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Iraqi Journal of Science

Volume: 64

Issue: 05

Publication Year: 2023

Publication Date: May 2023

Articles in This Issue

Pages 2117-2647

1

Coating of Carbon Nanotubes Using Chemical Method to Enhance the Corrosion Protection of Copper and Aluminum Metals in Seawater Medium

Pages: 2117-2128 English

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Abstract

In this study, carbon nanotubes were prepared using a pure chemical method
modified similar to the Hummers method with simple changes in the work steps.
The carbon nanotubes were then coated and reduced on copper and aluminum
metals using the electrodeposition method (EDP) for corrosion protection
application in seawater medium (NaCl 3.5%) at four different temperatures: 20, 30,
40, and 50 °C, which were studied using three electrode potentiostats. All corrosion
measurements, thermodynamics, and kinetics parameters were nominated from
Tafel plots. The films deposited by the carbon nanotubes were examined by the
SEM technique, and this technique showed the formation of carbon nanotubes.

Keywords

A pure chemical method modified Carbon nanotubes. Copper and Aluminum Corrosion protection

2

Synthesis of Sodium-Lead Apatite Structure with the Excess and the Lack of Sodium

Pages: 2129-2134 English

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Abstract

X-ray phase analysis was used to analyse the composition of Pb8Na(2±x)(PO4)6
(lead-sodium apatite structure) with different X values (X values refer to changes in
the excess or lack of sodium (2±X) in the apatite structure): -0.15, -0.10, -0.05, 0.00,
+0.05, +0.10, and +0.15. The ceramic method (solid-state reaction) was used to
synthesize all samples at a temperature of 800 °C. Many programs, such as match
software (v.3), PDF-4 database (ICCD), and database PDF-4 (ASTM), were used to
study the single phases. The least-squares method was used to calculate the unit cell
parameters. Results have shown that the following compositions: Pb8Na2(PO4)6,
Pb8Na1.95(PO4)6, Pb8Na1.90(PO4)6, and Pb8Na1.85(PO4)6 contain only the pure phase of
lead sodium apatite structure. On the other hand, the compositions of
Pb8Na2.05(PO4)6, Pb8Na2.10(PO4)6, and Pb8Na2.15(PO4)6 showed other phases besides
the phases of lead sodium apatite structure.

Keywords

Lead; Apatite; Isomorphic substitutions; Solid solution

3

Human β-Defensin 2 as a Novel Diagnostic Marker of Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pages: 2135-2143 English

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Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder of the joints that is characterized by extra-articular involvement in addition to inflammatory arthritis. Joint and periarticular tissue loss brought on by inflammation results in functional impairment. To lessen the significant daily challenges that patients confront and to ensure better outcomes, early detection and treatment are essential. The study's objective was to establish the use of human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) as a RA diagnostic marker. A total of 60 RA patients and 30 healthy controls participated in the research. The ELISA technique was used to measure serum HBD-2. The following tests were performed: complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), renal function test, and liver function test. In comparison to the healthy control group, the RA group exhibited a substantially higher blood HBD-2 levels (p ≤0.001). Additionally, there was no significant association between serum HBD-2 and urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, and ESR (P>0.05). When RA was distinguished from the group of healthy individuals, the area under the curve (AUC) demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.990, p = 0.001). (0.9667). As a result, serum HBD-2 may be used as a reliable RA diagnostic marker.

Keywords

complete blood count Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Human β-defensin-2 Rheumatoid arthritis

4

Polyethylene Degradation by Plastivores Greater Wax Worms Larvae (Galleria mellonella)

Pages: 2144-2152 English

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Abstract

In this study, wax worm larvae (Galleria mellonella) were used to examine their
ability to degrade and assimilate polyethylene (PE) as an energy source. This idea
came from the similarity of wax, that is used as the sole diet for larvae, with PE in
composition. Morphology changes, weight loss, FTIR analysis and GC-Mass test
were studied to prove the degradation of PE by G. mellonella. The maximum depth
of holes on the plastic surface and 16% PE weight loss was due to extensive cutting.
The creation of a novel O-H stretching alcohols/phenols group absorbance peak at
3293cm-1 observed in wax worm larvae PE frass samples may be due to the
oxidation in their gut. Accordingly, the biodegradation of PE by wax worm larvae is
ensured.

Keywords

Bioremedation contamination Environmental problems. insects Plastic

5

Evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves Essential Oils Activity Against Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) Isolated from Baghdad Hospital Patients

Pages: 2153-2167 English

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Abstract

Rosemary is a well-known aromatic and medicinal plant used to treat various ailments. This study evaluated Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil for its phytochemical and antibacterial properties. The essential oil was analysed by using a gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) that revealed the common chemicals containing verbenone 36.20% and 1,8-cineol (Eucalyptol) 12.14%. Extracted essential oils were tested for antibacterial activity against vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), a strain of bacteria obtained locally from bacteremia patients. Three isolates were found to be VISA positive using the E-test (strips) and the population analysis profile method (PAP). VISA showed lower resistance to the essential oils (MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 1.5 mg/ml). Overall, the genetic influence of VISA was evaluated by looking at the hld gene expression after being isolated from blood samples and RNA extraction for qRT-PCR to determine hld gene expression. R. officinalis gene expression was analysed and calculated by using real-time PCR of RNA which revealed that it had decreased.

Keywords

antimicrobial activity essential oil GC-MS real-time PCR

6

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Cumin Seed (Cuminum cyminum) on the Structure and Function of Albino Rat Kidneys Treated with Dibutyl Phthalate

Pages: 2168-2177 English

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Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Cuminum cyminum seed
aqueous extract on the function and histological structure of rat kidney treated with
dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Eighteen albino rats weighing 190-240g and aged 10-12
weeks were used for this study which went on for 28 days. The rats were divided
into three groups (each with six animals): 1st group: control rats were given food
and tap water, 2nd group was given DBP (420mg/Kg. B.W.) with tap water and diet,
3rd group were fed cumin plant orally at a daily dose of (200 mg/kg B.W.) and DBP
(420mg/kg. B.W.) was given with drinking water and fed with diet daily. Kidney
and liver function parameters were measured and histological structure of kidney
was examined. Results showed that DBP significantly increased creatinine, urea as
well as liver parameters AST and ALT, while decreased ALP level, destruction,
hemorrhage and inflammation in kidney. Cumin decreased AST and ALT level but
increased ALP level and elevated kidney hemorrhage which concluded that DBP
may cause oxidative stress for rat liver and kidney. Despite hepatoprotective role of
cumin, it interacts with DPB and increases bleeding in kidney.

Keywords

Cuminum cyminum; Dibutyl phthalate (DBP); Histological structure Kidney rat

7

Using Microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda for the Improvement of Municipal Wastewater Quality

Pages: 2178-2188 English

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Abstract

Microalgae culture is an interesting step in wastewater treatment since it provides
a tertiary biotreatment while also producing potentially valuable biomass that may
be used for a variety of applications. Microalgae cultures, with their ability to utilize
inorganic nitrogen and phosphate for growth, provide an elegant solution to tertiary
and quaternary treatments. Scenedesmus quadricauda culture was employed with
three different doses, 2g/l, 1g/l, and 0.2g/l, to investigate the impacts of microalgae
in wastewater. Standard procedures were used to measure samples for
physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, PO4, NO3, NO2, NH4 and BOD5 every
third day for 21 days. Results showed that a higher dose of 2g.l-1 was the most
effective for removing the highest rate of nutrients. It was confirmed by significant
differences (p≤0.05) between all doses. Ammonium pass had the highest removal
percentage of 97%, followed by NO3 with 95.7%, and BOD5 with a range of 90.3 to
93.5 %. Decreases in nutrients were accompanied by a rise in chlorophyll content,
with the greatest biomass of 1.52 mg. l-1 on the 17th day of the experiment. The
purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the methods that microalgae use
to bioremediate organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords

Algal bio-indication Biomonitoring Bioremediation Microalgae Wastewater treatment.

8

Study of Antibacterial, Antioxidant Activity and Biochemical Parameters of Different Honey Samples

Pages: 2189-2201 English

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Abstract

The present study was undertaken to determine and compare the antibacterial and
biochemical characteristics of honey samples from Kurdistan region in Iraq and
Arabian Gulf region. Sixteen honey samples of mixed floral origins from both
regions were analysed and compared. Antibacterial activity of the honey samples
was investigated against five clinical pathogenic bacteria: Acinetobacter baumannii,
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus
aureus by agar dilution method. Both sample sets showed differential biochemical
characteristics and potential functional properties such as antioxidant and
antimicrobial properties. All measured parameters were within accepted ranges.
However, significant differences were found in mean±SE levels of conductivity and
pH, diastase activity, TPC and DPPH activity between the two sample groups with
KRI samples showing more desirable qualities. Other parameters such as water
content, total acidity, total and reducing sugars, sucrose and HMF showed no
significant difference. The results of antibacterial activity indicated that KRI honey
is more effective than AG honey against the tested pathogenic bacteria.

Keywords

Antibacterial Activity diastase honey quality. total phenolic content

9

LTB4R Gene Expression in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Iraq

Pages: 2202-2214 English

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Abstract

The current study was carried out to explore gene expression of the LTB4R gene with the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in Iraqi patients. The differences in the expression of this gene between patients and healthy controls were studied. The correlation of gender and age with CML patients compared with controls was included as well as the correlation of gene expression folding 2-ΔΔCt of LTB4R with clinical parameters (WBC, RBC, haemoglobin, platelets, and BCR-ABL gene). Results revealed significant increases in the mean of gene expression level (ΔCt) of patient groups compared to the corresponding ΔCt means in the healthy control group, the gene expression folding (2-ΔΔCt) of the LTB4R gene reflects significant differences in the expression showed the highest level in CML patients which reached to (9.12 ),
no significant differences were exhibited according to age and gender between CML patients and control. The study revealed a non-significant positive correlation between LTB4R gene expression level with both the BCR-ABL gene and WBC. Our results concluded that the LTB4R gene expression level could act as a marker for the prognosis of CML.

Keywords

CML LTB4R RT-PCR.

10

Total Phenolic Exudation and Allelopathic Potential of Sunflower Residues as Sustainable Weed Management

Pages: 2215-2222 English

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Abstract

Total releasing phenolic compounds and allelopathic potential of the three
sunflower genotypes Helianthus annuus L. residues were evaluated under open field
conditions on weed flora associated with the proposed crops; wheat, broad bean and
flax which are cultivated usually after the sunflower crop as successive crops. After
getting seed from the sunflower crop. After getting seeds, sunflower plant parts were
chopped and incorporated with field soil using a rotavator. Regarding the phenolics,
total phenolic compounds released from sunflower residues were increased in-field
soil and reached the highest concentration in the fourth week after mixing with soil.
Significant suppression of weed flora was observed when the weed density and
weed dry matter were reduced. Sakha sunflower genotype had the most effect, while
Ishaqi genotype had the least amount of phenolic compounds. The residue of the
Sakha genotype effectively suppressed over 80% of targeted weeds. The results
indicate that the allelopathic potential of sunflower residues can cause suppression
of weed flora which can be useful as an attractive alternative natural way to reduce
synthetic herbicides as sustainable weed management.

Keywords

Allelopathic Potential Sunflower Residues Sustainable weed management total phenolic compounds

11

Antibacterial Activity of Silver nanoparticles Against Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates from Diabetic Foot Patients

Pages: 2223-2239 English

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Abstract

Diabetic foot is a catastrophic complication of diabetes. This study included
isolation and identification of three types of bacteria that cause diabetic foot ulcers,
fifty-five isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, thirty-five isolates of Acinetobacter
baumannii, and thirty isolates of Serratia marcescens. These isolates were obtained
from diabetic foot patients at different private clinics in and around Baghdad and
Medical City Hospital. The proportion of male patients was greater than females,
and it was noted that the age group (51-68 years) was more ages affected by diabetic
foot. These isolates showed high resistance to most of the antibiotics used,
Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin in
the percentage of 100 %, 65 %, and 26 %, respectively. Acinetobacter baumannii,
showed high resistance to Penicillin, at a percentage of 80%, and Ciprofloxacin at
60%. Serratia marcescens was resistant to most antibiotics that were used in this
study, Tetracycline, Penicillin, Cefotaxime, and Amoxicillin in the percent of (100,
95, 91, 88,70, and 64) %, respectively. The chemical reduction method was used in
this study to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The characterization of silver
nanoparticles was done by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, and
transmission electron microscope, which showed particle sizes of 24.56 to 66.2 nm,
which proved that silver nanoparticles had nano size and spherical shape. The result
of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate against
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed the highest effect of silver nitrate than other
bacteria tested in this study, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached 15.66mm.
Likewise for silver nanoparticles where the diameter of the inhibition zone of
highest effect reached 29.33mm for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The test of
silver nanoparticles' ability to inhibit bacterial growth produced the greatest results
for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which were inhibited after 60 minutes. Based on
these research findings, silver nanoparticles have demonstrated their efficacy in this
study against isolated bacteria from diabetic feet.

Keywords

Antibacterial Activity diabetes foot ulcer gram-negative bacteria Grampositive bacteria silver nanoparticles

12

Smartphones as Smart Tools for Science and Engineering Laboratory: A Review

Pages: 2240-2249 English

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Abstract

This article reviews a decade of research in transforming smartphones into smart
measurement tools for science and engineering laboratories. High-precision sensors
have been effectively utilized with specific mobile applications to measure physical
parameters. Linear, rotational, and vibrational motions can be tracked and studied
using built-in accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, proximity sensors, or
ambient light sensors, depending on each experiment design. Water and sound
waves were respectively captured for analysis by smartphone cameras and
microphones. Various optics experiments were successfully demonstrated by
replacing traditional lux meters with built-in ambient light sensors. These
smartphone-based measurements have increasingly been incorporated into high
school and university laboratories. Such modernized science and engineering
experimentations also provide a ubiquitous learning environment during the
pandemic period.

Keywords

distance learning mechanics Optics Smartphone sensor; STEM education

13

Ground State Structure of Helium and Phosphorus Isotopes using the Radial Wave Functions of Harmonic-Oscillator and Hulthen Potentials

Pages: 2250-2260 English

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Abstract

The ground state density distributions and electron scattering Coulomb form
factors of Helium (4,6,8He) and Phosphorate (27,31P) isotopes are investigated in the
framework of nuclear shell model. For stable (4He) and (31P) nuclei, the core and
valence parts are studied through Harmonic-oscillator (HO) and Hulthen potentials.
Correspondingly, for exotic (6,8He) and (27P) nuclei, the HO potential is applied to
the core parts only, while the Hulthen potential is applied to valence parts. The
parameters for HO and Hulthen are chosen to reproduce the available experimental
size radii for all nuclei under study. Finally, the CO component of electron
scattering charge form factors are also investigated. Unfortunately, there is no
analytic solution to the Hulthen potential except for the ???? states which are harnessed
to the current calculation.

Keywords

density distributions electron scattering charge form factors exotic nuclei Helium isotopes Hulthen potential. phosphorate isotopes Shell Model size radii

14

Mask Laws to study Texture Features of the Kidney Infection

Pages: 2261-2270 English

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Abstract

This paper aims to early study of detection and diagnosis of kidney tumors and
kidney stones using Computed Tomography Scanning CT scan images by digital
image processing. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) is a special medical
imaging technique that provides images with 3D, including much information about
the body's construction consisting of bones and organs. A C.T scan uses X-rays to
create cross-sectional images of the body and gives the doctor a full explanation of
the diagnosis of the situation through the examination. It has been used in five cases
of kidney images, including healthy, stones, tumors (cancer), cystic and renal
fibrosis. The masking procedure is used to separate the required C.T. images from
undesirable ones. The segmentation processes which was used in this study is a
thresholding algorithm, applied on C.T. images, used to detect unhealthy tissues
(tumor and stone). The results showed that the system is able to distinguish between
different tumors of the kidney of cases mentioned above. It's important for the
instructor to determine the area of the tumor and stone to avoid damaging the
healthy tissue during the treatment. The histogram which was used to study the
differences between the healthy and unhealthy depending on the intensity of the
image

Keywords

a binary mask. Computed Tomography (C.T.) histogram Statistical Features Threshold

15

Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Cobalt Plasma Produced by OES Technique and Influence of Applied Voltage on Plasma Parameters

Pages: 2271-2281 English

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Abstract

In this work, plasma system that operates at vacuum was designed and built using
a sheet of cobalt metal for the purpose of diagnosing plasma and measuring its
parameters, as it is very important to know the processes that accompany plasma
generation and are closely related to them, including the electron density in the
plasma and its temperature. The spectroscopic diagnosis was done by optical
emission spectroscopy (OES) which relies on the calculation of the optical radiation
emitted by the plasma to describe plasma parameters in the chemical, molecular, and
ionic radiator's near environment, and applied to cobalt metal at vacuum D.C high
voltage power supply. The results showed the rise of spectral lines intensity with
increasing the applied voltage. The maximum peak of argon gas (ArI) was at the
wavelength (811.5311) nm and the maximum peak of cobalt metal (CoI) was at the
wavelength of 242 nm, where argon gas was used at the fifth flow per minute with
variable voltages (13-21) kV. The results also achieved that the values of electron
temperature rises from (0.2708-0.6649) eV with the increase in the applied voltage,
as well as the electron density from (8.108-13.851)x1017cm-3 with the stability of the
argon gas flow rate at 5 l/min. The length of the plasma was measured at different
gas flow rates (1-5) l/min and different applied voltages (13-21) kV that were used
in this diagnosis.

Keywords

Cobalt Plasma Jet Emission spectroscopy non- thermal plasma Plasma Length Plasma Parameters

16

FTIR Analysis and Characterizations of (SnO2:Ga2O3, CeO2 /Cu2S/c-pSi) Heterojunctions Solar Cells

Pages: 2282-2296 English

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Abstract

Compounds from tin oxide doped with gallium oxide and cerium oxide were
synthesized. Thin films from (SnO2:Ga2O3,CeO2) with different doping ratios were
prepared on glass and single crystal silicon as substrates with the use of the pulsed
laser deposition technique. The results of FTIR spectrums analysis was presented.
Varies heterojunctions were fabricated from (SnO2:Ga2O3,CeO2 /Cu2S/c-pSi)
heterojunctions solar cell which are formed from two layers: the first was Cu2S and
the second was layer from tin oxide doped with two oxides named gallium oxide and
cerium oxide with different doping ratios (0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07). The heterojuntion
(SnO2:5%Ga2O3 /Cu2S/c-pSi photovoltaic structure exhibits open circuit voltage
(Voc) of 150mV, short circuit current (Isc) of 15mA, fill factor of 0.622and efficiency
of conversion of 2.8% under an intensity of illumination of 100mW/cm2.

Keywords

FTIR Spectrum Pulsed Laser Deposition SnO2 thin films solar cell

17

Effect of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Dust on the D.C Plasma Characteristics with Mirror Magnetron

Pages: 2297-2305 English

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Abstract

In this paper, the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles dust (Fe2O3 NPs) on the
parameters of DC electric discharge plasma under vacuum in argon gas was studied
with the presence of a mirror magnetron behind the electrodes (cathode and anode)
at constant pressure and with different amounts of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Calculations
presented a reduction of the plasma emission intensity with the NPs content. Both
the plasma density (calculated by Stark's broadening method) and the mean electron
temperature (calculated using Boltzmann's equation) decreased with increasing the
Fe2O3 nanoparticles dust content, which indicates clearly the effect of dust density
on restricting the movement of charge carriers, which in turn reduces inelastic
plasma collisions.

Keywords

Dust plasma Electron Density Electron temperature mirror magnetron

18

Petrography, Mineralogy and Diagenetic history of the Sarmord Formation (Valanginian-Aptian) in selected areas, Northeastern Iraq

Pages: 2306-2324 English

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Abstract

This research studies the petrography, mineralogy and diagenetic history of the Sarmord Formation at Sulaimani and Erbil Governorates in Northeastern Iraq. The Sarmord Formation consists mainly of alternated yellowish to bluish gray bedded marly limestone with yellowish gray soft marl beds. Petrographic investigations of the marly limestones were based on 270 thin sections and show that the skeletal grains include bioclasts, foraminiferas, radiolarians, calcispheres, echinoderms, ostracods and cephalopods. The groundmass is composed of micrite with light brown to gray colors, rich in organic materials and iron oxides. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the marls revealed that the abundant clay minerals in the Sarmord Formation are kaolinite and smectite -illite mixed layers, in addition to chlorite traces, which may indicate an increasing influx of detrital minerals from the continental weathering because of the humid Early Cretaceous climate. Non-clay minerals include calcite and quartz with subordinate feldspars. The main diagenetic processes affecting the Sarmord Formation carbonates are micritization, dissolution, cementation, compaction, dolomitization, dedolomitization and authigenic minerals (pyrite and silica). These belong to three diagenetic stages; early (shallow burial), middle and late (deep burial).

Keywords

Diagenetic history marl Marly limestones Northeastern Iraq. Sarmord Formation

19

The Suitability of Fatha Clay Deposits for Clay Bricks Industry in Zurbatiya Area, Eastern Iraq

Pages: 2325-2341 English

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Abstract

This research aims to study the suitability of the Fatha Formation clay deposits
for the brick industry in the Zurbatiya area, Wasit Government. Two sites (Al-Salam
police station and Al-Taff station) were selected. The clay deposits were subjected
to particle size analysis, atterberg limits, chemical and mineralogical analyses. The
samples have 31.45% clay, 52.91% silt, and 15.64% sand. Chemical analyses
revealed that SiO2 and CaO are the clay deposits' main components, indicating the
high content of quartz and calcium carbonate. The mineralogical analysis by XRD
techniques indicated that quartz, calcite, feldspar, gypsum, and dolomite are the nonclay
minerals; Kaolinite, illite, palygorskite and chlorite are the most clay minerals,
followed by the mixed layer (montmorillonite-chloride). Clay brick samples were
formed, dried and then fired using a particular firing program. The produced bricks
have good water absorption (20-24.06%), compressive strength (36.23-41.63
N/mm2), and efflorescence (moderate – slight to nill). The properties of the
produced clay bricks agree with the requirements of class A and B of the Iraqi
Standard Specifications No.25,1993, British (BS 3921, 1985 ), and American
Standard (ASTM C10, 2010)

Keywords

Clay bricks Fatha Formation Firning program Plasticity.‎ Suitability Zurbatiya

20

3D Seismic Structural Study of Zubair Formation in Najaf-Karbala Area- Central Iraq

Pages: 2342-2353 English

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Abstract

The current study included interpretations of the three-dimensional seismic
survey data of the Najaf-Karbala region, which was recently implemented by the
Fifth Amphibious Seismic crew of the Oil Exploration Company for the period from
30/1/2016 to 13/10/2017. The total area planned to be covered by the threedimensional
survey program was about (3340 km ²). The Zubair reflector was
picked, interpreted, and tracked within the region. The faults affecting this reflector
were captured. The reflector's temporal, velocity, and depth maps showed the
presence of structural closure features in the southeast of the region and extensions
to the structural noses to the northwest of the study area. The structural maps
showed a general tendency towards the east and the presence of faults in the area
extending towards the northwest-southeast.

Keywords

3D seismic structural study Geophysics Najaf-Karbala area Seismic interpretation Zubair Formation

21

Analytical Investigation of Electroosmotically Regulated Peristaltic Propulsion of Cu-water Nanofluid Through a Microtube

Pages: 2354-2367 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this investigation is to determine and analyze the fluid inertia of
electroosmotic flow on the Cu-water nanofluids by peristaltic transport. Fluid flow
properties and heat transfer characteristics are studied for aqueous ionic nanofluids
through a vertical microtube of a constant radius. Streamlines are plotted for the
governing fluid flow.

Keywords

Electroosmosis; Peristalsis; Nanofluid; Cu-Water; Exact solutions.

22

Mathematical Modelling for Peristaltic Flow of Sutterby Fluid Through Tube under the Effect of Endoscope

Pages: 2368-2381 English

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Abstract

In this work, the mathematical modelling of peristaltic transport for
incompressible Sutterby fluid through the cavity between coaxial tubes where the
inner tube is fixed and the outer tube has sinusoidal rhythmic fluctuations along the
channel’s walls is presented. Under the assumption of long wavelength and the low
Reynolds number, the governing equations (motion, temperature, and concentration)
are illustrated in cylindrical coordinates. The analytical solution for the temperature
and concentration of the fluid flow is obtained using Mathematica 11.3, whereas the
perturbation technique is employed to find the closed form of the velocity profile.
The variation of the axial velocity, stream function, temperature, concentration, and
heat transfer are graphically discussed under the impact of interesting involved
parameters.

Keywords

Endoscope. Peristaltic flow Sutterby Fluid

23

On ???????? −Prime Submodules

Pages: 2382-2390 English

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Abstract

Our aim in this work is to investigate ???????? −prime submodules and prove some
properties of them. We study the relations between ???????? −prime submodules of a
given module and the extension of ???????? −prime submodules. The relations between
???????? −prime submodules of two given modules and the ???????? −prime submodules in
the direct product of their quotient module are studied and investigated.

Keywords

Direct product of modules extension of ideals and multiplicative systems Prime submodules quotient module

24

On the First Natural Triangular Representations of the Symmetric Groups

Pages: 2391-2404 English

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Abstract

The main objective of the research is to study the first natural triangular representation of the symmetric groups over a field K of characteristic p≠2 which deals with the partition λ=(n−4,3,1) of the positive integer n. Furthermore, this work has proven that the S(n−4,3,1) is a submodule of F1. The F1=KSn(x2x4x6x72−x2x3x6x72−x2x4x5x72+x2x3x5x72) can be only split whenp|(n−5).

Keywords

Exact sequence Group algebra KSn KSn−module Spechet module. Symmetric group

25

A Note on Overpartition Triples

Pages: 2405-2412 English

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Abstract

Let n be a positive integer and ????3(????) denotes the number of overpartition triples.
In this note, we prove two identities modulo 16 and 32 for ????3(????). We provide a new
method to reprove a result of Lin Wang for completely determining and ????3(????)
modulo 16. Also, we find and prove an infinite family of congruences modulo 32 for
????3(????). The new method relies on expanding the fourth power of the overpartition
infinite product together with the help of Gauss' identity

Keywords

Congruences Overpartition triples Overpartitions partitions Sum of divisors.

26

2-Prime Modules

Pages: 2413-2421 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a 2-prime module as a generalization of
prime module E over a ring R, where E is said to be prime module if (0) is a prime
submodule. We introduced the concept of the 2-prime R-module. Module E is said
to be 2-prime if (0) is 2-prime submodule of E. where a proper submodule K of
module E is 2-prime submodule if, whenever r∈R, x∈E, ???????? ∈E, Thus x∈K or
????2 ∈[K: E].

Keywords

2-prime ideal 2-prime module primary module. prime ideal Prime module

27

Properties and Application of the Suggested Exponentiated Lomax Distribution Family

Pages: 2422-2428 English

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Abstract

The Exponentiated Lomax Distribution is considered one of the most commonly
used continuous distribution which has a major role in analysing and modelling life
time data. Therefore, A family was formed for the Exponential Lomax Distribution
by introducing two new distributions as special case of the Exponentiated Lomax
Distribution: (Modified Exponentiated Lomax Distribution (MELD) and Restricted
Exponentiated Lomax Distribution (RELD. Furthermore, to assess the usefulness
and flexibility, the two distributions were applied upon simulation study besides real
application with real data set. The simulation results clearly shown the flexible
performance of the maximum likelihood estimators for the parameter. Also, the real
application results are clearly shown that the proposed distributions have
outstanding performance than other considered distributions for all information
criteria

Keywords

Exponentiated Lomax Distribution family Modified Exponentiated Lomax Distribution Restricted Exponentiated Lomax Distribution “and maximum likelihood method”.

28

Some Cases on Cozy Partitions

Pages: 2429-2435 English

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Abstract

The cozy partitions achieved more creativity by emerging with many topics in representation theory and mathematical relations. We find the precise number of cozy tableaux in the case (????1,????2) with any number of ????1 and ????2. Specifically, we use the MATLAB programme that coincided with the mathematical solution in giving precision to these numbers in this case.

Keywords

Cozy tableau; Hecke algebra; Specht module.

29

Strongly Essential Submodules and Modules with the se-CIP

Pages: 2436-2448 English

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Abstract

Let ???? be a ring with identity. Recall that a submodule ???? of a left ????-module ???? is
called strongly essential if for any nonzero subset ???? of ????, there is ???? ∈ ???? such that
(0 ≠)???????? ⊆ ????, i.e., (????:???? ????) ≠ ???????? (????). This paper introduces a class of submodules
called se-closed, where a submodule ???? of ???? is called se-closed if it has no proper
strongly essential extensions inside ????. We show by an example that the intersection
of two se-closed submodules may not be se-closed. We say that a module ???? is have
the se-Closed Intersection Property, briefly se-CIP, if the intersection of every two
se-closed submodules of ???? is again se-closed in ????. Several characterizations are
introduced and studied for each of these concepts. We prove for submodules ???? and
???? of ???? that a module ???? has the se-CIP if and only if ???? ∩ ???? is strongly essential in ????
implies ???? is strongly essential in ???? + ????. Also, we verify that, a module ???? has the
se-CIP if and only if for each se-closed submodule ???? of ???? and for all submodule ????
of ????, ???? ∩ ???? is se-closed in ????. Finally, some connections and examples are included
about (se-CIP)-modules.

Keywords

Strongly essential submodules; se-closed submodules; modules with the se-CIP; se-UC modules; se-extending modules; se-closed simple modules.

30

Reconstruction of Timewise Dependent Coefficient and Free Boundary in Nonlocal Diffusion Equation with Stefan and Heat Flux as Overdetermination Conditions

Pages: 2449-2465 English

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Abstract

The problem of reconstruction of a timewise dependent coefficient and free
boundary at once in a nonlocal diffusion equation under Stefan and heat Flux as
nonlocal overdetermination conditions have been considered. A Crank–Nicolson
finite difference method (FDM) combined with the trapezoidal rule quadrature is
used for the direct problem. While the inverse problem is reformulated as a
nonlinear regularized least-square optimization problem with simple bound and
solved efficiently by MATLAB subroutine lsqnonlin from the optimization toolbox.
Since the problem under investigation is generally ill-posed, a small error in the
input data leads to a huge error in the output, then Tikhonov’s regularization
technique is applied to obtain regularized stable results

Keywords

Inverse problem; Free boundary; Nonlocal diffusion equation; Stefan condition; Implicit finite difference scheme; Tikhonov technique; Stability analysis

31

Entropy-Based Feature Selection using Extra Tree Classifier for IoT Security

Pages: 2466-2480 English

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Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices used for interconnection and
data transfer. There is a dramatic increase in IoT attacks due to the lack of security
mechanisms. The security mechanisms can be enhanced through the analysis and
classification of these attacks. The multi-class classification of IoT botnet attacks
(IBA) applied here uses a high-dimensional data set. The high-dimensional data set
is a challenge in the classification process due to the requirements of a high number
of computational resources. Dimensionality reduction (DR) discards irrelevant
information while retaining the imperative bits from this high-dimensional data set.
The DR technique proposed here is a classifier-based feature selection using an extra
tree classifier (EXT). The entropy values of features are used for the construction of
trees in EXT, which is to build a lower-dimensional space. Linear discriminant
analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbor classifier (KNN), decision tree classifier (DTC),
and random forest classifier (RFC) empirically evaluate the proposed feature
selection mechanism. EXT is compared with other DR techniques like RFC and
principal component analysis (PCA). The performance metrics of the classifiers are
used to evaluate the proposed work.

Keywords

Dimensionality Reduction Entropy extra tree classifier IoT botnet attack multiclass classification

32

Application of Data Mining and Imputation Algorithms for Missing Value Handling: A Study Case Car Evaluation Dataset

Pages: 2481-2491 English

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Abstract

Data mining is a data analysis process using software to find certain patterns or
rules in a large amount of data, which is expected to provide knowledge to support
decisions. However, missing value in data mining often leads to a loss of
information. The purpose of this study is to improve the performance of data
classification with missing values, precisely and accurately. The test method is
carried out using the Car Evaluation dataset from the UCI Machine Learning
Repository. RStudio and RapidMiner tools were used for testing the algorithm. This
study will result in a data analysis of the tested parameters to measure the
performance of the algorithm. Using test variations: performance at C5.0, C4.5, and
k-NN at 0% missing rate, performance at C5.0, C4.5, and k-NN at 5–50% missing
rate, performance at C5.0 + k-NNI, C4.5 + k-NNI, and k-NN + k-NNI classifier at
5–50% missing rate, and performance at C5.0 + CMI, C4.5 + CMI, and k-NN +
CMI classifier at 5–50% missing rate, The results show that C5.0 with k-NNI
produces better classification accuracy than other tested imputation and
classification algorithms. For example, with 35% of the dataset missing, this method
obtains 93.40% validation accuracy and 92% test accuracy. C5.0 with k-NNI also
offers fast processing times compared with other methods.

Keywords

C5.0 Data mining k-NNI Missing Value Handling R Studio Rapid Miner.

33

A Review of Assured Data Deletion Security Techniques in Cloud Storage

Pages: 2492-2511 English

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Abstract

Cloud computing is an interesting technology that allows customers to have
convenient, on-demand network connectivity based on their needs with minimal
maintenance and contact between cloud providers. The issue of security has arisen
as a serious concern, particularly in the case of cloud computing, where data is
stored and accessible via the Internet from a third-party storage system. It is critical
to ensure that data is only accessible to the appropriate individuals and that it is not
stored in third-party locations. Because third-party services frequently make backup
copies of uploaded data for security reasons, removing the data the owner submits
does not guarantee the removal of the data from the cloud. Cloud data storage has
grown in popularity, and the problem of ensured deletion has been solved. Several
schemes to overcome the assured deletion problem have been proposed over the last
few years. The proposed solutions have addressed the scaling overhead, trusted third
parties, delays, single points of failure, and other inefficiencies. Customers had the
option of receiving verifiable proof of deletion from cloud service providers. This
article focuses on the issue of how cloud data storage clients may be confident that
the deleted data from the cloud cannot be recovered. Furthermore, it discusses the
practice of secure deletion. Moreover, the paper explores currently used methods to
achieve the security of assuring the deletion of data faced by cloud entities such as
cloud service providers, data owners, and cloud users. After that, the paper analyzes
techniques to find the pros and cons of assured deletion and the problems that were
solved by these techniques. Finally, the paper identifies some future directions for
the development of assured deletion of cloud storage.

Keywords

Assured And Secure Data Deletion Cloud Computing Cloud storage Provable Data Deletion.

34

Crude Oil Price Forecasts Using Support Vector Regression and Technical Indicators

Pages: 2512-2520 English

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Abstract

Oil price forecasting has captured the attention of both researchers and academics
because of the unique characteristics of crude oil prices and how they have a big
impact on a lot of different parts of the economic value of the product. As a result,
most academics use a lot of different ways to predict the future. On the other hand,
researchers have a hard time because crude oil prices are very unpredictable and can
be affected by many different things. This study uses support vector regression
(SVR) with technical indicators as a feature to improve the prediction of the
monthly West Texas Intermediate (WTI) price of crude oil. The root mean square
error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error
(MAPE) measure how well the model is working. The RMSE was 1.5456, the MAE
was 1.3219, and the MAPE was 1.9173 in the experiment. The results show that
WTI crude oil prices are affected by technical indicators and get good performance
that outperforms most other models that can be found.

Keywords

MAE RMSE Support vector regression (SVR) model WTI Crude oil price.

35

3D Content Encryption Using Multi-Level Chaotic Maps

Pages: 2521-2532 English

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Abstract

Nowadays, 3D content is becoming an essential part of multimedia applications,
when the 3D content is not protected, hackers may attack and steal it. This paper
introduces a proposed scheme that provides high protection for 3D content by
implementing multiple levels of security with preserving the original size using
weight factor (w). First level of security is implemented by encrypting the texture
map based on a 2D Logistic chaotic map. Second level is implemented by shuffling
vertices (confusion) based on a 1D Tent chaotic map. Third level is implemented by
modifying the vertices values (diffusion) based on a 3D Lorenz chaotic map. Results
illustrate that the proposed scheme is completely deform the entire 3D content
according to Hausdorff Distance (HD) approximately around 100 after the
encryption process. It provides a high security against brute force attack because it
has large key space equal to 10165 and secret key sensitivity using NPCR near 99:6%
and UACI near 33:4%. The histogram and HD indicate the decrypted 3D content is
identical to the origin where HD values approximate zero.

Keywords

1D Tent map 2D Logistic map 3D content 3D Lorenz map Chaotic Map

36

Material Recognition of Foreign Object Debris using Deep Learning

Pages: 2533-2544 English

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Abstract

Foreign Object Debris (FOD) is defined as one of the major problems in the
airline maintenance industry, reducing the levels of safety. A foreign object which
may result in causing serious damage to an airplane, including engine problems and
personal safety risks. Therefore, it is critical to detect FOD in place to guarantee the
safety of airplanes flying. FOD detection systems in the past lacked an effective
method for automatic material recognition as well as high speed and accuracy in
detecting materials. This paper proposes the FOD model using a variety of feature
extraction approaches like Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to extract features and Deep Learning (DL) for
classification. The data for this research was taken from the Shanghai Hongqiao
International Airport runways. FOD has been done via utilizing a Convolutional
Neural Network Classifier (CNN) with 27 layers. Those layers are distributed as
follows: nine convolutional layers of type 1D; eight leaky ReLU layers; seven
maxpooling 1D layers; two fully connected layers that are represented by the
(Dense); and one flattening layer. The performance measures utilized in the system
are precision, accuracy, F-score, and recall. The experimental results obtained after
implementation and testing are of accuracy 99.8%, precision 100%, recall 100%,
and F1-score is 100%. Experiments show that the proposed method has good
performance in detection accuracy.

Keywords

Foreign Object Debris; Linear Discriminant Analysis; Gray-level cooccurrence matrix; Deep Learning; Convolutional Neural Network.

37

mRNA Approach Image Encryption Using LUC Algorithm

Pages: 2545-2560 English

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Abstract

Bioinformatics is one of the computer science and biology sub-subjects
concerned with the processes applied to biological data, such as gathering,
processing, storing, and analyzing it. Biological data (ribonucleic acid (RNA),
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein sequences) has many applications and
uses in many fields (data security, data segmentation, feature extraction, etc.). DNA
sequences are used in the cryptography field, using the properties of biomolecules as
the carriers of the data. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single strand used to make
proteins containing genetic information. The information recorded from DNA also
carries messages from DNA to ribosomes in the cytosol. In this paper, a new
encryption technique based on (mRNA) amino acids to increase the diffusion of the
algorithm was proposed, also using the LUC algorithm with finite field arithmetic to
increase the complexity of the algorithm. The results show high resistance against
well-known attacks on the proposed method. For Entropy, the achieved value for the
encrypted images was above 7.998. The range of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR)
between plain and encrypted images was below 8.7. Finally, the unified average
change intensity (UACI) was close to 0.335. The number of changing pixel rates
(NPCR) was close to 0.996, which is considered a good result.

Keywords

bioinformatics Finite Fields Lorenz system LUC algorithm. mRNA RNA

38

Deep Convolutional Neural Network Architecture to Detect COVID-19 from Chest X-Ray Images

Pages: 2561-2574 English

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Abstract

Today, the world is living in a time of epidemic diseases that spread unnaturally
and infect and kill millions of people worldwide. The COVID-19 virus, which is one
of the most well-known epidemic diseases currently spreading, has killed more than
six million people as of May 2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared
the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2
infection. COVID-19 is a severe and potentially fatal respiratory disease caused by
the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was first noticed at the end of 2019 in Wuhan city.
Artificial intelligence plays a meaningful role in analyzing medical images and
giving accurate results that serve healthcare workers, especially X-ray images, which
are complex images in their interpretation. In this article, two deep convolutional
neural network (DCNN) classifiers, such as Inception-v2 and VGG-16, are utilized
to detect COVID-19 from a set of chest X-ray images. The dataset for this article
was collected from the Kaggle platform (COVID-19 Radiography Database) and
consists of images of positive and healthy people. This article concludes that the
most suitable performance is the Inception-v2 classifier, which has achieved an
accuracy of 97% in comparison to the VGG-16 classifier, which has achieved an
accuracy of 93%.

Keywords

Covid-19 Deep convolutional neural network deep learning SARS-CoV-2. X-ray Images

39

Improve The Fully Convolutional Network Accuracy by Levelset and The Deep Prior Method

Pages: 2575-2588 English

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Abstract

Deep learning techniques allow us to achieve image segmentation with excellent accuracy and speed. However, challenges in several image classification areas, including medical imaging and materials science, are usually complicated as these complex models may have difficulty learning significant image features that would allow extension to newer datasets. In this study, an enhancing technique for object detection is proposed based on deep conventional neural networks by combining levelset and standard shape mask. First, a standard shape mask is created through the "probability" shape using the global transformation technique, then the image, the mask, and the probability map are used as the levelset input to apply the image segmentation. The test results show that when using the proposed method with DCNN, it can achieve a close segmentation area and extract features with higher detail than traditional segmentation. The proposed model achieved 94.43% in precision and 95.91% in recall %, so it got 95.16% in F1-score. When comparing the proposed model with the same CNN model without Levelset, the result shows that the proposed model achieved accuracy of 0.951, which is higher than CNN model without Levelset that achieved 0.902.

Keywords

Convolutional Neural Network global affine transformation LevelSet

40

Fast 128-bit Multi-Pass Stream Ciphering Method

Pages: 2589-2600 English

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Abstract

Information is an essential and valuable object in all systems. The more
information you have about your issue, the better you can conform to the world
around you. Moreover, information recognizes companies and provides influence
that helps one company be more effective than another. So, protecting this
information using better security controls and providing a high level of access to
authorized parties becomes an urgent need. As a result, many algorithms and
encryption techniques have been developed to provide a high level of protection for
system information. Therefore, this paper presents an enhancement to the Blowfish
algorithm as one of the cryptography techniques. Then it proposes an enhancement
for increasing efficiency and secrecy for this algorithm, which are the main criteria
for these modifications. In this paper, the main modification made for the Blowfish
algorithm is altering the S-box according to the principles of the block cipher
(OFB). The results were approved using hamming distance and avalanche effect.
The proposed algorithm presents advantages on several points, including reducing
the required time for the encryption and decryption processes and preventing
transmission errors from perpetuating all data. Also, we can conclude that the
modified Blowfish algorithm can be used for all text encryption systems because of
its flexibility (unlimited input text size and expanding key size).

Keywords

Block Cipher Blowfish cryptography Encryption Algorithms Multi-pass Algorithms

41

Construction of Atmospheric Earth Modeling Using C++ Language

Pages: 2601-2613 English

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Abstract

In this model, we use the C++ programming language to develop a program that
calculates the atmospheric earth model from the surface to 250 kilometers. The
balance forces theory is used to derive the pressure equation. The hydrostatic
equation is utilized to calculate these parameters analytically. Variations of the
parameters with altitude (density, pressure, temperature, and molecular weight) are
investigated intensively. The equations for gravitational acceleration, sound speed,
and scale height are also obtained. This model is used to investigate the effects of
the earth's atmosphere on the space shuttle and the moving bodies inside it.

Keywords

Atmospheric Earth Modeling C++ language Density molecular weight Pressure temperature

42

The Influence of Production and Destruction of O Isotopes in Red Giant Stars

Pages: 2614-2626 English

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Abstract

Thermonuclear reaction rates are calculated for three oxygen isotopes 14,15,16O in
CNO cycles reactions occurring in red giant stars. These reactions are: F
19 (????, ????)16O,
N
15 (????, ????)16O, N
14 (????, ????)15O , F
18 (????, ????)15O, N
13 (????, ????)14O, O
15 (????, ????)19Ne and
O
16 (????, ????)17F. Reaction rates have been calculated using MATLAB codes, and related
comparisons were made with NACRE II and Reaclib libraries, and the ratios of
production to the destruction of 15,16O isotopes were found. Present reaction rate
results were close to most of the selected reactions, and in some cases larger with a
factor of 1-3. 15,16O production to destruction ratios indicated a special tendency to
saturate at temperatures higher than ~ 2 GK, and these ratios were in general larger
than 1 indicating an excess of producing such isotopes in red giant stars.

Keywords

Astrophysics CNO Cycle Nuclear Physics Nucleosynthesis Reaction Rates Stellar Physics

43

Determination of the Time and Coordinates Required for Measuring the Milky Way’s Rotation Curve Using BURT in 2023

Pages: 2627-2634 English

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Abstract

Baghdad University Radio Telescope (BURT) is a 3 meter radio telescope that
was installed in the main campus of the University of Baghdad in Jadiriyah. Radio
telescopes, in general, offer a wide range of applications in radio astronomy, which
are usually used to detect the neutral hydrogen emission line at a wavelength of 21
cm. One of the key applications of BURT is to observe the Milky Way galaxy and to
determine its rotation curve. However, performing such observations requires
accurate determination of the appropriate observing time as well as the coordinates.
This paper focuses on how the observing time and coordinates are calculated
correctly and accurately. The horizontal coordinate that corresponds to the galactic
coordinates (b=0° and 0° ≤ l ≤ 90°) in every single day of 2023 at 10 am have been
calculated using a c++ code that has been written for the purpose of this work. The
results showed that the appropriate time for observing the Milky Way using BURT
in 2023 is during January, February, March, November and December of 2023. The
medians of altitude during those months are 50.9798°, 62.7919°, 50.6198°, 9.6562°
and 30.5041°, respectively. During those months, the altitude is found, in general,
larger than zero which means that the galactic position is above the horizon.

Keywords

Astronomical coordinate systems Milky way Neutral hydrogen emission line Radio telescopes Rotation curves

44

Algorithm Development for Full Gaps of Landsat 7 Images

Pages: 2635-2647 English

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Abstract

Landsat7 of Enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) was launched on April 15, 1999. Four years later, images start degrading due to the scan line corrector (SLC). SLC is a malfunction that results in pixel gaps in images captured by the sensor of Landsat7. The pixel gap regions extend from about one pixel near the image center and reach up to about 14 pixels in width near the image edge. The shape of this loss is like a zigzag line; however, there are different studies about repairing these gaps. The challenge of all studies depends on retrieving inhomogeneous areas because the homogenous area can be retrieved quickly depending on the surrounding area. This research focuses on filling these gaps by utilizing pixels around them gaps. Pixels from different satellites with the same resolution at the approximate equal date and exact location would be utilized.
Mean and standard deviation were used in gap pixel predicting. For complete pixels gap predicting, an image registration should be applied for predicted a good result—image registration comprised of geometric and radiometric registration. Translation and rotation was the main effect of geometric registration, while pixel tone was mainly related to radiometric registration. Two images of Landsat8 (before and after) with nearly the date of Landsat 7 were used. The fidelity criteria (mean square error and mean absolute error) were utilized to evaluate the results. The results showed a good prediction of the gap pixels in the Landsat 7 image, considering the geometric and radiometric parts.

Keywords

fidelity criteria. Gap pixel Image Registration Landsat7 Scan Line Corrector