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Iraqi Journal of Science

Volume: 64

Issue: 03

Publication Year: 2023

Publication Date: March 2023

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1041-1580

1

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Some Meldrum's Acid Derivatives as Lubricant Additives

Pages: 1041-1048 English

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Abstract

Aminomethylene Meldrum’s acid derivatives were synthesized by a three--5
component, one-pot reaction of Meldrum's acid with triethyl orthoformate and
different aromatic amines. The prepared compounds were characterized using
fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C
NMR) and evaluated as anti-corrosion and anti-rust additives by blending with base
lubricating oil, according to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTMD130
and ASTM-D665). The blends of the synthesized compounds with the base
lubricating oil showed better anti-rust and anti-corrosion effects than the base oil
Blank(.

Keywords

Anti-rust Corrosion inhibitors. Lubricant additives Meldrum's acid One-pot reaction

2

Separation and Micro Determination of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) in Food Samples Using Cloud Point Extraction method

Pages: 1049-1061 English

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Abstract

The cloud point extraction technique has become increasingly popular in recent
years for trace metal separation and preconcentration. When heated to a specific
temperature, cloud point extraction utilizes the property of nonionic surfactants in
aqueous solutions to generate micelles and become turbid (so-called cloud point
temperature). For analytical chemists, developing a simple and selective technology
for the separation and determination of metals and medicinal drugs is a critical
concern. Therefore, a sensitive, accurate, and green cloud point extraction (CPE)
procedure was developed for the micro-determination of metal cations like zinc (II)
and cadmium (II) in food samples. Triton X–114 and 1-(4-(Phenyldiazenyl) phenyl)
azo naphthalene-2-ol (Sudan III) were used as extractants. Sudan III forms an ionpair
association complex with metal ions when the pH is 9. In the presence of 5 ppm
zinc (II) or 4 ppm cadmium (II) in an aqueous solution, the maximum extraction
efficiency should be achieved. In order to create Cloud Point Temperature (CPT)
quantitatively, the extraction applications in this approach required heating at 85°C
for 20 minutes. In this work, the impacts of different surfactants, pH, stoichiometry,
and various organic reagents on interferences as well as spectrophotometric
determination were explored. The linearity ranges of zinc (II) and cadmium (II)
were 0.25-700 and 0.25-400 ppm, respectively. The results show low detection
limits of 0.035 and 0.042 ppm for zinc (II) and cadmium (II), respectively. Also, the
quantification limits for zinc (II) and cadmium (II) are 0.116 and 0.140 ppm,
respectively.

Keywords

Cadmium(II) Cloud point extraction Food Samples Sudan III Zinc(II).

3

Synthesis and Characterization of New Bis-Schiff Bases Linked to Various Imide Cycles

Pages: 1062-1070 English

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Abstract

This research includes the synthesis of new bis-Schiff bases linked to different
imide cycles. There were some steps involved in the synthesis of the novel Schiff
bases with succinimide, phthalimide, tetrachlorophthalimide, and
tetrabromophthalimide cycles. The first step involved the preparation of 4,4`-bis[(4-
aminophenyl) methyl benzylidene]tolidine (1) via the condensation reaction of 3,3'-
dimethyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine with 4-amino acetophenone. In the second
step, compound 1 reacted with various cyclic anhydrides, affording bis-amic acid
Schiff bases 2-5. In the third step, the products 2-5 were dehydrated using the fusion
method to produce the target bis-imidyl Schiff bases 6-9. This work also involved
the synthesis of bis-imidyl Schiff base 10 directly by fusion of compound 1 with
1,8-naphthalic anhydride. The prepared compounds were characterized depending
on their FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra. The newly synthesized target
compounds are expected to be very active biologically since their molecules are
essential components of two active groups (imine and imide).

Keywords

Bis-amic acid bis-imidyl Schiff bases Bis-Schiff bases cyclic imides O-tolidine.

4

Study the Association of Uromodulin Gene rs13332878 with Chronic Kidney Disease

Pages: 1071-1078 English

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Abstract

Uromodulin is the most abundant protein ordinary excreted in urine which could
be used as a biomarker to diagnose kidney diseases. However, evidence suggests
that it regulates salt transport, protects against urinary tract infection and kidney
stones, and has a role in kidney damage and innate immunity. This study aimed to
understand the association of uromodulin gene rs13332878 with chronic kidney
disease. More than 100 people were selected for the study and the samples collected
from the under study subjects were divided into two groups. 70 chosen subjects were
under the dialysis with kidney failure, and aged between 18-88 years. The second
group included 30 samples from healthy individuals, used as control. One of the
ways used to identify the genotype was the tetra-primers amplification refractory
mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (ARMS–PCR). Regarding the results of
SNP (rs13332878), there were three genotypes: GG, CG and CC. Genotype GG was
shown in the size 288bp, genotype CG was shown in the size 288+577bp, whereas
genotype CC was shown in the size 577bp. The results of frequency genotypes that
appeared for GG, GC and CC were 74.29%, 17.14% and 8.57% respectively in
patients. Whereas in the control, the frequency of genotypes was GG 3.33%, GC
16.67% and CC 80%. It was observed that less than 1 odds ratio meant that the
genotypes were to be considered as a preventive factor. While more than 1 OR
meant that the risk had increased (P-value 0.01). No significant differences for the
genotypes GC were found when comparing patients and the control groups (P>
0.01). So, we can conclude that there was an association between SNP (rs13332878)
of uromodulin with kidney disease and genotype GG should be considered a risk
factor while CC genotype represents a preventive factor.

Keywords

Kidney disease rs13332878 Uromodulin

5

Gentamicin Upregulates the Gene Expression of hla and nuc in Staphylococcus aureus

Pages: 1079-1092 English

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Abstract

The current study aimed to detect the effect of gentamicin stress on the
expression of hla (encodes hemolysin) and nuc (encodes nuclease) genes of
Staphylococcus aureus. Fifty-eight isolates identified as S. aureus were isolated
locally from different clinical specimens. Disk diffusion method was used to detect
the resistance to S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
gentamicin was estimated by broth microdilution method. hla and nuc genes were
determined by polymerase chain reaction technique. The biofilm was evaluated using
the microtiter plate method in the presence and absence of gentamicin at sub-MIC.
The results showed that 18 (31%) and 40 (69%) S. aureus isolates were sensitive and
resistant to gentamicin, respectively. All S. aureus isolates succeeded in forming
biofilm. However, eight (13.79%), 28 (48.28%) and 22 (37.93%) isolates produced
weak, moderate and strong biofilms respectively. In most isolates, gentamicin at sub-
MIC decreased biofilm intensity. Due to gentamicin stress, the hla and nuc genes
were upregulated in S. aureus biofilm.

Keywords

Biofilm gene expression Gentamicin HLA nuc Staphylococcus aureus

6

Applying Geoaccumulation Index and Enrichment Factor for Assessing Metal Contamination in the Sediments of Euphrates River, Iraq

Pages: 1093-1108 English

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Abstract

The current study looked into heavy metal poisoning of the Euphrates river which
runs from Al-Kifl to Kufa in Iraq. One of the goals of this research was to determine
the pollution levels and the contamination sources. We looked at six heavy metal
(Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Mn) characteristics in sediment, taking samples from six
sites along the Euphrates every season from March 2020 to January 2021. To assess
pollution levels, three indices were chosen: enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation
index (I-geo) and contamination factor (CF). According to EF, the Cd
and Pb elements recorded considerable enrichment, very high enrichment and
extremely high pollution at practically all sites in four seasons, while the remainder
of the HMs recorded deficiency to minimal enrichment and moderate enrichment. In
all seasons, the geo-accumulation index showed significant contamination with Cr
and moderate to low contamination with other metals. Except Cr in spring, which
was recorded with moderate contamination, significant contamination and very high
contamination, the CF values of all metals in all sites indicated no sediment
contamination by these elements.

7

Global DNA Methylation Levels in Epstein-Barr-Virus-Positive Iraqi Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Pages: 1109-1118 English

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Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the commonest hematological
malignancies affecting children and adults. Recent evidence suggests an
involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in ALL pathogenicity. Epigenetic
aberration, especially altered DNA methylation marks, is a key event of cancer
development. The present study aims to investigate how the ALL epimethylome
reacts to viral infection through the assessment of the total 5-methylcytosine (5mC)
levels in ALL patients, according to EBV infection. The 5mC global DNA
methylation levels in 50 diagnosed ALL patients (age mean 26.23 yrs; age range 10-
60 yrs) and 25 age-matched healthy controls were assessed using MethylFlash™
Methylated DNA Quantification Kit. Acute primary EBV infection in the studied
subjects was detected by measuring Epstein-Barr Virus (EBNA-1) IgG levels using
ELISA.
The results showed a significant (P˂0.001) decrease in 5mC levels in ALL-EBV
positive cases as compared to those who were negative for EBV infection
(0.234±0.117 vs. 0.441±0.153, respectively). The reduction in the average 5mC
level seemed to be negatively correlated with EBV viral load (r = -0.599, p= 0.001).
Additionally, 5mC levels were able to distinguish between ALL main subtypes (BALL
and T-ALL; derived from B or T lymphocytes), where T-ALL cases showed
significantly (P=0.005) higher 5mC levels than those of B-ALL cases (0.587±0.070
vs. 0.180±0.092, respectively). Also significantly (P=0.04) lower 5mC levels were
detected in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) ALL cases than in those who
were negative to this genetic abnormality (Ph- -ALL) (0.13±0.021 vs. 0.179±0.093,
respectively). Overall, the findings of the present study suggest an involvement of
EBV infection in ALL pathogenicity, with the potential of utilizing the differences
in global DNA methylation levels in ALL patients' risk stratification.

Keywords

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia DNA methylation EBV

8

Genetic Diversity of Trichoderma and Hypocrea lixii Iraqi Strains by Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Technique

Pages: 1119-1128 English

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Abstract

As the diversity and characteristics of Trichoderma species are difficult to
determine using morphological methods, henceforth molecular tools are crucial.
This study utilized random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique to
investigate the genetic diversity of Trichoderma with sexual phase Hypocrea and to
identify similarities and differences in the phylogenetic tree. Nine Iraqi Trichoderma
strains (four strains of T. atroviride, one strain of Hypocrea lixii, two strains of T.
gamsii and two strains of T. longibriantium) were examined in this research. The
genomic DNA of each species was extracted and amplified with each of the five
primers. 197 bands were obtained by using five oligodeoxynucleotide primers of
which 98.47% were polymorphic and about 1.52% were monomorphic. When
primers OPA4, OPA8, and OPA10 were used, the genetic variability was about
100%. Whereas, after using primers OPA7 and OPA5, the obtained genetic
variability was 95.7% and 92.6% respectively. Gel images of the RAPD were
processed with photo-cap program which detected the bands of isolates based on the
ladder. The detected bands were then clustered based on the Jaccard method in Past
software that showed T. atroviride, T. gamsii, Hypocrea lixii, and T.
longibrachiatum isolates were grouped as clades and lineages. Although all strains
belonged to the same species and group in one clade, they differed in size and
number of bands. The Jaccard cluster analysis showed that the three isolates of T.
atroviride were closely related to each other, while the four isolates of T. atroviride
in one cluster were same as Hypocrea lixii, the isolates of T. gamsii and two strains
of T. longibrachiatum formed one cluster. Thus, the high reliability of RAPD
markers could be applied to identify Trichoderma species and create genetic maps
instead of other DNA-based methods which are not only costly but time-consuming
too.

Keywords

Diversity Hypocrea RAPD Trichoderma

9

Method Development of Nested Allele-Specific Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (NASM-PCR) for the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)-related Gene Polymorphisms

Pages: 1129-1141 English

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Abstract

Polymorphisms in the genes of G-protein subunit beta 3 (GNB3); rs5443,
tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1); rs211105 and rs4537731, tryptophan hydroxylase
2 (TPH2); rs4570625 and sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (SCN5A);
rs1805124, have known to cause the abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract that
are implicated to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) predisposition. Upfront genetic
polymorphism genotyping in IBS-related gene polymorphisms will help to intervene
and guide the decision-making in the management of IBS patients. This study aimed
to develop a genotyping method to detect the respective polymorphisms using
nested allele-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (NASM-PCR). A
combination of nested and allele-specific multiplex PCR method was developed to
determine the five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mentioned. Annealing
temperature, annealing and extension times, and the concentrations of MgCl2,
primers, and DNA samples were optimized in the PCR. Sanger sequencing was
performed to validate the genotyping results. NASM-PCR for IBS-related gene
polymorphisms were successfully developed. DNA bands which correspond to the
genes and SNPs have shown 100% homologous with the gene database. The
developed method of NASM-PCR was reproducible and specific to be used for
determining the respective polymorphisms of IBS. Notably, the described method
can easily be integrated into other laboratories for population study or clinical use.

Keywords

gastrointestinal (GI) tract genotyping method Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) nested allelespecific multiplex PCR single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

10

Evaluation of Plasma-microRNA320 level among Colorectal Cancer Iraqi Patients

Pages: 1142-1150 English

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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) Patients showed different expression patterns of
miRNAs which are involved in carcinogenesis in comparison to healthy controls
individuals, miRNAs are involved in tumor progression and development of
metastases. We investigate the expression profile of microRNA 320 and to quantify
the expression level abundance among colorectal cancer patients in comparison to
the healthy control group. A total number of 60 plasma samples was collected from
CRC patients along with 40 plasma samples from healthy controls and subjected to
relative quantification using qPCR assay with a specified set of primers designed
using stem-loop strategy. The resulting folding level revealed 2 distinguished
patterns of expression; 31 samples (51.66%) were higher than the folding mean level
of control (Up-regulation) and 29 samples (48.33%) were below the folding mean
level (Down-regulation). The relation of folding level among healthy controls and
patient groups showed a P value of 0.0001 using the Pearson Chi-square test. The
Area under curve (AUC) was determined as 0.730 with a P-value of 0.0001 with a
95% confidence interval, the lower bound was 0.632 and the upper bound was
0.827.

Keywords

Colorectal Cancer Down-regulation microRNA 320 Up-regulation

11

The Effectiveness of using the Biofilter made from Bidara (Sidr) to reduce the negative effects of Mice Cigarette Smoke

Pages: 1151-1159 English

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Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of exposure to cigarette smoke with a
biofilter of bidara leaf powder on the histology of the liver, lungs and blood viscosity
of mice. This test was carried out for 28 days by giving cigarette smoke with a
biofilter of bidara leaf powder and observing the histology of the liver, lungs and
blood viscosity. The results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke with a biofilter
of bidara leaf powder was very effective in reducing damage to the liver and lungs of
mice, and also very effective in reducing blood viscosity as in normal mice blood
viscosity. The use of Bidara leaf powder biofilter can affect the histology of the liver,
lungs and blood viscosity in mice. Bidara leaf powder biofilter can minimize the
negative impact of cigarette smoke.

Keywords

Bidara leaf Biofilter Mice Liver MiceBlood Viscosity MiceLung

12

Studying some cytotoxic and cytogenetic potentials of Dandelion methanolic extract on MCF-7 cancer cell line: an in vitro study

Pages: 1160-1170 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity and cell division arresting by
dandelion methanolic extract on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cancer cell line. For
achieving this goal, cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay), multipara system assay: High
Content Screening (HCS) which include (viable cell count VCC; membrane
permeability MP; cellular mitochondrial permeability CMP; nuclear intensity NI and
cytochrome C releasing ), reactive oxygen species detection and cell cycle phases
division were tested. The results of this study showed the ability of the plant to
reduce cancer cell viability in a dose-dependant manner within IC50 (141.0) in
comparison to IC50 of (334.4) on the human normal cell line (WRL-68).
Furthermore, the results of HCS demonstrated the ability of plants to enhance
apoptosis of cancer cells and increase the production of ROS from cancer cells
treated with plant extract and doxorubicin drug in comparison with negative control
(50.07±2.2, 53.03±2.6 vs. 44.77±1.4) respectively. Also, the results of the cell cycle
for control, 400 μg\ml of dandelion extract and doxorubicin drug showed the ability
to arrest the division of cancer cells at G1 phase by decreasing its transmission to S,
G2, and M phases of the cell cycle (62%, 59% and 62.46% at G1) (27.46%,26.50%
and 24.66% at S Phase) (16.50%, 20.50% and 18.46% at G2\M) respectively. All
these effects are attributed to the active compounds (secondary metabolites) such as
terpenes, polyphenols, and different minerals that possess anticancer activity against
different cell lines like MCF7.

Keywords

antioxidant. Apoptosis Breast Cancer cell cycle Free radicals MTT assay

13

Biosynthesis of Nio Nanoparticles Using Prodigiosin Pigment and its Evaluate of Antibacterial Activity Against Biofilm Producing MDRPseudomonas Aeruginosa

Pages: 1171-1179 English

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Abstract

The entire investigation's focus was on the production of nickel oxide
nanoparticles (NiONPs), using prodigiosin pigments produced by Serratia
marcescens as a stabilizing and reducing agent. Nickel oxide nanoparticles are
synthesized using nickel sulfate NiSO4 (10mg) with a concentration of prodigiosin
(10g/100ml). Biosynthesized NiO nanoparticles have been characterized by using
many techniques, such as (UV-Vis, AFM, XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM). The AFM
analysis revealed that NiONPs have an average diameter size of (41.77 mm), and the
FE-SEM Image displays Spherical. Additionally, the effect of NiONPs with
different concentrations on the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa was measured and
the inhibition zone reached to (29 mm). Biosynthesis of NiONPs using prodigiosin
was shown to have promising activity as an antibacterial against the biofilmproducing
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Keywords

AFM and FE-SEM). The AFM analysis revealed that NiONPs have an average diameter size of (41.77 mm) and the FE-SEM Image displays Spherical. Additionally FTIR such as (UV-Vis the effect of NiONPs with different concentrations on the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa was measured and the inhibition zone reached to (29 mm). Biosynthesis of NiONPs using prodigiosin was shown to have promising activity as an antibacterial against the biofilmproducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The entire investigation's focus was on the production of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) using prodigiosin pigments produced by Serratia marcescens as a stabilizing and reducing agent. Nickel oxide nanoparticles are synthesized using nickel sulfate NiSO4 (10mg) with a concentration of prodigiosin (10g/100ml). Biosynthesized NiO nanoparticles have been characterized by using many techniques XRD

14

Mixed Spinel Co0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles As a Magnetic Photocatalyst: Synthesis and Dye Degradation

Pages: 1180-1189 English

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Abstract

In this paper, mixed spinel Co0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ferrite was synthesized by
microwave-assisted combustion method. Photocatalytic activity of the assynthesized
sample was investigated against methylene blue dye at room
temperature at different exposure times (60-360 min.) under visible light. Phase
impurity and surface morphology which are investigated with XRD analysis and
field emission- scanning electron microscopy, indicate that a cubic spinel unit cell
structure with a crystilite size and lattice constant are 22.5048nm and 8.37Å,
respectively. The saturation magnetization exhibited directly from the hysteresis
loop is (70.20emu/g). Optical properties for the investigated ferrites exhibited photo
absorption from UV to visible region with an energy gap of (1.6 eV). Mainly two
broad metal-oxygen bands for spinel Co0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ferrite photocatalyst are seen
in FT-IR spectra. The degradation ratio of dye increased as exposure time was
increased .

Keywords

combustion route Ferrites Glycine magnetic properties Photocatalyst

15

CdO: SnO2 Composite UV-Assisted Room Temperature Ozone Sensor

Pages: 1190-1202 English

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Abstract

Cadmium-tin oxide (CSO) thin films were fabricated by spray pyrolysis method
at different substrate temperatures (Ts). The results showed a significant effect of Ts
on the surface morphology and the electrical properties, which in turn has a
significant effect on sensor gas sensitivity. The sample prepared at 400 °C appeared
in the form of a donut shape, which has the best ozone sensitivity. No ozone
sensitivity appeared in-dark, while showed good sensitivity when illuminated with
UV at room temperature (RT). The study showed that the photon exposure method
can substitute for the conventional method of sensors heating.

Keywords

Cd–Sn oxide gas sensor Metal oxide Ozone sensor. UV-assisted sensor

16

Beam Shaping Technique for 5-mm Fiber-coupled Laser Diode Bars with Lens Group

Pages: 1203-1209 English

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Abstract

In the last few years, fiber-coupled diode lasers have shown massive applications
in many fields of communication and scientific research. Particularly, the pumping
of solid-state lasers is a key application for more powerful diode lasers enabling
good solutions in various laser micro methods like metal cutting, sintering,
structuring as well as drilling. In this work, a simple beam shaping method is
demonstrated for coupling a high-power semiconductor laser diode into multi-mode
fiber optic using optical lenses. The optical lenses as beam transformation
components are utilized to reshape the asymmetrical irradiation of the diode laser bar
and to circularize the laser beam. Using this simple method, compact, high-outputpower,
and high-brightness fiber-coupled laser diode systems are achieved. The
obtained results show that the entire optical coupling efficiency of the system is
more than 65%.

Keywords

and stacks. bars Beam shaping method Fiber-coupled Highpower diode laser Multimode optical fiber

17

The effect of background argon gas pressure on parameters of plasma produced by Dc- glow discharge

Pages: 1210-1218 English

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Abstract

Non-thermal plasmas have become popular as plasma technology has advanced
in various fields, including waste management, aerospace technology, and medicinal
applications. They can be used to replace combustion fuels in stationary hall motors
and need little effort to keep running for longer periods of time. To improve overall
system performance, non-reactive gases such as )Xe, Ar, and Kr) are utilized in pure
or mixed form to generate plasma. Since DC glow discharge is a fundamental topic
of importance, these gases have been researched. The paper concentrates on 2-D
modeling and simulation. DC glow-discharge tubes are utilized with argon gas to
create plasma and learn about its properties. The magnitude of the electron density,
increases with rising pressure, whilst the rest of the parameters gradually decrease
with increasing pressure

Keywords

COMSOL Multiphysics Plasma Physics Simulation

18

Calculating Parameters for Se and Tin Plasmas Produced by Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser

Pages: 1219-1227 English

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Abstract

In this study, the plasma formed by the preparation of Se and Tin (Sn) using a
Nd: YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm in air, which was then studied using
the technique of optical emission spectrum, was presented (OES).The laser-induced
plasma parameters such an electron temperature (Te) were identified using two-ratio
methods, using Stark broadening methods to determine the density of electrons (ne).
According to the findings, there is a correlation between the amount of laser energy
that is applied and the increase in the emission intensity of the spectral lines. In the
case of Se plasma, an increase in laser energy causes a rise in the temperature of the
electrons. While increasing the temperature of the electrons by increasing the
amount of laser energy, the temperature of the Sn plasma gradually lowers. By
increasing the laser energy, the electron density of both selenium (Se) and tin (Sn)
can be increased. In addition, the parameters of the plasma were discovered. Such
parameters as the Debye length (λD), plasma frequency (Fp), and Debye Number
(ND).

Keywords

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Nd: YAG Laser Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) Selenium (Se) Tin (Sn)

19

Assessing the Groundwater Recharge with Water Balance in Ameriat Al-Falluja City, Al-Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq

Pages: 1228-1240 English

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Abstract

This study aims to figure out how to calculate water recharge using the soil conservation service method, one of the most widely used methods for calculating runoff volume following rainfall. The research is being conducted in Ameriat Al-Falluja City, Al-Anbar Governorate. The Iraqi meteorological organization's Baghdad Airport and Al-Ramadi stations provided data on the research area from 1989 to 2020 as total annual rainfall (123.1 mm), the RH% (43%), the mean monthly T (23.6 °C), total evaporation (3169.61 mm), the wind speed (3.1 m/s), and the sunshine duration (9 h/day). The climate of the study area is described as arid. The total evapotranspiration value quantity is 1137.38 mm for the 32-year comparison period, while the total amount of correct evapotranspiration was 992.3 mm.
Water surplus is 36.7% of total rainfall, which equals 45.2 mm. Groundwater recharge is 45.2 mm, with a rate of 36.7%, showing the groundwater recharge (%) from total rainfall. The value of groundwater recharge throughout a year is about equivalent to 23.6848* 105 m3/year.

Keywords

Ameriat Al-Falluja climate Groundwater recharge. Water Balance

20

Clay minerals study of the Kolosh Formation at selected sections from northern Iraq: Implications for provenance history

Pages: 1241-1253 English

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Abstract

The mineralogical study using X-ray diffraction (XRD) supported by scanning
electron microscopic (SEM) examination and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)
on the claystone of the Kolosh Formation from northern Iraq was conducted to
Shows the provenance history of rocks. Chlorite, montmorillonite, illite,
palygorskite, and kaolinite were recorded in different amounts in the study area. The
association of montmorillonite and chlorite in the claystone of the Kolosh Formation
(Paleocene) refers to the marine environment. Chlorite and montmorillonite are the
common minerals in the Kolosh Formation with less common of illite, kaolinite and
palygorskite. These clay minerals are of authigenic, detrital and diagenetically
origin, which are controlled mainly by the source rocks, paleoclimatic conditions
and the burial diagenesis. The clay minerals assemblages refer to be derived mainly
from Fe-Mg rich with minor Si-Al rich silicate minerals, which are very common in
the ophiolites associated with the basic igneous rocks. These rocks composed the
major lithological units in the Zagros Thrust Belt of NE Iraq.

Keywords

Clay minerals; Sem; Xrd; Eds; Kolosh Formation; Northern Iraq.

21

Using SWAT Model to Estimate the Water Balance of Wadi Al- Mohammadi Basin, Western Iraq

Pages: 1254-1267 English

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Abstract

Water balance as a technique is considered one of the means that is relied upon in
solving significant hydrological problems. The soil and water assessment tool
(SWAT) model was used in this study to assess the water balance in the Wadi Al-
Mohammadi basin located at the eastern edge of the Western Desert. Digital
elevation model, soil data, Land use - Land cover, and climate data represent the
most important requirements for the SWAT model's input as a database. The Wadi
Al-Mohammadi basin delineation results show the overall drainage area was 2286.8
km2 with seven sub-basins. The trend line of climate data indicates a clear increase in
the total rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, and solar radiation from 1990-2020,
while the wind speed decreased during the observed period. The average monthly
hydrological components (precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, surface runoff,
lateral flow, and deep aquifer recharge) representing the basin's water balance are
68.8 mm, 67 mm, 2.03 mm, 0.02 mm, and 0 mm, respectively.

Keywords

Hydrological Components SWAT Wadi Al-Mohammadi Water Balance Western Desert.

22

Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Shiranish Formation (Late Campanian- Maastrichtian) in Diana area, Northern Iraq

Pages: 1268-1284 English

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Abstract

The lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic studies of the Shiranish
Formation in the Diana area, Erbil, Northern Iraq, were conducted to
distinguish the main lithostratigraphic units, depositional environment and the
formation age. The Shiranish Formation in the study area can be divided into
three rock units. The lower and upper units consist of marly limestone, marl and
limestone deposited in the outer shelf environment, while the middle unit is
dominated by laminated calcareous shale and marl deposited in the upper
bathyal environment. Calcareous nannofossils showed the presence of about 20
species/genera in the studied Shiranish Formation. Three biozones are
identified; Misceomarginatus pleniporus biozone; Ceratolithoides aculeus
biozone, and Uniplanarius sissinghii biozone. From a regional perspective,
these biozones were compared with other nannobiozones, leading to the
conclusion that the studied section is of Middle Campanian age.

Keywords

Calcareous nannofossils; Shiranish Formation; Lithostratigraphy Nannobiostratigraphy; Diana area.

23

Estimation and Distribution of Some Heavy Metals in Urban Soils at Kufa, Najaf Governorate: An Environmental Geochemistry Research

Pages: 1285-1298 English

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Abstract

Kufa, considered one of the important cities in Iraq, is facing a rapid increase in
population proportion and urban development in buildings and industry. Therefore,
the concentration of several hazardous heavy metals is the main focus of this study.
It presents the distribution and Estimation of heavy metals in urban lands in the Kufa
area as an environmental geochemical study. Twenty samples of urban surface soils
were collected in many sites to determine concentrations, distribution, and
contamination of elements Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Th, U, Pb, Hf, Nb, and Fe. The mean
concentrations of heavy metals were compared with the local studies, UCC
guidelines, and the world reference. To distinguish anthropogenic pollution, EF and
Igeo guides were calculated. The obtained results established that contamination in
Kufa soil land was slightly polluted by U (2.83ppm) and Nb (10.81ppm) and
moderately polluted by Pb (31.7ppm) and Hf (9.75ppm). The research revealed that
the reason for the elevation in the lead in the Kufa soil is that it often suffers from
severe vehicle overcrowding during religious occasions.

Keywords

Kufa Urban land use; Heavy metal; Contamination factor; Enrichment factor; Geoaccumulation index

24

Reliability of Stress - Strength and Its Estimation of Exponentiated QExponential Distribution

Pages: 1299-1306 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we study a single stress-strength reliability system R = p(ƴ > ƹ),
where Ƹ and ƴ are independently Exponentiated q-Exponential distribution. There
are a few traditional estimating approaches that are derived, namely maximum
likelihood estimation (MLE) and the Bayes (BE) estimators of R. A wide mainframe
simulation is used to compare the performance of the proposed estimators using
MATLAB program. A simulation study show that the Bayesian estimator is the best
estimator than other estimation method under consideration using two criteria such
as the “mean squares error (MSE)” and “mean absolutely error (MAPE)”.

Keywords

Bayesian estimation Exponentiated q-Exponential distribution Reliability Stress-strength model The maximum likelihood (MLE)

25

Solvability for Optimal Classical Continuous Control Problem Controlling by Quaternary Hyperbolic Boundary Value Problem

Pages: 1307-1321 English

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Abstract

This work is concerned with studying the solvability for optimal classical
continuous control quaternary vector problem that controls by quaternary linear
hyperbolic boundary value problem. The existence of the unique quaternary state
vector solution for the quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem is
studied and demonstrated by employing the method of Galerkin, where the classical
continuous control quaternary vector is Known. Also, the existence theorem of an
optimal classical continuous control quaternary vector related to the quaternary linear
hyperbolic boundary value problem is demonstrated. The existence of a unique
solution to the adjoint quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem
associated with the quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem is
formulated and studied. The directional derivative for the cost functional is derived.
Finally, the necessary optimality theorem for the optimal classical continuous control
quaternary vector is proved.

Keywords

necessary optimality theorem. Optimal classical continuous Quaternary control Quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem

26

Solving Linear and Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations Using Bees Algorithm

Pages: 1322-1330 English

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Abstract

A numerical algorithm for solving linear and non-linear fractional differential
equations is proposed based on the Bees algorithm and Chebyshev polynomials. The
proposed algorithm was applied to a set of numerical examples. Faster results are
obtained compared to the wavelet methods.

Keywords

Bees Algorithm Caputo derivative Chebyshev polynomials Fractional differential equations Metaheuristic algorithm numerical solution

27

Numerical Study of Compressible and Weak Compressible Flows in Channel Based on Artificial Compressibility Method and Fully Artificial Compressibility Method

Pages: 1331-1343 English

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Abstract

In this article, a numerical study of compressible and weak compressible
Newtonian flows is achieved for a time marching, Galerkin algorithm. A comparison
between two numerical techniques for such flows, namely the artificial
compressibility method (AC–method) and the fully artificial compressibility method
(FAC–method) is performed. In the first artificial compressibility parameter (C2) is
added to the continuity equation, while this parameter is added to both continuity and
momentum equations in the second technique. This strategy is implemented to treat
the governing equations of Newtonian flow in cylindrical coordinates (axisymmetric).
Particularly, this study concerns with the effect of the artificial compressibility
parameters on the convergence level of solutions components. To confirm the
analysis of these approaches, Poiseuille flow along a circular channel under an
isothermal state is used as a simple test problem. The results show that when the
AC-method is used there is a significant reduction in the level of time convergence of
pressure and axial velocity compared to that with FAC-method. Here, for
compressible flow the Tail model of state is employed to relate the pressure to density.
In this context, the effect of Tail parameters and Reynolds number on the time
convergence of solution components is also investigated in the present study. The
results indicate a significant reduction in the time-stepping convergence as increasing
in the {B,m}-value. In contrast, more difficulties are faced in the convergence when
the level of the Reynolds number is increasing.

Keywords

Artificial Compressibility Method Compressible fluid flow FullyArtificial Compressibility Method Newtonian Fluids Numerical Methods

28

Influence of MHD and Porous Media on Peristaltic Transport for Nanofluids in An Asymmetric Channel

Pages: 1344-1360 English

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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss the influence of nanoparticles and porous media, and magnetic field on the peristaltic flow transport of a couple stress fluid in an asymmetric channel with different wave forms of non-Newtonian fluid. Initially, mathematical modeling of the two dimensions and two directional flows of a couple stress fluid with a nanofluid is first given and then simplified beneath hypothesis of the long wave length and the low Reynolds number approximation. After making these approximations, we will obtain associated nonlinear differential equations. Then, the exact solutions of the temperature distribution, nanoparticle concentration, velocity, stream function, and pressure gradient will be calculated. Finally, the results of drawings for many physical parameters that are of importance for examining the behavior of fluid flow quantities are discussed.

Keywords

Asymmetric channel Couple stress Magnetic field Nanofluids particles Peristaltic flow porous media

29

Modified Iterative Method for Solving Sine - Gordon Equations

Pages: 1361-1368 English

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Abstract

The basic goal of this research is to utilize an analytical method which is called
the Modified Iterative Method in order to gain an approximate analytic solution to
the Sine-Gordon equation. The suggested method is the amalgamation of the
iterative method and a well-known technique, namely the Adomian decomposition
method. A method minimizes the computational size, averts round-off errors,
transformation and linearization, or takes some restrictive assumptions. Several
examples are chosen to show the importance and effectiveness of the proposed
method. In addition, a modified iterative method gives faster and easier solutions
than other methods. These solutions are accurate and in agreement with the series of
solutions that are provided by analytical results. To evaluate the outcomes in the
modified iterative process, we have used the Matlab symbolic manipulator.

Keywords

Adomian decomposition method Iterative Method Modified Iterative Method Sine-Gordon equation

30

Persistence and bifurcation analysis among four species interactions with the influence of competition, predation and harvesting

Pages: 1369-1390 English

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Abstract

In this paper, the interplay among four population species is offered. The
system consists of two competitive prey, predator and super predators. The
application of the hypothesis of the Sotomayor theorem for local bifurcation
around every equilibrium point is adopted. It is detected that the transcritical
bifurcation could occur near most of the system's equilibrium points, while
saddle-node and pitchfork bifurcation can not be accrued at any of them.
Further, the conditions that guarantee the accruing Hopf bifurcation are carried
out. Finally, some numerical analysis is illustrated to confirm the analytical
results.

Keywords

Competition interaction Harvesting Prey-predator model Stability. Local bifurcation.

31

Constructing a Digital Certificate Authentication System for Classified Documents

Pages: 1391-1400 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a new digital authentication certification system to
keep the classified documents' information safe. The proposed system is a
steganography system divided into two subsystems, the first subsystem is
responsible for embedding the information about the person, and it works in the
main foundation that issues the documents, while the second subsystem is found in
the beneficiary directorates to extract the true information of the person

Keywords

Digital images Steganalysis steganography

32

Facial Expression Recognition Based on Deep Learning: An Overview

Pages: 1401-1425 English

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Abstract

Recognizing facial expressions and emotions is a basic skill that is learned at an
early age and it is important for human social interaction. Facial expressions are one
of the most powerful natural and immediate means that humans use to express their
feelings and intentions. Therefore, automatic emotion recognition based on facial
expressions become an interesting area in research, which had been introduced and
applied in many areas such as security, safety health, and human machine interface
(HMI). Facial expression recognition transition from controlled environmental
conditions and their improvement and succession of recent deep learning approaches
from different areas made facial expression representation mostly based on using a
deep neural network that is generally divided into two critical issues. These are a
variation of expression and overfitting. Expression variations such as identity bias,
head pose, illumination, and overfitting formed as a result of a lack of training data.
This paper firstly discussed the general background and terminology utilized in facial
expression recognition in field of computer vision and image processing. Secondly,
we discussed general pipeline of deep learning. After that, for facial expression
recognition to classify emotion there should be datasets in order to compare the
image with the datasets for classifying the emotion. Besides that we summarized,
discussed, and compared illustrated various recent approaches of researchers that
have used deep techniques as a base for facial expression recognition, then we
briefly presented and highlighted the classification of the deep feature. Finally, we
summarized the most critical challenges and issues that are widely present for
overcoming, improving, and designing an efficient deep facial expression
recognition system.

Keywords

Convolutional Neural Network Deep belief network deep learning Facial expression datasets Facial expression recognition

33

A Tri-Gene Ontology Migration Operator for Improving the Performance of Meta-heuristics in Complex Detection Problems

Pages: 1426-1441 English

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Abstract

Detecting protein complexes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is a
challenging problem in computational biology. To uncover a PPI network into a
complex structure, different meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed in the
literature. Unfortunately, many of such methods, including evolutionary algorithms
(EAs), are based solely on the topological information of the network rather than on
biological information. Despite the effectiveness of EAs over heuristic methods,
more inherent biological properties of proteins are rarely investigated and exploited
in these approaches. In this paper, we proposed an EA with a new mutation operator
for complex detection problems. The proposed mutation operator is formulated
under four expressions depending on the type of gene sub-ontology. To demonstrate
the performance of the proposed evolutionary based complex detection algorithm,
the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (yeast) PPI network is used in the evaluation. The
results reveal that the proposed algorithm achieves more accurate complex structures
than the counterpart heuristic algorithms and the canonical evolutionary algorithm
based on the topological-aware mutation operator.

Keywords

Evolutionary algorithm; functional similarity; gene sub-ontology; protein-protein interaction network; semantic similarity

34

Detection and Mitigation of Cache Pollution Attack Using Popularity Variation in Information Centric Networking Based on SDN

Pages: 1442-1462 English

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Abstract

Information centric networking (ICN) is the next generation of internet
architecture with its ability to provide in-network caching that make users retrieve
their data efficiently regardless of their location. In ICN, security is applied to data
itself rather than communication channels or devices. In-network caches are
vulnerable to many types of attacks, such as cache poisoning attacks, cache privacy
attacks, and cache pollution attacks (CPA). An attacker floods non-popular content
to the network and makes the caches evict popular ones. As a result, the cache hit
ratio for legitimate users will suffer from a performance degradation and an increase
in the content’s retrieval latency. In this paper, a popularity variation mechanism in
a CCN-SDN environment (PV-CSDN) is proposed to detect and mitigate CPA. PVCSDN
is based on observing the behavior of legitimate users to learn the normal
traffic pattern and record the required threshold values. Two key parameters are used
to achieve the threshold values: the popularity of the contents and the average rate of
repeated requests for each interface in the router. The current traffic pattern will be
compared with the predefined thresholds and if any variation in the traffic is
occurred the attack is detected. The algorithm was able to detect the attack, and as a
mitigation process, the controller will block the malicious interface to prevent any
further degradation in the performance. The experiments show that PV-CSDN
detects and prevents the attack effectively.

Keywords

Cache pollution attack content popularity. information centric networking

35

A Developed Compression Scheme to Optimize Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

Pages: 1463-1476 English

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Abstract

Improving performance is an important issue in Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN). WSN has many limitations including network performance. The research
question is how to reduce the amount of data transmitted to improve network
performance?
The work will include one of the dictionary compression methods which is
Lempel Ziv Welch(LZW). One problem with the dictionary method is that the token
size is fixed. The LZW dictionary method is not very useful with little data, because
it loses many bytes when storing small-sized tokens.
From the results obtained, the best compression ratios were in the proposed
algorithm. The proposed work suggests using a dynamic size token where the tokens
are classified according to their size(one byte, two bytes, or three bytes). The main
idea of the proposed work is based on increasing the frequency of data to increase
the compression ratio. To increase the frequency of data, the work suggests keeping
the amount of incremental reading data instead of keeping the whole real data.
Because the climate reading data changes very slowly, the amount of change would
be frequent.

Keywords

Data Compression LZW network lifetime Weather WSN

36

Robust Password Encryption Technique with an Extra Security Layer

Pages: 1477-1486 English

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Abstract

People are comfortable with e-banking services, but they are exposed to a great
deal of danger these days due to fraudulent acts such as password hacking and
personal information theft. Everything individuals do online relies heavily on
passwords. Using a password protects one's identity online, in forums, and through
email. Online transactions are vulnerable to identity theft if they do not have a
secure password. Internet users with critical statements are vulnerable to various
assaults, including the theft and exploitation of user IDs and passwords. This paper
introduces novel password encryption by fingerprint and a random number to make
each password unique and robust against attacks, with a magnificent time elapsed of
under 40 milliseconds. This paper uses global password datasets with different
stages of password complexity. This method protects the bank’s clients' password
accounts inside the bank database.

Keywords

authentication. Cybersecurity Decryption E-banking Encryption Security

37

Wallet Key Generation for a Generic Blockchain based on Speech

Pages: 1487-1497 English

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Abstract

As a new technology, blockchain provides the necessary capabilities to assure
data integrity and data security through encryption. Mostly, all existing algorithms
that provide security rely on the process of discovering a suitable key. Hence, key
generation is considered the core of powerful encryption. This paper uses Zernike
moment and Mersenne prime numbers to generate strong prime numbers by
extracting the features from biometrics (speech). This proposed system sends these
unique and strong prime numbers to the RSA algorithm to generate the keys. These
keys represent a public address and a private key in a cryptocurrency wallet that is
used to encrypt transactions. The benefit of this work is that it provides a high
degree of protection to secure personal user transactions by creating secure keys that
can be used for insecure channels.

Keywords

Biometrics Blockchain key generation Mersenne prime Zernike moment

38

The Daily Pattern at 500 hPa Geopotential Heights and Its Association with Heavy Rainfall over Iraq

Pages: 1498-1507 English

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Abstract

Rainfall in the mid-latitudes is highly related to the synoptic pattern at the upperlevels,
this study focuses on the relationship between 500 hPa geopotential height
patterns and the cyclone at the surface. Synoptic studies show that there is a
correlation between cyclone at the surface and deepening of the trough at the upper
in the mid-latitudes. The results show that when the upper trough is situated over the
eastern Mediterranean, this will enhance the advection of warm and moist air from
the tropical region, which will cause baroclinic instability over Iraq, leading to heavy
precipitation and torrents in some situations

Keywords

cyclone Geopotential Height Iraq rainfall Trough

39

Determination of the Mathematical Model for Plasma Electronic Coefficients of the Earth's Ionosphere

Pages: 1508-1517 English

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Abstract

In this research, electron coefficients such as total collision frequency (????????????????/????),
total ionization frequency (????iz/????), and Power (P/N) for different gases such as (Ar,
He, N2 and O2( in Earth’s ionosphere have been calculated by applying the
Boltzmann equation utilizing BOLSIG +, and it has been discovered that there is a
significant impact of reducing the electric field (E/N) on electronic coefficients
under which (E/N) increases. In addition, influence of (E/N) on electronic
coefficients was studied. Reducing the electric field was chosen in the restricted
range (1-100) Td, and the electronic coefficients for gases in the limited range (50-
2000) km of the Earth's ionosphere. A positive correlation has been explained
between all the plasma electronic coefficients and (E/N) for the four gases. It was
found that He gas has higher electronic coefficients than other gases in the Earth's
ionosphere because they have lower electron binding energy.

Keywords

Boltzmann Equation; Gas Discharge Electric field Ionosphere; Total collision frequency power Total ionization frequency

40

Image Compression Techniques on-Board Small Satellites

Pages: 1518-1534 English

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Abstract

Raw satellite images are considered high in resolution, especially multispectral
images captured by remote sensing satellites. Hence, choosing the suitable
compression technique for such images should be carefully considered, especially
on-board small satellites, due to the limited resources. This paper presents an
overview and classification of the major and state-of-the-art compression techniques
utilized in most space missions launched during the last few decades, such as the
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-
based compression techniques. The pros and cons of the onboard compression
methods are presented, giving their specifications and showing the differences
among them to provide unified information about these methods for researchers and
satellite imaging payload designers. Hence, some of these techniques are
implemented, and comparisons are presented in the current work as examples to
simulate an image compression system on board a small satellite using the
MATLAB software package. This was achieved by employing three LANDSAT8,
band6 satellite images. A wavelet selection was also considered for the DWT-based
compression method, which gave the best results among the other methods through
acquiring high values of compression ratio (CR) while maintaining the important
scientific information of the image when reconstructed at the ground station

Keywords

Discrete Cosine Transform Discrete Wavelet Transform. Image compression Remote sensing Satellite Imaging

41

Spatiotemporal Drought Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Technique in Babel-Iraq

Pages: 1535-1544 English

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Abstract

Drought is one of the most natural hazards that may harm human life and property
under different weather and environmental conditions. This study used remote sensing
data to monitor agricultural and meteorological drought in Babel Governorate. Drought
maps were drawn using Landsat 8 images based on Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI) for 2015, 2018, and 2021. The meteorological drought was assessed
using a standardized precipitation index (SPI 12) for the same years. The results showed
that the SPI-12 indicated near-normal drought types in 2015 and 2018, whereas SPI
values showed a lower value in 2021. Two drought categories were identified which
were moderate drought and severe drought. The NDVI results showed that the
vegetation area decreased in 2021 by 9 % in comparison to 2015. This result could help
the government planners to develop and manage the drought impacts.

Keywords

Drought; GIS; NDVI; SPI; Babel.

42

The Satellite Images Matching and Mosaic Techniques

Pages: 1545-1554 English

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Abstract

The Matching and Mosaic of the satellite imagery play an essential role in
many remote sensing and image processing projects. These techniques must be
required in a particular step in the project, such as remotely change detection
applications and the study of large regions of interest. The matching and mosaic
methods depend on many image parameters such as pixel values in the two or
more images, projection system associated with the header files, and spatial
resolutions, where many of these methods construct the matching and mosaic
manually. In this research, georeference techniques were used to overcome the
image matching task in semi automotive method. The decision about the quality
of the technique can be considered if the error value is less than half a pixel. The
projection-based method was used to ensure the mosaic process. The test images
are satellite imagery with medium spatial resolutions; these images were
processed to ensure the results. In matching techniques, the different sensor
images (different in resolutions) were investigated using image resize and
sampling. The results were obtained using many remote sensing packages and
written programs in Matlab environmental.

Keywords

Images Matching Images Mosaic

43

Image Processing Approaches as a Diagnostic Parameter to Determine Pollution by Using Satellite Imagery, Northern Iraq

Pages: 1555-1565 English

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Abstract

This work highlights the estimation of the Al-Khoser River water case that
disposes of its waste directly into the Tigris River within Mosul city. Furthermore,
the work studies the effects of environmental and climate change and the impact of
pollution resulting from waste thrown into the Al-Khoser River over the years. Al-
Khoser River is located in the Northern Mesopotamia of Mosul city. This study aims
to detect the polluted water area and the polluted surrounding area. Temporal remote
sensing data of different Landsat generations were considered in this work,
specifically Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus of 2000 and Operational Land Imager
of 2015. The study aims to measure the amount of pollution in the study area over
15 years using a supervised classification approach and other tools in ERDAS
Imagine Software version 2014. Supervised classification is favored for remote
sensing data processing because it contains different digital image processing
methods. It is noticed by applying to preprocess and post-processing techniques
adopted in the polluted section of Al-Khoser River and monitoring the changes in
the objects around it. Hence, the river’s water has been classified into clear water
and contaminated water, which shows the impact of pollution over the years. The
analysis detected a polluted area in the river that enlarged over the years 2000 to
2015 from 4.139 km² to 21.45 km², respectively. The study showed the differences
in the size of objects around the river. The study concludes that daily wastes
produced by the residential areas through which Al-Khoser and Tigris rivers pass
would cause the polluted sections of the river to increase.

Keywords

environment pollution. image processing Object Detection Remote Sensing Data

44

Treatment Missing Data of Air Temperature in Iraq by Using Mean Method

Pages: 1566-1580 English

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Abstract

Frequent data in weather records is essential for forecasting, numerical model
development, and research, but data recording interruptions may occur for various
reasons. So, this study aims to find a way to treat these missing data and know their
accuracy by comparing them with the original data values. The mean method was
used to treat daily and monthly missing temperature data. The results show that
treating the monthly temperature data for the stations (Baghdad, Hilla, Basra,
Nasiriya, and Samawa) in Iraq for all periods (1980-2020), the percentage for
matching between the original and the treating values did not exceed (80%). So, the
period was divided into four periods. It was noted that most of the congruence
values increased, reached in summer (70%-100%), and decreased somewhat in
winter. While the daily treatment using the mean method for the stations Baghdad
and Basra (2010-2020), it turns out that most of the congruence values in the summer
ranged (70%-100%), but in winter, the congruence is often decreased. Therefore, this
method gives high accuracy when treating monthly and daily temperatures in
summer and less in winter.

Keywords

Iraq mean method Missing Data temperature Treatment