components are utilized to segment the components. Post-processing is employed to reassemble split symbols into a single entity. The proposed method achieves an average detection rate of 97.32%, demonstrating improved recognition outcomes for mathematical expressions.

Keywords

Horizontal projection Hough transforms Line fitting Linking characters OCR PCA Segmentation Skew correction Vertical projection

39

A Review on Vision Based Real Time Fingertip Detection Approaches

Pages: 3114-3122 English

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Abstract

Computer vision is an emerging area with a huge number of applications. Identification of fingertip is one of the major parts in those areas. Augmented reality and virtual reality are the most recent technological advancements that use fingertip identification. The interaction between computer and human can be performed easily by this technique. Virtual reality, robotics, smart gaming are the main application domains of this fingertip detection techniques. Gesture recognition is one of the most fascinating fields of fingertip detection. Gestures provide an easy and simple way of communication between computer and human. This review article thoroughly examines different studies done in the field of fingertip identification. A comparison study is also included based on various fingertip detection methods and measures. Based on this study some important observations and difficulties in the fingertip detection fields are identified. This study helps for effectively utilizing the features of fingertip recognition in a wide range of applications from person identification to intelligent home. A correlation chart of various experts is an additional result mentioned in this paper.

Keywords

Fingertip identification Hand Gesture Hand region segmentation Marker. sensor

40

Medical Image Denoising with Wiener Filter and High Boost Filtering

Pages: 3123-3135 English

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Abstract

The Wiener filter is widely used in image de-noising. It is used to reduce Gaussian noise. Although the Wiener filter removes noise from the image, it causes a loss of edge detail information, resulting in blurring of the image. The edge details are considered high-frequency components. The Wiener filter is unable to reconstruct these components. In this paper, the proposed filter based on the Wiener filter and the high-boost filter for medical images is presented. The proposed filter is applied to the degraded image. First, using Fourier Transformation, the degraded image and the high boost filter are converted in the frequency domain. Secondly, the wiener filter is applied to the image along with the high boost filter. Thirdly, the deconvolution process is achieved on the image with the high boost filter. Finally, to reconstruct the sharper image in the spatial domain, the inverse of the Fourier transformation is applied. The proposed filter works to suppress the additive noise at the same time. It can keep the image's edge details. Some focus operators are used, which are image contrast, gradient energy, histogram entropy, and spatial frequency, in order to test the proposed algorithm. Experimental results showed that the proposed filter gives good results compared with the traditional filters for medical images, especially dark images.

Keywords

Blind image deconvolution high Boost filtering image contrast. sharpen filter Wiener filter

41

Using Retrieved Sources for Semantic and Lexical Plagiarism Detection

Pages: 3136-3152 English

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Abstract

Plagiarism is described as using someone else's ideas or work without their permission. Using lexical and semantic text similarity notions, this paper presents a plagiarism detection system for examining suspicious texts against available sources on the Web. The user can upload suspicious files in pdf or docx formats. The system will search three popular search engines for the source text (Google, Bing, and Yahoo) and try to identify the top five results for each search engine on the first retrieved page. The corpus is made up of the downloaded files and scraped web page text of the search engines' results. The corpus text and suspicious documents will then be encoded as vectors. For lexical plagiarism detection, the system will leverage Jaccard similarity and Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) techniques, while for semantic plagiarism detection, Doc2Vec and Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (SBERT) intelligent text representation models will be used. Following that, the system compares the suspicious text to the corpus text. Finally, a generated plagiarism report will show the total plagiarism ratio, the plagiarism ratio from each source, and other details.

Keywords

Doc2vec plagiarism Plagiarism detection Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency

42

Satellite Image Classification using Spectral Signature and Deep Learning

Pages: 3153-3163 English

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Abstract

When images are customized to identify changes that have occurred using techniques such as spectral signature, which can be used to extract features, they can be of great value. In this paper, it was proposed to use the spectral signature to extract information from satellite images and then classify them into four categories. Here it is based on a set of data from the Kaggle satellite imagery website that represents different categories such as clouds, deserts, water, and green areas. After preprocessing these images, the data is transformed into a spectral signature using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. Then the data of each image is reduced by selecting the top 20 features and transforming them from a two-dimensional matrix to a one-dimensional vector matrix using the Vector Quantization (VQ) algorithm. The data is divided into training and testing. Then it is fed into 23 layers of deep neural networks (DNN) that classify satellite images. The result is 2,145,020 parameters, and the evaluation of performance measures was accuracy = 100%, loopback = 100%, and the result F1 = 100 %.

Keywords

Artificial Neural Network data set deep learning Deep Neural Network Fast Fourier Transform Image Preprocessing spectral signature

43

Real-Night-time Road Sign Detection by the Use of Cascade Object Detector

Pages: 3164-3175 English

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Abstract

Variations in perspective, illumination, motion blur, and weatherworn degeneration of signs may all be essential factors in road-sign identification. The current research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the image processing technique in detecting road signs as well as to find the appropriate threshold value range for doing so. The efficiency of the cascade object detector in detecting road signs was tested under variations of speed and threshold values. The suggested system involved using video data to calculate the number of frames per second and creating an output file that contains the specified targets with their labels to use later in the final process (i.e., training stage). In the current research, two videos captured some types of traffic signs (40, 60, 80, and cross signs) in Palestine and Al-Rubaie streets during night time in Baghdad city. The practical significance is demonstrated here by using the optimal threshold value for more accurate object detection. Through an increase in threshold values, results show that the highest precision value, which is equal to one, occurred for crossroad sign relations with stable behavior, followed by 80 (i.e., 1-0.824) and 60-speed signs (i.e., 1-0.315), respectively, with positive relationships, and ended by speed sign 40, which witnessed a reverse relationship with increasing threshold values until the breakdown case took place, which usually occurred above the threshold value equal to thirty (i.e., 0.471-0.134).

Keywords

Cascade object detector Labeling Precision training True positive

44

Computation of the Relationships of X-ray to Radio Luminosities of a Sample of Starburst Galaxies

Pages: 3176-3193 English

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Abstract

The goal of this research is to better understand the physical features of starburst galaxies. Radio and X-ray observations are good for exploring the stuff within the central regions of galaxies. A galaxy that is undergoing a strong star formation, usually in its central area, is known as a starburst galaxy. This paper provides the results of a statistical analysis of a sample of starburst galaxies. The data used in this research have been collected from NASA Extragalactic Database (NED), and HYPERLEDA. Those data have been used to examine possible luminosity correlations of X-ray to a radio of a sample of starburst galaxies. In this research, statistical software, known as statistic-win-program, has been used to investigate if there is a luminosity correlation between multiple-wavelength bands. The results of the statistical analysis conclude that there is a good correlation between X-ray luminosity and radio luminosity at 1.4GHz where the partial correlation coefficient is (R≈0.53) and slope (0.6±0.12). There is also a good correlation between X-ray luminosity and radio luminosity at 5GHz with a good partial correlation coefficient (R ≈ 0.65) and slope (0.77±0.11). There are good positive relationships between radio luminosity at (1.4GHz, 5GHz) with infrared and far-infrared luminosities (Log L1.4GHz α log LFIR0.89±0.04 α Log LIR0.9±0.03) with a very strong correlation equal to R=0.9 (Log L5GHz α Log LFIR0.79±0.05 α Log LIR0.81±0.05) with strong correlation R=0.8 both with very high probability level p≈10-7. One of the closest and most ubiquitous correlations known among the global features of local star formation and starburst galaxies is the link between far-infrared (FIR) and radio emission.

Keywords

Active galaxies galaxies Radio continuum statistics. Starburst X-ray galaxies

45

Electron Density Estimation by Electrostatic Probe for Plasma Generated Near the Spacecraft Returning to the Earth's Atmosphere

Pages: 3194-3204 English

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Abstract

In this work, the electrostatic probe was utilized to estimate the density of electrons for plasma generated around reentry vehicles that have a geometrically blunt nose at high-altitude. The thermocouple uses to measured electron temperature, which is equal to the temperature of the gas, on board the MAC spacecraft. In the spacecraft backflow field, electrostatic probe measurements were taken at five separate regions 1 to 5 cm from the body of the spacecraft. Over an altitude range of 90 to 50 km with an electron density of 108 to 1012 1/cm3, respectively. The measured electron temperature ranged from 0.05 to 0.9 electron volts and the maximum re-entry velocity of the spacecraft was about 7048 m/s in the re-entry experiment. The cooling using water jet in the flow field, the relationship between electron density, angle of attack changes, and the combustion products of the spacecraft's nose is also discussed.

Keywords

Electron Density Plasma diagnostics; Electrostatic probes Spacecraft Entry