Iraqi Journal of Science

Genistein (GEN) is one of the predominant dietary isoflavones found in legumes
such as soybeans. Genistein has been recommended as an osteoporosis treatment for
postmenopausal women and elderly men, with the intention of reducing
cardiovascular disease and hormone-dependent malignancies. Therefore, two
sensitive and simple methods for quantifying it in the supplements preparation were
developed.The first method (A) comprised employing the surfactant Triton X-114 to
extract the result of the diazotization reaction with 4-Aminoacetophenone(4AMA)
utilizing a cloud point extraction technique. The product was extracted using
micelles of a non-ionic surfactant (TritonX-114) and then spectrophotometrically
detected at a specified wavelength of 437nm. The linearity of the calibration curve
was in the range of 0.25 -2.75 μg/mL of GEN(r = 0.9978) under optimal conditions.
The average sample recovery was determined to be between 96 and 101 %. For 2
μg/mL of GEN, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was (0.27%). The second
method (B) involved using the spectrophotometric-flow injection methodology for
the same diazotization coupling reaction described above, and the orange colored
dyewas measured at a wave length of 437 nm.Calibration curve were linear at
different concentration range of GEN 10 to 100 μg/mL , relative standard deviation
RSD% were 0.23 to 1.21. The proposed methods were applied to determine the
presence of GEN in Supplements.

Magnetized iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using Eucalyptus leaf
extract and then coated with CTAB (Cetrimonium bromide) to increase efficiency.
The prepared and modified (NPs) were characterized using AFM, FTIR, and X-ray
techniques. The adsorption of the dye reactive blue RB 238 on coated (NPs) was
investigated. The effect of various experimental factors, such as the initial
concentration of the dye, the amount of adsorbent, pH and temperature on the
removal of RB238 was studied. The best conditions for dye removal were found to
be 298 K in an acidic medium of pH = 3 and an appropriate dose of the adsorbent of
0.15 g per 25 mg/L to achieve the best color removal of 90% within 60 minutes. The
pseudo-second-order reaction model gave results more suitable for experimental
facts than the pseudo-first-order reaction model.

Laportea aestuans L. (Chew), Commelina virginica (L.) and Sida rhombifolia (L.)
are common wild plants used in treating several ailments including diarrhea,
dysentery, hernia, oedema, ulcers and many more in traditional African medicine
especially, Nigeria. The potentials of Random Amplified polymorphic DNA
(RAPD) primers in delimiting intra-specific variation in L. aestuans, C. virginica
and S. rhombifolia was assessed using three RAPD primers. Plant and soil samples
were collected from 19 local government areas in Lagos State and assessed for
genetic and biochemical relationships. A total of 56 bands were produced of which
44 were polymorphic. Maximum number of bands (21) was produced by OPY20
while OPC04 produced minimum number of bands (14). The maximum and
minimum percentage polymorphisms were 100% (OPC04) and 50% (OPA12), The
dendrogram of genetic diversity had a genetic distance range of 0.57 to 1.00, 0.58 to
1.00 and 0.52 to 1.00 and clustered at 0.57, 0.58, 0.52 implying 57%, 58%, 52%
similarity and 43%, 42% and 48% variability for L. aestuans, C. virginica and S.
rhombifolia respectively. Results of phytochemical analysis show that S.
rhombifolia is particularly high in steroids (I134.19±0.23), flavonoids
(118.65±0.18), phenolics (125.25±1.43), alkaloids (63.56±0.11) and triterpenes
(72.44±0.12) but low in saponins (23.29±0.05), glycosides (6.79±0.01) and tannins
(7.10±0.02).

The study of the chemical and physical factors that induce egg-laying is
important for understanding mosquitoes' ecology. These substances may also help
assess and control mosquito populations. With this in mind, we have highlighted the
attractiveness of Culex pipiens gravid females concerning the containers' color and
surface, which has enabled us to show that females of this species are always
attracted to large containers of yellow. The ethological tests were made with four
biopesticides on the attractiveness of C. pipiens females. It has been observed that
the highest densities of the eggs are deposited in the container which contains the
biopesticides extracts compared to that which includes the spring water with a
significant difference between the two environments (p: 1.00). This choice is due to
the presence of odorous molecules which attract the mosquito.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between thyroid peroxidase
antibody (TPO) and thyroid function tests (TSH, T3 and T4) in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ninety women and men, with ages ranging between 35-
65 years and weighing 60-80 kgs, were selected for this study. They were classified
into three groups: G1 included 15 healthy control group, G2 had15 patients with
T2DM and G3 had 60 patients with T2DM and hypothyroidism. Blood samples
were collected from each individual via vein puncture to assess thyroid hormone and
TPO-Ab. The results showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in TSH level in
the diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared to the other groups. There
was no significant difference between diabetic and control groups. T4 and T3 levels
showed highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in the diabetic group with
hypothyroidism when compared to the diabetic and healthy control groups. On the
other hand, there was no significant difference between the diabetic and healthy
control groups. The results showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the
TPO-AB level in diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared with the
diabetic and healthy control groups.

Malnutrition, anemia, and micronutrient deficits may be associated with
Enterobius vermicularis infection. Hence, the subject has recently received a lot of
attention. The goal of this study was to analyse the nutritional, hematological and
micronutrient status of children infected with E. vermicularis. This research was
carried out in Baghdad from October 2021 to the end of March 2022. The study
comprised 100 children of both sexes, ranging in age from 3-16 years. All
individuals nutritional status was assessed using the weight-for-age Z score and the
height-for-age Z score. As well as cellophane tape samples and blood samples were
collected from all individuals. The cellophane tape samples were examined under
microscope for E. vermicularis detection. Whereas blood samples were processed to
assess many factors which were: haemoglobin, ferritin, total binding capacity
(TIBC), serum iron, serum zinc and serum magnesium. Results revealed significant
correlations between E. vermicularis infection occurrence and each of age and
gender, even though most infections were noticed among females and among those
who were between 3-9 years. The results also showed that the nutritional status,
based on weight for age Z score, was significantly (P˂0.05) related to E.
vermicularis occurence. Moreover haemoglobin, ferritin, serum iron, serum zinc and
serum magnesium were noted to have significantly (P˂0.05) decreased among those
who were E. vermicularis positive compared with E. vermicularis negative group.
While total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) increased significantly among E.
vermicularis positive children. The current investigation revealed that E.
vermicularis infection had significant implications on several haematological
elements, as well as stunting nutritional shortages. As a result, a lower prevalence of
intestinal parasite infection (particularly enterobiasis) among children would almost
certainly benefit their growth, development and educational outcomes

The experiment was carried out with the aim of studying the effect of biological
stress on some morphological parameters of ten varieties of potatoes grown in vitro.
Biological stress was applied by adding different concentrations of fusaric acid (0,
0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mM), to the growth medium MS, and some growth
parameters were measured, such as plant height (cm), number of leaves
(leaf/plant¹), leaf area (mm²), number of roots (root.plant¹) and length it (cm), wet
and dry weight of the plant (g). The results showed that the studied varieties were
different in the response to biological stress according to the studied parameters.
The addition of fusaric acid led to reduce all growth parameters compared with the
control. The cluster analysis showed that based on the sum of the relative values of
the studied growth parameters, the studied varieties were distributed in three
different groups: The first group includes three tolerant varieties to biological stress,
and these are Toronto, Barcelona, and Suria). The second group includes four
Moderate varieties of bio-stress, and these are Fabulla, Nectare, Spunta, and
Ardappel. The third group included the following sensitive varieties, 7-four-7,
Farida, and Joly. The results indicate that the in vitro screening technology can be
used as a fast and efficient method to investigate the genetic variation of biological
stress tolerance in potatoes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory condition causing joint pain and
stiffness, with often debilitating and life-limiting consequences. Recently, a new Bcell
secreted cytokine, IL-39, was identified in mice. The most up-to-date research
indicates that although IL-39 is expressed in murine models of lupus and has a role
in mediating the inflammatory response in this context, there is no solid, replicated
evidence of the existence of IL-39 in humans. This study aimed to clarify the
existence and role of IL-39 in the human body and to elucidate whether it plays a
role in rheumatoid arthritis. Accordingly, serum samples were collected from 66
patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were under therapy and from 66 healthy
controls attending the Baghdad Teaching Hospital Rheumatology Unit. Enzymelinked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum levels of IL-39. Our
results showed that mean ages of RA patients were 46.48 ± 10.17 years, and for
healthy controls 44.97 ± 11.658 years. The results revealed that serum IL-39 levels
were significantly lower in RA patients (p = 0.016) (4.95 ± 1.1001) compared to
healthy controls (5.55 ± 1.762). Corresponding sensitivity of IL-39 was 56.1%and
specificity was 60.6% at cutoff values of ≤ 4.99 ng/ml. In Conclusion, IL-39 is
found in humans but is downregulated in rheumatoid arthritis patients. This suggests
either that IL-39 can have both pro- or anti-inflammatory functions based on the
underlying disease or that the role of IL-39 is masked by the effects of treatment.

In spite of the high rate of morbidity and mortality heart failure (HF) is
common, and none of the medications are now entirely available for HF treatment.
In addition to many environmental influences and clinical diseases, genetic factors
may also contribute to the progression and development of HF. In the current study,
samples of blood were collected from 150 heart failure patients and 130 healthy
controls. We evaluated the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms
(snps) of Toll-like receptors (TLR6 and TLR5) with (HF) susceptibility in the Iraqi
population. In this work, (SNP) called Toll-like receptor 5 (rs5744168, rs2072493)
and Toll-like receptor 6 (rs1039559, rs5743810) were employed. (PCR-RFLP) for
snps (rs5744168, rs2072493, and re5743810), and sequencing for snps were used to
assess the allele and genotype frequencies in both the patient and control groups
(rs1039559). In patients with heart failure and healthy controls, a significant
difference was discovered in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of snps. From our
results, we suggest that these snps act as a potential predisposing factor for HF
development.

This research deals with the effect of gallium oxide and cerium oxide as dopants
on the structural and optical characteristics of tin oxide. Gallium and cerium oxide
doped tin oxide was prepared with different doping concentrations (0, 0.03, 0.05 and
0.07) wt. pure and doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by the pulsed laser
deposition technique. X-ray diffraction and UV-Visible spectrophotometer were
employed to investigate both oxides doping effects. Results showed that all prepared
samples have poly-crystalline structure with a preferred plane of crystal growth
along (110), where the crystal size grew from 40.3 nm to 64.5 nm and to 43.5 nm for
Ga2O3 and CeO2 doped tin oxide thin films, respectively. Transmittance decreased
drastically by increasing the doping ratio of gallium oxide. In contrast, it increased
by increasing the doping ratio of cerium oxide. The optical energy gap was found to
change in nonsystematic sequence with the increase of Ga2O3 doping concentration,
while it decreased monotonically by increasing the CeO2 doping concentration.

In this work, one configuration was used to study the electrical discharge
resulting from the dielectric barrier. This configuration consists of a sheet of
epoxy/Al composite with dimensions of 75 mm in length, 25 mm in width, and 3
mm in thickness. This panel is located at the center of the electrodes, so that the
distance between each of the electrodes and the plate is 2 mm and plasma is
generated at these distances. The relationship between voltage and current with
changing the frequency of the equipment as well as changing the area of exposure
to the upper electrode or changing its length has been studied. The length of the top
electrode varies at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm from the center of the electrodes
producing exposure areas of 1875, 1625, 1375, 1125, 875, and 625 mm2,
respectively. Two frequencies of 8 and 9 kHz were applied in this work. The results
showed that the discharge current increases linearly with the applied input voltage
and with the decrease of the exposure of the upper electrode. Then, the current
increases with the stability of the voltage in varying proportions depending on the
exposure area and frequency. The plasma generated from this modulation was
diagnosed with the exposure area and the fitted frequency. Electron temperature and
electron density are calculated using the optical emission spectroscopy technique by
Boltzmann and Lorenz, respectively. It can be seen that the temperature, electron
density, and plasma frequency increase with the decrease of the exposure area,
while the Debye length shows the opposite behavior and this is clear in this
formation and high effectiveness at Diagnosis and Reason This formation will be
adopted in the surface treatment of the aluminum epoxy compound.

Nanometal oxides were extracted from cement factories wastes and were
employed to proliferate skin cancer cells using MTT (Methyl Thiazolyl Tetraolium)
assay. MTT assay results for skin cancer cell line A375,for CaO NPs the best
concentration was 200 μg/mL,The viability was reduced to 57.28% while the IC50
was (69.66) g/mL for A375 and normal cell WRL68 was significantly higher (231.2
g/mL). The cytotoxicity results of CaO: MgO: Fe2O3 NPs, at higher concentrations
(200 and 400) μg/mL showed a significant difference. The IC50 was (106.4) μg/mL
for A375and normal cell WRL68 was significantly higher (173.3) μg/ml
CaO:MgO:Fe2O3 NPs. The nanometal oxides, calcium oxide (CaO) and the mixture
(CaO:MgO: Fe2O3) were extracted from wastes of cement factory, and then they
were oxidized at a temperature of 400C° for (5) hours. The structural and surface
properties of the prepared oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction
patterns,FE-SEM and FTIR. The X-ray data reflected that all the oxides have a
polycrystalline cubic structure, with a preferred orientation along (111) for calcium
oxide, with a preferred orientation along (002) for calcium oxide: magnesium oxide:
iron oxide.

In this work, an organic semiconductor of copper (II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) and
Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (III) (Alq3) were entirely dissolved in
chloroform with various mixing ratios (1:0,0.75:0.25,0.5:0.5,0.25:0.75,0:1) (w/w) to
make thin films. They were deposited on a pre-cleaned glass using a spin-coating
process and heat-treated at 473 K in vacuum. X-ray diffraction and a scanning
electron microscope were used to investigate the films. XRD analysis reveals that
CuPc/Alq3 composites have a polymorphic structure, with the exception of Alq3's
amorphous structure, the crystallinity increases after annealing, but decreases when
the concentration of Alq3 is increased. The quantity of (CuPc) rod-like structure and
(Alq3) grain-like islands structure depends on the percentage of the combination.
The compositional parameters of as-deposited and annealed thin films were
explained using EDX data, which revealed that the sample was close to the nominal
composition.

Chemical polymerization produces polyaniline in two concentrations
(0.02,0.05g) at room temperature. The reaction of polymerization was exothermal in
nature. The characterization peak was observed in the FTIR range between 1470 and
1560cm-1which defined benzenoid and quinoid ring. To find out the effects Fe2O3,
this investigation was carried out with two weights of Fe2O3 (0.05 and 0.02 g). In the
experiment part, 32 mice were separated into eight groups, as indicated. The
experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease
in sperm motility, concentration, percentage of live sperm and testosterone
concentration with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of abnormal
sperm in group treated with PANI-Fe2O3-Cys without magnetic field in comparison
with control group. The results also showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in
sperm motility, Relative sperm count of live sperm and testosterone concentration,
with a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm in group
treated with PANI-Cys and PANI-Fe2O3-Cys exposed to magnetic field in
comparison with the samples without magnetic field. The group treated with PANI
alone showed an improvement in all parameters studied except the percentage of
abnormal sperms which showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease. Using the
alternating magnetic field, it was found that it has a obvious effect on the work of
the material PANI- Fe2O3-Cys and PAN-Cys. Thus, it affects sperm motility
Article Info.

In this paper, ZnO NPs were prepared using D.C high-voltage and high
frequency with an output of 6 kHz at two different preparation times preparation
(10,12) minutes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with (FE-SEM) was
used to examine the homogenous, compact, and dense surface of the zinc oxide
nanoparticles created with apparent grain size determined by (XRD), XRD results
explain that the increase of the preparation time from 10 minutes to 12-minute
caused an increase in crystallite size. In addition, FE-SEM showed that the increase
in the ZnO NPs cluster distribution with particle size increases with increasing the
preparation time. AFM was also utilized to determine the degree of cooperation
between the surfaces of the zinc oxide nanoparticles, with having a high degree of
stability by zeta potential -13.3±1.8mV at 12 minutes.

In this study, an industrial source) E-Glass fiber) and a natural source (chestnut
filler) were combined to improve the properties of polyesters. Hand-layup technique
was applied in this work. Polyester (UPE) were reinforced with E-glass fibers, then
reinforced with nano chestnut particles. All composites were prepared with (10%
wt.) of E-glass for all prepared sheet and this ratio applied for Nano chestnut
composite to preparing nano hybrid composites, Nano chestnut particles were used
to reinforce E-glass/UPE composites with weight ratio (3%, 6% and 9% wt.). The
evaluated mechanical performances for E-glass/NCSP polyester composite were
tensile strength, impact strength and hardness. The higher ultimate tensile strength,
Young’s modulus and impact strength was appeared for the E-glass/UPE composite
with 3%wt nano chestnut filler only. While the composites with 6% and 9% wt.
showed failure in these properties. Hardness property was high with the three
percentage addition of nano powder of chestnut.

Measurement of 238U, 233Th and 40K concentrations in soil samples collected from Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu west region of Baghdad, have been evaluated, using high purity germanium detector. The activity concentrations of 238U, 233Th and 40K varied from 16.040 ????????/???????? to 26.620 ????????/????????, 14.510 ????????/???????? to 31.480 ????????/????????, and 153.820 ????????/???????? to 266.320 ????????/???????? with average values of 20.604±2.9 ????????/????????, 24.534±3.3 ????????/????????, 212.22±25.1 ????????/????????, respectively. The importance of these measurements lies in the estimation of radiation risk, radium equivalent, absorbed dose, annual effective dose, risk indices, gamma index, and cancer risk. The average value of the absorbed dose ranged from 33.187 ????????????/ℎ outdoors to 63.111 ????????????/ℎ indoors. The mean annual effective dose value was estimated to be 0.043 ????????????/???? outdoors and 0.310 ????????????/???? indoors from the study area. The total calculated lifetime risk of cancer ranged from 0.991×10-3 to 1.485×10-3, while the indoor lifetime cancer risk exceeded the recommended limit in samples 6, 8, 9, and 10. The areas examined in this study showed radioactive contamination less than the internationally permissible limits for the sites inhabited by the population.

Iodine-131 has become an essential radionuclide used in nuclear medicine for clinical and research purposes. The increase use of this radionuclide in medicine for diagnostic and treatment of thyroid diseases creates a demand to obtain a feasible methodology for occupational or accidental monitoring of internal contamination. In this study, two techniques were employed to find an appropriate one of in vivo bioassay for evaluating Iodine-131 body content. A scanning Whole Body Counter (WBC) equipped with 6NaI (Tl) scintillation detector, an anthropomorphic phantom and point source were used. The results showed that the counter sensitivity, as a first approach (conventional method), had a logarithmic and significant correlation with neck weight. On the other hand, the counting rate in the Compton band was considered, which is a measure of gamma ray attenuation, and found to have a direct relationship with body weight. The new technique, which is considered the variation of the counter sensitivity with the Compton to photopeak counting rate ratio, had the same regression but less uncertainty than the conventional approach. Finally, the theoretical MDA with neck weight was calculated for all the phantom configurations

The current research studies the depositional setting of the Jeribe Formation in
the south Mosul area of northern Iraq, which is tectonically located in the Low
Folded Zone characterized by the deposition of limestone and marly limestone of the
Jeribe Formation during the Middle Miocene. Petrography has provided a diversity
of fauna such as benthonic foraminifera (Miliolid, Peneroplis sp., Dendritina sp. and
Borelis melo curdica) in addition to Red Algae and Mollusca. The Jeribe carbonates
were affected by various diagenetic processes such as dolomitization, neomorphism,
cementation, anhydritization, compaction and dissolution. Many microfacies have
been identified, including lime mudestone, wackestone, packstone and Milioldal
grainstone, with eight submicrofacies (Non-Fossiliferous lime mudstone, Benthonic
lime mudstone, Fossiliferous wackestone, Red Algal wackestone, Milioldal
packstone, Fossiliferous packstone, Green Algal packstone and Red Algal
packstone). Depending on microfacies analysis, the Jeribe Formation was deposited
in restricted and open marine environments within an interior platform setting.

The petrographic study of sandstone units of Gercus formation in Shaqlawa and
Dokan areas revealed that sandstone is composed primarily of rock fragments
(sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic), quartz grains (monocrystalline and
polycrystalline), and feldspars (orthoclase, microcline and plagioclase). These
components are cemented by carbonate and iron oxides. The studied sandstones are
classified as litharenites. Sandstones of the Gercus Formation are chemically and
mechanically unstable due to the high percentage of rock fragments; such a grain
assemblage infers that the source of the rock fragments is nearby. The petrographic
analyses indicate that the studied sandstones are immature mineralogically because
of the high content of unstable components, such as lithic fragments and feldspars.
The tectonic provenance for Gercus formation can be described as lithic recycled.

Unknown subsurface leaking water sources and possible subsurface seepage from
a sewage tank in a garden at Al-Khawarizmi engineering college, University of
Baghdad, were detected in this study. The 2D electrical resistivity imaging. The ERI
survey is carried out along two lines, 60m and 50m long, with an electrode spacing
of 1 m, forming a cross using the Wenner-Schlumberger array configuration. Line 1
is 60m, while line 2 is 50m. Soil samples were collected from line 1 at positions of
electrode 34, which shows a high resistivity value, and electrode 55, which shows
low resistivity, for laboratory analysis. Robust inversion and modelling processes
showed relative change and high contrast in interpreted resistivities. Soil analysis
showed a general homogeneity in mineral content and sediment type. Therefore, the
relatively high contrast was related to variations in water content. The low resistivity
was caused due to the water seepage from the sewage tank, which was precisely
located.

Water balance approaches are strategies for resolving key theoretical and
practical hydrological issues. The major goals of this study are to examine climatic
elements and conditions to calculate groundwater recharge using the water balance
approach. The study area is located in Mandaly city, Diyala Governorate, eastern
Iraq. The metrological data was gathered between 1994 and 2020 to evaluate the
study area's climate. The annual rainfall rate has been 248.61 mm, with a relative
humidity of 43.89%, a temperature of 24.41 oC, a wind speed of 1.99 m/sec,
sunshine of 8.32 hours per day, and evaporation of (268.09 mm). The total amount
of corrected evapotranspiration was 1010.09 mm, with a peak value of 225.29 mm
in July and the lowest value of 3.91 mm in January. the climate was classified into
arid and sub-arid. The water surplus (WS) has been calculated to be 149.52 mm and
60.14 % annual rainfall. The surface runoff is 24.86mm, and the groundwater
recharge value is 124.66 mm with a rate of 50.14 %. This shows the percentage of
groundwater recharge from total rainfall.

This study is achieved in the local area of the Eridu oil field, where the Mishrif
Formation is considered the main productive reservoir. The Mishrif Formation was
deposited during the Cretaceous period in the secondary sedimentary cycle
(Cenomanian-Early Turonian as a part of the Wasia Group, a carbonate succession
widespread throughout the Arabian Plate.
The Mishrif Formation already have been evaluated in terms of depositional
environments and their diagenetic processes. Here, it will test the previous
conclusions with petrophysical properties delineated by using well logging. The
results show there is a fully matching with two reservoir units (MA and MB).
Dissolution and primary porosity are responsible for forming a variety of large
porosity types. These porosity types have preserved the hydrocarbons in commercial
quantities. MA and MB reservoir units show low gamma ray and high to moderate
total and effective porosities values. The water saturation Sw in the upper unit (MA)
is very high in generally to become water-bearing zone. This appears in all studied
wells except in the E-NE part, characterized by patches area of moderate water
saturation. In contrast, the lower unit (MB) is characterized by high values of
hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) except for some areas in the middle of the studied field.
Cap rocks (CR1 and CR2) represents rock unit with low porosity and
permeability due to the main components of these units. It contains lime mudstone
with log response of this cap rocks indicates high gamma-ray peak value.
Compaction and dolomitization are responsible for low porosity and permeability in
this type of rock unit.

In this paper, we introduce the bi-normality set, denoted by ????(????,????), which is an extension of the normality set, denoted by ???????? for any operators ????,???? in the Banach algebra ????(ℋ). Furthermore, we show some interesting properties and remarkable results. Finally, we prove that it is not invariant via some transpose linear operators.

In this paper, we generalize the definition of fuzzy inner product space that is
introduced by Lorena Popa and Lavinia Sida on a complex linear space. Certain
properties of the generalized fuzzy inner product function are shown. Furthermore,
we prove that this fuzzy inner product produces a Nadaban-Dzitac fuzzy norm.
Finally, the concept of orthogonality is given and some of its properties are proven.

Let ???? be a commutative ring with 1 and ???? be a left unitary ???? − ????????????????????????. In this
paper, the generalizations for the notions of compressible module and retractable
module are given.
An ???? − ???????????????????????? ???? is termed to be semi-essentially compressible if ???? can be
embedded in every of a non-zero semi-essential submodules. An ???? − ???????????????????????? ???? is
termed a semi-essentially retractable module, if ???????????????? (????¸ ????) ≠ 0 for every nonzero
semi-essentially submodule ????of an ???? − ???????????????????????? ????. Some of their advantages
characterizations and examples are given. We also study the relation between these
classes and some other classes of modules.

In this paper, a Bayesian analysis is made to estimate the Reliability of two stress-strength model systems. First: the reliability ????1 of a one component strengths X under stress Y. Second, reliability ????2 of one component strength under three stresses. Where X and Y are independent generalized exponential-Poison random variables with parameters (α,λ,θ) and (β,λ,θ) . The analysis is concerned with and based on doubly type II censored samples using gamma prior under four different loss functions, namely quadratic loss function, weighted loss functions, linear and non-linear exponential loss function. The estimators are compared by mean squared error criteria due to a simulation study. We also find that the mean square error is the best performance of the estimator from that found in quadratic, weighted, linear and non-linear exponential loss functions.

Our research is related to the projective line over the finite field, in this paper, the main purpose is to classify the sets of size K on the projective line PG (1,31), where K = 3,…,7 the number of inequivalent K-set with stabilizer group by using the GAP Program is computed.

In this paper, the effects of prey’s fear on the dynamics of the prey, predator, and scavenger system incorporating a prey refuge with the linear type of functional response are studied theoretically as well as numerically approach. The local and global stabilities of all possible equilibrium points are investigated. The persistence conditions of the model are established. The local bifurcation analysis around the equilibrium points, as well as the Hopf bifurcation near the positive equilibrium point, are discussed and analyzed. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out, and the obtained trajectories are drowned using the application of Matlab version (6) to explain our found analytical results.

In this work, nonlinear diabetes controlled model with and without complications
in a population is considered. The dynamic behavior of diabetes in a population by
including a constant control is studied and investigated. The existence of all its
possible fixed points is investigated as well as the conditions of the local stability of
the considered model are set. We also find the optimal control strategy in order to
reduce the number of people having diabetes with complications over a finite period
of time. A numerical simulation is provided and confirmed the theoretical results.

This work discusses the beginning of fractional calculus and how the
Sumudu and Elzaki transforms are applied to fractional derivatives. This
approach combines a double Sumudu-Elzaki transform strategy to discover
analytic solutions to space-time fractional partial differential equations in Mittag-
Leffler functions subject to initial and boundary conditions. Where this method
gets closer and closer to the correct answer, and the technique's efficacy is
demonstrated using numerical examples performed with Matlab R2015a.

In this article, the backstepping control scheme is proposed to stabilize the
fractional order Riccati matrix differential equation with retarded arguments in
which the fractional derivative is presented using Caputo's definition of fractional
derivative. The results are established using Mittag-Leffler stability. The fractional
Lyapunov function is defined at each stage and the negativity of an overall fractional
Lyapunov function is ensured by the proper selection of the control law. Numerical
simulation has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control
scheme for stabilizing such type of Riccati matrix differential equations

Coronavirus is considered the first virus to sweep the world in the twenty-first century, it appeared by the end of 2019. It started in the Chinese city of Wuhan and began to spread in different regions around the world too quickly and uncontrollable due to the lack of medical examinations and their inefficiency. So, the process of detecting the disease needs an accurate and quickly detection techniques and tools. The X-Ray images are good and quick in diagnosing the disease, but an automatic and accurate diagnosis is needed. Therefore, this paper presents an automated methodology based on deep learning in diagnosing COVID-19. In this paper, the proposed system is using a convolutional neural network, which is considered one of the mostly prominent techniques used today for its reliability and ability to generate rapid results. The system was trained on a set of X-Ray images taken of the chest area of infected and uninfected people. The CNN structure gave accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-Measure 98%. This model is characterized by its ability to distinguish efficiently and adapt to different cases.

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), as global search methods, are proved to be more robust than their counterpart local heuristics for detecting protein complexes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Typically, the source of robustness of these EAs comes from their components and parameters. These components are solution representation, selection, crossover, and mutation. Unfortunately, almost all EA based complex detection methods suggested in the literature were designed with only canonical or traditional components. Further, topological structure of the protein network is the main information that is used in the design of almost all such components. The main contribution of this paper is to formulate a more robust EA with more biological consistency. For this purpose, a new crossover operator is suggested where biological information in terms of both gene semantic similarity and protein functional similarity is fed into its design. To reflect the heuristic roles of both semantic and functional similarities, this paper introduces two gene ontology (GO) aware crossover operators. These are direct annotation-aware and inherited annotation-aware crossover operators. The first strategy is handled with the direct gene ontology annotation of the proteins, while the second strategy is handled with the directed acyclic graph (DAG) of each gene ontology term in the gene product. To conduct our experiments, the proposed EAs with GO-aware crossover operators are compared against the state-of-the-art heuristic, canonical EAs with the traditional crossover operator, and GO-based EAs. Simulation results are evaluated in terms of recall, precision, and F measure at both complex level and protein level. The results prove that the new EA design encourages a more reliable treatment of exploration and exploitation and, thus, improves the detection ability for more accurate protein complex structures.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) research includes computer vision,
artificial intelligence, and pattern recognition. Character recognition has garnered a
lot of attention in the last decade due to its broad variety of uses and applications,
including multiple-choice test data, business documents (e.g., ID cards, bank notes,
passports, etc.), and automatic number plate recognition. This paper introduces an
automatic recognition system for printed numerals. The automatic reading system is
based on extracting local statistical and geometrical features from the text image.
Those features are represented by eight vectors extracted from each digit. Two of
these features are local statistical (A, A th), and six are local geometrical (P1, P2, P3,
P4, P5, and P6). Thus, the database created consists of 1120 statistical and
geometrical features. For the purpose of recognition, the features of the test image
are compared with the features of all the images saved in the database depending on
the value of the Minimum Distance (MD). All digits (0–9) were identified with
100% accuracy. The average computational time required to recognize a numeral at
any font size is 0.06879 seconds.

Voting is an important procedure in democratic societies in different countries,
including Iraq. Electronic voting (E-voting) is becoming more prevalent due to
reducing administrative costs and burdens. E-voting systems have many restrictions
that affect the electoral process. For example, fraud, tampering with ballot boxes,
taking many hours to announce results, and the difficulty of reaching polling
stations. Over the last decade, blockchain and smart contract technologies have
gained widespread adoption in various sectors, such as cryptocurrencies, finance,
banking, and most notably in e-voting systems. If utilized properly, the developer
demonstrates properties that are promising for their properties, such as security,
privacy, transparency, and decentralization. Moreover, these technologies allow
citizens to vote wherever they are via digital technology (computers, smartphones).
This paper explains the nature of blockchain and smart contracts and systematically
reviews several important e-voting studies. Comparative analysis is conducted on
recent related papers in the last five years (published in highly ranked journals and
international conferences) regarding blockchain types, frameworks, security
requirements, and the implemented algorithms.

Many neuroscience applications, including understanding the evolution of the brain, rely on neural cell instance segmentation, which seeks to integrate the identification and segmentation of neuronal cells in microscopic imagery. However, the task is complicated by cell adhesion, deformation, vague cell outlines, low-contrast cell protrusion structures, and background imperfections. On the other hand, existing segmentation approaches frequently produce inaccurate findings. As a result, an effective strategy for using the residual network with attention to segment cells is suggested in this paper. The segmentation mask of neural cells may be accurately predicted. This method is built on U-net, with EfficientNet serving as the encoder's backbone. The attention approach is employed in the detection and segmentation modules to guide the model's attention to the most valuable features. A massive collection of neural cell microscopic images tests the proposed method. According to the findings of the experiments, this technology can accurately detect and segment neuronal cell occurrences with an intersection over the union IoU of 95.47 and a Dice-Coeff of 98.34, which is superior to current state-of-the-art approaches.

Background subtraction is the dominant approach in the domain of moving object
detection. Lots of research has been done to design or improve background
subtraction models. However, there are a few well-known and state-of-the-art
models that can be applied as a benchmark. Generally, these models are applied to
different dataset benchmarks. Most of the time, choosing an appropriate dataset is
challenging due to the lack of dataset availability and the tedious process of creating
ground-truth frames for the sake of quantitative evaluation. Therefore, in this article,
we collected local video scenes of a street and river taken by a stationary camera,
focusing on dynamic background challenges. We presented a new technique for
creating ground-truth frames using modeling, composing, tracking, and rendering
each frame. Eventually, we applied three promising algorithms used in this domain:
GMM, KNN, and ViBe, to our local dataset. Results obtained by quantitative
evaluations revealed the effectiveness of our new technique for generating the
ground-truth scenes to be benchmarked with the original scenes using a number of
statistical metrics.

Photometric techniques are one of the fundamentals and of great importance in
the study of astronomical phenomena, including galaxies, and have witnessed a wide
development during the last 100 years in equipment, sensitivity and accuracy in data
analysis, especially after the direction toward space telescopes and the widespread
use of a CCD camera. Therefore, in this research, an analytical study is made to
compare two types of galaxies, which are spiral and lenticular galaxies, using
photometric techniques and compare the photometric parameters of each type with
tables and illustrations. An analysis of the morphological of the two galaxies is done
by using the Least Square Fitting Method, and it is fully explained in the research.
The results show the clear difference between the structure of spiral and lenticular
galaxies.

The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are among
the most efficient modern tools to study the varied natural resources in terms of
localization, identification of characteristics, and the study of its dynamics. Thus, the
aim of this study is to show the importance of remote sensing and Geographical
Information System in studying the Guercif irrigated plain. We will first process
and analyze satellite images using the program (Erdas IMAGINE 15. 00) and then
create thematic maps illustrating the irrigated area's evolution (ArcGIS 10.8). The
results revealed that since the late 20th century, the area of Guercif Plain has
expanded significantly, with the total irrigated space that has been doubled many
times by 2021. Significant landscape transformations accompanied this evolution,
for Guercif Plain has turned from a barren and dry to a green agricultural space

This study has applied digital image processing on three-dimensional C.T. images to detect and diagnose kidney diseases. Medical images of different cases of kidney diseases were compared with those of healthy cases. Four different kidneys disorders, such as stones, tumors (cancer), cysts, and renal fibrosis were considered in additional to healthy tissues. This method helps in differentiating between the healthy and diseased kidney tissues. It can detect tumors in its very early stages, before they grow large enough to be seen by the human eye. The method used for segmentation and texture analysis was the k-means with co-occurrence matrix. The k-means separates the healthy classes and the tumor classes, and the affected parts were isolated from the healthy parts. To isolate the kidney from the other anatomical parts in a CT image, a mask must be generated, which is a binary image (0s or 1s). This mask was also utilized to remove undesired characteristics from the images. Density slicing was utilized to color the image based on its texture density. A slice is considered a band of neighboring gray levels in a gray scale image seen through monocular color. The gray scale band of (0-255) is transformed into a variety of color slices; it is the conversion of a gray scale image to a colored image that efficiently displays symmetric and diverse regions. Density slicing is a property process for segmentation. The unsupervised classification process, the K-Mean clustering, is used the application of K-mean on C.T. images to detect and classify the type of tumor in the kidney. The K-mean clustering separates each class depending on the texture properties and the distance from each class and color. This method of segmentation was used to separate the affected part from the healthy part of the tissue; the K-mean with Co-occurrence matrices gives statistical properties such as energy, homogeneity, contrast, and correlation. These give an indication of the nature of the tissues that are different in density. The standard deviation for the cancer was higher than the stone, so was the mean, the contrast and the correlation. This means that the texture of the cancer was brighter and has a none of grey level more than the stone and this can be seen from the energy value; the texture of the cancer was highly correlated. This method proved to be a good method for the early diagnosis.

Predicting the maximum temperature is of great importance because it is related
to various aspects of life, starting from people’s lives and their comfort, passing
through the medical, industrial, agricultural and commercial fields, as well as
concerning global warming and what can result from it. Thus, the historical
observations of maximum and minimum air temperature, wind speed and relative
humidity were analyzed in this work. In Baghdad, the climatic variables were
recorded on clear sky days dawn at 0300 GMT for the period between (2005-2020).
Using weather station's variables multiple linear regression equation, their
correlation coefficients were calculated to predict the daily maximum air
temperature for any day during the transitional seasons (autumn, spring). By
analyzing the results, a comparison was made between the expected and recorded
maximum air temperature to improve the equation. The bias was tracked by
analyzing the number of relative frequencies of the occurrence of these errors. (0.2
℃) for the autumn season and (0.15 ℃) for the spring season was added to the
multiple linear regression equation as a correction value.

Terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) are 3D imaging systems that provide the most
powerful 3D representation and practical solutions for various applications. Hence
this is due to effective range measurements, 3D point cloud reliability, and rapid
acquisition performance. Stonex X300 TOF scanner delivered better certainty in farrange
than in close-range measurements due to the high noise level inherent within
the data delivered from Time of Flight (TOF) scanning sensors. However, if these
errors are manipulated properly using a valid calibration model, more accurate
products can be obtained even from very close-range measurements. Therefore, to
fill this gap, this research presents a user-oriented target-based calibration routine to
compute the calibration parameters of Stonex X300 TLS. The proposed routine
investigates range and angular measurements to mitigate mechanical misalignment
error sources of this device.
Distance and angular index errors were computed, and environmental error sources
were considered for optimal modeling estimation. The approach is based to
reference measurements in a close-range environment within a 10-meter distance to
user-defined ground truth targets. Experiment results show that the errors in the
distance are generally increased following the increase in range distance between the
laser device and the targets. However, error variations between laser and reference
measurements nearly constant relational to the range value. The index error of the
Stonex X300 was computed based on mean measurements and found to be equal to
4.6717 mm.
On the other hand, the horizontal angular measurements delivered from the TLS
device were found to be more consistent with the reference measurements than with
thee vertical angular measurements. However, the vertical angular measurements
show more significant variations in particular measures compared to horizontal
angular measurements. Following this, the angular error index was computed and
found to be equal to 0.07 seconds and 0.13 seconds in horizontal and vertical
angular measurements, respectively.

The problem statement discussed in this paper is a new technique for the
presentation of painterly rendering that uses a K-mean segmentation to divide the
input image into a set of regions (depending on the grayscale of the regions).
Segmenting the input image helps users use different brush strokes and easily
change the strokes' shape, size, or orientation for different regions. Every region is
painted using different brush kinds. The properties of the brush strokes are chosen
depending on the region's details. The brush stroke properties, such as size, color,
shape, location, and orientation, are extracted from the source image using statistical
tools. The number of regions is set up manually and depends on the input image.
This method allows the user to apply different painting styles to different regions
and create a painterly rendering. MATLAB is used to render the images into
paintings.