Iraqi Journal of Science

The antibacterial activity of Capparis spinosa L. extracts obtained from
Baghdad was evaluated against six clinical bacteria isolates of Helicobacter
pylori. The results presented in this work demonstrated that the leaves extract
showed a significant effect against bacteria as compared to the root and fruit
extracts at 100 mg/ml concentration, with inhibition zone ranging from 12.0 to
30.7 mm in each bacteria strain. The end results of GC-MS analysis indicated
that the ethanol extracts of caper have a lot of active chemical compounds,
including twenty-five, eighty-two and sixty-eight phytoconstituent
compounds, that are distinguished in the extracts of roots, leaves and fruits
with C. spinosa L. respectively. In addition, the high area % revealed in each
extracts were: 1-methyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 35.77%, prolin, Nmethyl-,
butyl ester 12, 63% and (23S)-ethylcholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol 19.12%
respectively.

Several studies have shown that certain microbes, mainly bacteria may have the
ability to digest plastic wastes. The goal of this study was to see how well Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus lentus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Sphingomonas paucimobilis
and Kocuria paedia degrade three kinds of oil-based plastics: low-density
polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) polymer
sheets. The experiment was conducted for 30 days under laboratory conditions with
occasional shaking at 180 rpm and 32°C. Biodegradation was measured in terms of
weight loss.. Accordingto IR Spectroscopy, the C-H stretch band at 2920cm-1
improved as a result of bacterial degradation of polyethylene. The most affected
polymers were LDPE and PVC films. While PS films were the least affected
polymers. B. subtilis was shown to be the most successful of the five bacterial
species, whereas K. paedia was determined to be the least effective.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the second-most-serious parasitic illness after
malaria, is currently endemic in more than 88 countries. Need for new antileishmanial
compounds is currently being taken into consideration by researchers
due to resistance and lack of effective vaccinations. This research was conducted to
find out more about the effect of artemisinin (ART). ART was examined in vitro
promastigotes stages and ex vivo amastigotes stages of the Iraqi strain of Leishmania
donovani in U937 cell line after 24, 48 and 27 hours using MTT assay. In addition,
the level of macrophage nitric oxide (NO) was measured using Griess assay in U937
cell line. The results of promastigotes viability percentage were less than 50 %,
where the IC50 was 43.8, 37.9 and 36.6 μM respectively. Similar cytotoxic effect of
ART was observed against amastigote forms, where the cell viability was 36.11,
40.2 and 37.4 μM respectively, after the three times of follow up. Furthermore, by
using Griess assay the level of nitrite in infected macrophages was measured. The
results after 48hr were 6.58 in high concentration and 1.22 in lower concentration.
However, considering the absence of a significant difference, the observed
concentrations are still higher than the control when compared to Griess assay.
These findings demonstrated that ART has a cytotoxic effect on both forms of L.
donovani. It also increased iNOS production in infected macrophages which can
define artemisinin therapeutic efficacy against L. donovani infection.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern around the world. UMOD gene variants are linked to a higher incidence of hypertension and CKD in the general population. This study aimed to investigate the role of uromodulin rs13333226 and rs13333144 genes association with chronic kidney disease.The study samples were divided into two groups. The first group included 100 patient samples and 70 chosen among them were under the dialysis and had kidney failure aged between 18-88 years old. The second group included 30 samples from healthy individuals who were used as a control. One of the ways used to identify the genotype is the tetra-primers amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (ARMS–PCR). Regarding the results of SNP (rs13333226 and rs13333144), the genotypes GG (OR=150.3), and AA (OR=0.01) for rs13333226. The genotypes GG (OR=0.02) and TT(OR=140.4) for rs13333144 when comparing between patients and control (P≤ 0.01), they were observed when the odds ratio is less than 1 means they are preventive factors, while OR more than 1 means the risk increase (P≤ 0.01). It was concluded that there was an association between SNP (rs13333226 and rs13333144) and uromodulin in kidney diseases. Where genotype GG) rs13333226) and TT (rs13333144) represents a risk factor and AA rs13333226 and GG rs13333144 represents a protective factor.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogenic agent due to its ability to
cause various types of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to sever
systemic diseases. One of the most virulence factors of this bacterium is its
ability to from biofilms on solid surfaces by anchoring the planktonic cells and
by producing a protective layer of extra polymeric substances. Biofilm formation
is controlled through many genes. The most important ones are icaA and icaD.
Dentures are prosthetic devices that are made of different materials to replace lost
teeth. The aim of this study is to examine the ability of different types of denture
materials to support the biofilm formation of S. aureus at phenotypic level by
detecting bacterial growth on them using crystal violet and scanning electron
microscope, as well as genotypic level through detection and estimation of gene
icaA and icaD expression. Our findings showed that the denture materials do
support biofilm formation and there is elevation in gene expression of icaA and
icaD.

Fungus Candida spp. causes vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) which is a fungal
infection of the genital mucosa. This investigation was on the isolation of Candida
albicans from cervical-vulvovaginal patients in Erbil hospitals, Kurdistan region, Iraq
and its identification is done using phenotypic and molecular approaches. Then biofilm
production was detected through phenotypic tests such as Congo red agar (CRA) and
disclosure virulence genes, agglutinin-like sequence(ALS1) and hyphal wall protein
(HWP1). The susceptibilities of antifungal medications and plant extracts against C.
albicans isolates were then assessed. This study showed low susceptibilities values to
all tested antifungals such as econazole (12mm), miconazole (12mm) and nystatin
(14mm) in the disc diffusion method with the exception of ketoconazole (20mm) which
had high susceptibilities values. In this research each ethanol pomegranates peel extracts
(EPPE) (200mg/ml), aquatic pomegranates peel extracts (APPE) (200mg/ml) and
pomegranate molasses (PM) were used. In the agar well diffusion method, C. albicans
showed low susceptibilities values against (PM) (8mm). However, it showed high
susceptibilities values against (EPPE) (18mm) when compared to each of the antifungal
agents: econazole, miconazole and nystatin. Results of the study showed that
pomegranate peel could be new therapeutic promisingekey ingredient in antifungal
medications development. It is an alternate antifungal medication which is useful for C.
albicans treatment.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial chronic autoimmune
disease, with a wide spectrum of effect. The main feature of the disease is the
production of a wide variety of autoantibodies as a result of immune tolerance loss.
The work aims to evaluate the miRNA-146a gene polymorphism potential
association with disease activity and chronicity changes in SLE patients. The study
included 100 SLE patients and 50 matched controls. The systemic lupus
erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) was assessed. The single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) of miR-146a gene (rs2910164) polymorphism was assayed by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing technique in patients and control.
100 SLE patients were all females and with a mean of age 31.3 ± 10 years (16-
63years) and disease duration of 5.8 ± 3.7years (1 month to 15 years). Most clinical
manifestations presented in patients were 52% malar rash, 45% oral ulcers, 54%
arthritis, and 45% neurological disorder. Proteinuria, ESR, creatinine and AST were
significantly higher (65% vs. 10%, 4.1±36.1 vs. 11.8±9.9 mm/hr, 0.62±0.11 vs.
0.70±0.14 mg/dl and 25.37±26.50 vs. 17.23±3.58 U/L respectively) while the PLT
was significantly lower (231.9±88.8 vs. 282.3±67.3 103/mL) (p< 0.001) among SLE
patients as compared to control. There were no significant variations in all study
parameters across miRNA-146a genotypes (p greater than 0.05). There was a
significant association of the homozygote GG genotype (66.7%) with the active SLE
state (p=0.013). In conclusion, the results suggest a risk effect for the female gender
and adult at a young age in the etiology of SLE. The miRNA-146a GG genotype is
associated with increasing the disease activity and miRNA-146a polymorphism is
not associated with the risk in SLE.

Streptococcus mutans is one of the major cariogenic microbial flora. In an
attempt to determine the mutagenic effect of diode laser on the viability and
antibiotic sensitivity of this bacteria; A total of 30 samples were collected from
dental caries. The isolates were identified using by conventional identification
methods and confirmed using VITEK2 system. Twenty-one isolates were recorded
as Streptococcus spp and ten of them were identified as Streptococcus mutans.
Antibiotic susceptibility profile for Streptococcus mutans isolates against ten
antibiotics was tested. The results revealed that all the isolates were resistant to
cefixime and cephalothin, nine of them were resistant to erythromycin, ampicillin,
and nalidixic acid, seven isolates were resistant to tetracycline and bacitracin,
whereas all isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and
gentamycin. The effect of the diode laser on the isolates (S5 and S10) was tested at
different time intervals (1, 2, 5, and 10) min. The viability of Streptococcus mutans
isolates was affected by the obvious change in the behaviour of the bacteria from
resistance to sensitivity after Laser exposure

Multi-drug resistance in Listeria monocytogenes is considered a major public health
problem associated with foodborne outbreaks and causes high hospitalization and
mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistant genes among
Listeria monocytogenes isolated from meat and clinical samples. Phenotypically, the
isolates were tested for their susceptibility against the 12 most commonly used
antimicrobials in veterinary and human therapy via the disc diffusion method, while
conventional PCR was performed to study the presence or absence of 14 resistance
genes predicted in L. monocytogenes isolates. The study established that 30(66.66%) of
L. monocytogenes isolates showed phenotypic multi-drug resistance against at least
three antimicrobial classes. Furthermore, high resistance frequencies were reported
among commonly used antibiotics for listeriosis therapy. The present study revealed
that the investigated isolates show resistance against tetracycline 33(73.3%), ampicillin
29(64.4%), penicillin 28(62.2%), erythromycin 26(57.8%), and gentamycin,
clindamycin and vancomycin 24(53.3% each). Of the 45 L. monocytogenes isolates
studied, 37(82.2%) were phenotypically susceptible to meropenem, followed by
ciprofloxacin 36(80.0%) and SXT 30(66.7%). PCR amplification of antimicrobial
resistance genes established the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in all studied L.
monocytogenes isolates. Notably, 41(91.11%) of these isolates exhibited more than five
resistance genes. Surprisingly, penA and ampC were detected in all L. monocytogenes
strains 45(100%), followed by ermB 44(97.8%), tetA 38(84.4%), tetG 32(71.1%), and
vanB 30(66.7%). Moreover, vanA 22(48.9%) and tetB 18(40.0%) were detected less
frequently. The lowest incidences of resistance genes were observed in L.
monocytogenes carrying tetD 4(8.9%) and cmlA 6(13.3%). In conclusion, the study
demonstrates that the majority of L. monocytogenes from human and meat samples
displayed a high index of resistance to a variety of agents used for clinical listeriosis
treatment adding further burden to the existing global antibiotic resistance problem

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease
characterized by elevated levels of circulating anti-nuclear autoantibodies and
interferon-alpha (INFs-α). Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5) plays an important
role in the induction of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
participates in the SLE pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the role of
IRF5 gene expression levels in a sample of SLE Iraqi patients and its correlation
with disease activity, and to identify its diagnostic ability as a biomarker reflecting
disease activity. Blood samples were taken from 45 participants diagnosed with SLE
cases classified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.
They were scored via the SLE disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) to assess
the disease activity and according to it, they were subdivided into “SLE (I) group”
(SLEDAI-2k ≤5), and “SLE (II) group” (SLEDAI-2k >5), as well as age and gender
matched healthy control group. RNA was isolated from whole blood samples and
gene expression levels of IRF5 were determined using real-time polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). Our results revealed that the expression levels of the IRF5 gene were
significantly increased in SLE (I) and SLE (II) patient groups compared with the
control group (p<0.05, and p<0.01) respectively, as well as higher in SLE (II) group
than the SLE (I) group (p<0.01). Moreover, the expression levels of IRF5 were
found to be related positively and significantly to the disease activity index in both
SLE patient groups. The analysis of receiver operator curves (ROC) for gene
expression levels of IRF5 in SLE (II) group showed a perfect accuracy to distinguish
between SLE patients and healthy individuals (AUC=0.989, sensitivity= 95.5%, and
specificity= 88.0%). However, in SLE (I) group showed a good accuracy to
discriminate between SLE patients and healthy individuals. (AUC=0.769,
sensitivity= 69.6%, and specificity= 80.0%). The correlation between gene
expression levels of IRF5 with other parameters revealed that a significant positive
correlation was found with uric acid and ALP in SLE (I) group, while in SLE (II)
group with urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Our conclusion suggests that the upregulation
of IRF5 gene expression levels correlates positively with disease activity
in SLE patients reflecting the possibility of using it as an immunological biomarker
for diagnosis, and monitoring the disease flare.

The aim of the present study is to estimate the levels of some essential and nonessential
metals content of soil and seven leafy vegetable species, in the field 30m
away from the Al-Qanat highway in Baghdad using X-ray fluorescence analysis.
The results showed that soil and leafy vegetables had higher levels of macro
elements, and that Ca in rocket and purslane was the highest. The average content of
trace elements in soil and leafy vegetables has been close to the minimum than the
range of permissible limits recommended by WHO and FAO/WHO except Fe, Cr
and Ni in soil have exceeded the concentration of the threshold limit (13728.8 mg/kg
Dw for Fe, 183.361mg/kg Dw for Cr, and 124.01mg/kg Dw for Ni) value as well for
leafy vegetables, the concentration of Fe (573.29 mg/kg Dw in spinach and 540.41
mg/kg Dw in rocket) and zinc (183.52 mg/kg Dw in mallow, and 181.19 mg/kg Dw
in purslane) exceeded the permissible limits.
The values of As, Cd, Pb and Hg concentrations in soil have been within the range
of permissible limits recommended by WHO while in leafy vegetables higher levels
of Pb (2.58 mg/kg Dw), and Cd (2.2 mg/kg Dw), were found in the rocket, and
fenugreek, respectively. Also, higher levels of Sr were found in the rocket (592.42
mg/kg Dw) and purslane (560.34 mg/kg Dw) as well as Al in spinach (186.55 mg/kg
Dw). In addition, P, K, Mg (purslane), Zn (rocket, purslane, mallow), Cd (grapevine,
fenugreek), and Sr (rocket, purslane) accumulated the most with the transfer factor
(TF) (> 1.0), followed by Ca, Mg, Fe, Co, Cu, Se, Mn, Zn, Ni, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and
Sr (0.01–1.0), while Cr, and Al had the lowest accumulation (< 0.01).

A comparison of gas sensing performance of V2O5:Ag nanoparticles as thin film
and as bulk pellet toward NO2 and NH3 is presented. V2O5:Ag nanoparticles thin
films were deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation method on glass substrates
while the pellets were prepared by powder technology. XRD patterns of thin film
and pellet were polycrystalline with an orthorhombic structure. The value of average
grain size is about 60 nm. The morphological properties of the samples have been
distinguished by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field effect scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM) which indicated that the films showed homogeneous surfaces
morphology and contained pores between the grains. Sensing results showed a
various response to NO2 and NH3 gases. It was found that the sensitivity of thin
films sensor is superior to that of the pellets sensor.

The activity concentration of natural radioactivity levels, of artificial cesium and
transfer factor from soil to plants in agricultural areas at Al- Yusiefya region were
determined by using NaI (Tl) detector spectrometer. Ten species of leafy plants have
been selected: Spinach, Parsley, Watercress, Lettuce, Rashad, Radish, Green onion,
Turnip green, Green beet and Mint. The mean activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th,
40K and 137Cs in leafy vegetable samples were 12.4±3.8, 14.8±4.7, 283±93 and
1.06±0.99 Bg/kg, and in soil samples were 15.9±4.3, 16.1±5.2, 298.5±3.9, and
1.11±0.37 Bq/kg. The radiation hazard indices were evaluated (radium equivalent,
external hazard index, annual effective dose, absorbed dose rate) were within the
permissible values except for excess lifetime cancer risk. The mean transfer factor
values of 226 Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were 0.89±0.2, 0.9±0.2 , 1.02±0.3, and
0.77±0.25. The leafy vegetable are safe for consumption and the studied area does
not pose a considerable radiological threat .

This research aims to study the effect of different pH values on the growth of
CdTe nanoparticles during specific times. The reflux method has been used as a
method for preparing CdTe quantum dots. A difference in absorbance and intensities
of peaks at pH 10.5 and 11.5 was observed during the reaction period. The growth
rate of the NPs (nucleation) was irregular at low pH values. Optical examinations
showed that the best growth rate of NPs was at pH value 12.

In this work, a pollution-sensitive Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) based on Surface
Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology is designed and implemented for sensing
refractive indices and concentrations of polluted water . The overall construction of the
sensor is achieved by splicing short lengths of PCF (ESM-12) solid core on one side
with traditional multimode fiber (MMF) and depositing a gold nanofilm of 50nm
thickness on the end of the PCF sensor. The PCF- SPR experiment was carried out with
various samples of polluted water including(distilled water, draining water, dirty pond
water, chemical water, salty water and oiled water). The location of the resonant
wavelength peaks is seen to move to longer wavelengths (red shift) as the refractive
index increases due to the transfer of maximum energy from the reflected power of the
light guided through the fiber to the surface plasmons. The experimental results show
that the highest sensitivity reached 4202.6nm/RIU for oiled water, the signal to noise
ratio was 0.625, the resolution was 2.4*10-5 RIU, and the figure of merit was 22.8. The
prepared sensor exhibited excellent performance features, making it an excellent
element for detecting water pollutants.

The nuclear size radii, density distributions and elastic electron scattering charge
form factors for Fluorine isotopes (17,19,20,24,26F) were studied using the radial wave
functions (WF) of harmonic-oscillator (HO) potential and free mean field described
by spherical Hankel functions (SHF) for the core and the valence parts, respectively
for all aforementioned isotopes. The parameters for HO potential (size parameter ????)
and SHF were chosen to regenerate the available experimental size radii. It was
found that using spherical Hankel functions in our work improved the calculated
results quantities in comparison with empirical data.

In this study, uranium concentrations were evaluated and the annual effective
dose was calculated from the consumption of bottled water and tap water used for
drinking in Babylon, middle Iraq. Uranium isotopes (238U, 234U, 235U) were
determined for all samples collected using the phosphorylation analyzer technique
represented device (KPA). Forty-four samples were collected to cover almost all
districts and regions of Babylon. Thirty tap water samples were collected from
residential neighborhoods, with 14 samples from local brand bottled water. The
results show that the uranium concentrations in the tap water samples ranged from
1.66 μg.L-1 to 2.64 μg.L-1, with an average of 2.12 μg.L-1, and the bottled water
samples varied from 1.06 μg.L-1 to 1.82 μg.L-1, with an average 1.47 μg.L-1. This
means that the uranium contents in tap and bottled water samples are less than 15
μg.L-1 and 30 μg.L-1, which are safe values of the WHO, and the EPA respectively.
The annual effective dose values of 238U, 234U, and 235U for adult consumption of tap
water range between 0.67, 0.0.33, 0.74 μSv.y-1 to 1.07, 0.052, 1.18 μSv.y-1 with
averages of 0.86, 0.042, 0.95 μSv.y-1, respectively. Their values in bottled water
ranged from 0.43, 0.020, 0.47 μSv.y-1 to 0.73, 0.035, 0.81 μSv.y-1, with an average
of 0.59, 0.029, 0.65 μSv.y-1, respectively. The value of the annual effective dose of
total uranium isotopes in tap water samples ranged between 1.45 μSv.y-1 to 2.30
μSv.y-1 with an average of 0.85 μSv.y-1, whereas in bottled water varied from 0.92 to
1.58 μSv.y-1 with an average of 1.28 μSv.y-1.

This research aimed to know the tectonic activity of the Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan
using hydrological and morphotectonic analyses. Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan is
deposited from Wadi Al-Rimah in Saudi Arabia, which extended to Iraqi and Kuwait
international boundaries. The longitudinal and transverse faults that characterize this
region were common. The Abu- Jir-Euphrates faults have a significant impact on the
region. The faults zone consists of several NW- SE trending faults running from the
Rutba in western Iraq to the south along the Euphrates through Kuwait and meeting
the Al-Batin fault to the Jal Al-Zor fault. The Hydromorphometric analysis of the
present fan shows five watersheds having asymmetry shapes, more elongated and
activity from the elongation ratio and asymmetry factor values. In contrast,
transverse topographic symmetry and mountain front sinuosity factor have moderate
to low activity from the stream length gradient index. The morphotectonic analysis
suggests that the Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan has a moderate tectonic activity due to
the tectonic activity of the subsurface lineaments and the oil field activities found in
the region.

The study investigates the anion and cation concentrations and their distribution
in the Dammam aquifer to assess the groundwater suitability for irrigation and
livestock in Sayed Al-Shuhadaa, Karbala, central Iraq. It lies between longitudes 43º
29' 00'' – 43º 40' 00'' E and latitudes (32º 17' 00'' – 32º22' 00'') N. The
physicochemical properties, cations and anions were measured in 14 active wells
distributed in the study area. The assessment was conducted based on the sodium
adsorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), electrical conductivity (EC), total
dissolved solids (TDS), and Hydrogen number (pH). Groundwater in the study area
is very good for livestock and eeraretharahc by no damage, as the rate of sodium
adsorption was good. The percentage of sodium and pH values are within the
permissible values for irrigation, except for some wells that have high TDS and EC,
which leads to an increase in salinity.

This paper aims to calculate the petrophysical properties in the Al-Ahdab field
in the middle of Iraq within the Mauddud Formation. This study was based on the
information available from well logs. The interactive petrophysical software IP
(V4.5) was used to calculate the porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and shale volume,
divide the formation into reservoir units and buffer units, and evaluate these units in
each well. The Mauddud was divided into five units, two of them were considered
good reservoirs having good petrophysical properties (high porosity, Low water
saturation, and low shale volume). The other three are not reservoirs because of poor
petrophysical properties.

The Yamama Formation is characterized by a wide geographic extension of
southern Iraq. Microfacies analysis of this formation was studied in six wells
distributed in six fields: Fayhaa, Sindbad, Siba, Zubair, Ratawi and West Qurna. This
research aims to determine paleoenvironments by diagnosing biofacies and
lithofacies. Miscellaneous marine fauna of foraminifera and calcareous algae, mainly
green algae (dasycladacean.) and skeletal bioclasts from gastropods, pelecypods,
bryozoans, sponge spicules, and echinoderms were found. Petrographic studies and
well logs interpretations led to the identification of five main Microfacies ( Mudstone,
Wackestone, Packestone, Grainestone and Rudstone and twelve submicrofacies
(Foraminiferal-Lime mudstone submicrofacies, Argillaceous Lime Mudstone
submicrofacies, Planktonic foraminiferal – Lime Wackestone submicrofacies,
piculites/ Calcisphers – Lime Wackstone submicrofacies, Benthonic Foraminiferal
-Lime wackestone/packestone submicrofacies, Algal (desycladecan) Lime
wackestone submicrofacies, Algal-Lime packestone submicrofacies, Bioclastic/
Algal-Lime packestone submicrofacies, Algal/ Foraminiferal- Algal -Lime packstone
submicrofacies, Peloidal poorly sorted grainstone with bioclasts submicrofacies,
Intraclastic grainstone submicrofacies, Pesudo oolitic-Lithocodium aggregatum
grainstone submicrofacies and finally Peloidal-intraclastic, and bioclastic grainstone
submicrofacies). Microfacies are deposited in the lagoon, shoal, rudist biostrome and
open marine gradient to middle and outer ramp environments. Vertical changes in
microfacies with depth were reflected by lateral changes in marine depositional
systems and the thickness of the formation. Shoal environments' microfacies are
characterized by high thickness, while low thickness characterizes the open marine
microfacies. The Yamama Formation was deposited on the low-angle homoclinic
carbonate ramp, mainly in the inner and middle ramp, with outer ramp conditions in
some parts of the formation.

In this article an attempt has been made to procure the concept of pairwise neutrosophic simply open set, pairwise neutrosophic simply continuous mapping, pairwise neutrosophic simply open mapping, pairwise neutrosophic simply compactness, pairwise neutrosophic simply b-open set, pairwise neutrosophic simply b-continuous mapping, pairwise neutrosophic simply b-open mapping and pairwise neutrosophic simply b-compactness via neutrosophic bi-topological spaces (in short NBTS). Besides, we furnish few illustrative examples on them via NBTS. Further, we investigate some basic properties of them, and formulate several results on NBTSs.

The aim of this paper is to study the quaternary classical continuous optimal
control for a quaternary linear parabolic boundary value problems(QLPBVPs). The
existence and uniqueness theorem of the continuous quaternary state vector solution
for the weak form of the QLPBVPs with given quaternary classical continuous
control vector (QCCCV) is stated and proved via the Galerkin Method. In addition,
the existence theorem of a quaternary classical continuous optimal control vector
governinig by the QLPBVPs is stated and demonstrated. The Fréchet derivative for
the cost function is derived. Finally, the necessary conditions for the optimality
theorem of the proposed problem is stated and demonstrated.

In this work, polynomials ???????? (????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????|????) and the finite q-exponential
operator 3ℰ2 are constructed. The operator 3ℰ2 is used to combine an operator
proof of the generating function with its extension, Mehler's formula with its
extension and Roger's formula for the polynomials ????????(????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????|????). The
generating function with its extension, Mehler's formula with its extension and
Rogers formula for Al-Salam-Carlitz polynomials ???????? (????, ????, ????; ????) are deduced by
giving special values to polynomials ???????? (????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????|????).

In this paper, the oscillatory and nonoscillatory qualities for every solution of
fourth-order neutral delay equation are discussed. Some conditions are established to
ensure that all solutions are either oscillatory or approach to zero as???? → ∞. Two
examples are provided to demonstrate the obtained findings.

A complex number ???? is called an extended eigenvalue for an operator ???? ∈ ????(????)
on a Hilbert space H if there exists a nonzero operator ???? ∈ ????(????) such that: ???????? =
????????????, such ???? is called an extended eigenoperator corresponding to. The goal of this
paper is to calculate extended eigenvalues and extended eigenoperators for the
weighted unilateral (Forward and Backward) shift operators. We also find an
extended eigenvalues for weighted bilateral shift operator. Moreover, the closedness
of extended eigenvalues for the weighted unilateral (Forward and Backward) shift
operators under multiplication is proven.

The aim of this paper is to estimate a single reliability system (R = P, Z > W)
with a strength Z subjected to a stress W in a stress-strength model that follows a
power Rayleigh distribution. It proposes, generates and examines eight methods and
techniques for estimating distribution parameters and reliability functions. These
methods are the maximum likelihood estimation(MLE), the exact moment
estimation (EMME), the percentile estimation (PE), the least-squares estimation
(LSE), the weighted least squares estimation (WLSE) and three shrinkage estimation
methods (sh1) (sh2) (sh3). We also use the mean square error (MSE) Bias and the
mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) to compare the estimation methods. Both
theoretical comparison, simulation and real data are used. The results in light of this
distribution show the advantage of the proposed methods.

In this paper, we introduce the notation of the soft bornological group to solve
the problem of boundedness for the soft group. We combine soft set theory with
bornology space to produce a new structure which is called soft bornological
group. So that both the product and inverse maps are soft bounded. As well as, we
study the actions of the soft bornological group on the soft bornological sets. The
aim soft bornological set is to partition into orbital classes by acting soft
bornological group on the soft bornological set. In addition, we explain the
centralizer, normalizer, and stabilizer in details. The main important results are to
prove that the product of soft bornological groups is soft bornological group and the
action for different elements are the same actions.

The definition of orthogonal generalized higher k-derivation is examined in this
paper and we introduced some of its related results.

In this paper, the necessary optimality conditions are studied and derived for a
new class of the sum of two Caputo–Katugampola fractional derivatives of orders
(α, ρ) and( β,ρ) with fixed the final boundary conditions. In the second study, the
approximation of the left Caputo-Katugampola fractional derivative was obtained by
using the shifted Chebyshev polynomials. We also use the Clenshaw and Curtis
formula to approximate the integral from -1 to 1. Further, we find the critical points
using the Rayleigh–Ritz method. The obtained approximation of the left fractional
Caputo-Katugampola derivatives was added to the algorithm applied to the
illustrative example so that we obtained the approximate results for the state variable
x(t) and the control variable u(t) by assumed α, β ∈ (0,1) with different values for
two periods of ρ > 0 (ρ∈ (0,1) , ρ∈ (1,2)). In both cases, the algorithm steps show the
accuracy and efficiency of the approximate results of the proposed system.

In this article, an attempt has been made to introduce the concept of Neutrosophic d-Filter and Neutrosophic Prime d-Filter of d-Algebra by generalizing the notion of Intuitionistic Fuzzy d-Filter of d-Algebra. Besides, we establish different properties of them. Further, we study several relations on this notion from the point of view of Neutrosophic d-Algebra.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of an elastic wall on the
peristaltic flow of Williamson fluid between two concentric cylinders, where the
inner tube is cylindrical with an inelastic wall and the outer wall is a regular elastic
sine wave. For this problem, cylindrical coordinates are used with a short
wavelength relative to channel width for its length, as well as the governing
equations of Williamson fluid in the Navier-Stokes equations. The results evaluated
using the Mathematica software program. The Mathematica program used by
entering the various data for the parameters, where the program shows the graphs,
then the effect of these parameters became clear and the results mentioned in the
conclusion. Williamson fluid peristaltic flow through an elastic conduit is the subject
of this investigation. For a number of significant elements, such as velocity
distribution, stress and wave frame streamlines, graphic findings are supplied at the
end of the article.

In this paper, we introduce new conditions to prove that the existence and
boundedness of the solution by convergent sequences and convergent series. The
theorem of Krasnoselskii, Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem and fixed
point theorem are used to get some sufficient conditions for the existence of
solutions. Furthermore, we get sufficient conditions to guarantee the oscillatory
property for all solutions in this class of equations. An illustrative example is
included as an application to the main results.

During the last few decades, many academic and professional groups gave
attention to adopting the multi-criteria decision-making methods in a variety of
contexts for decision-making that are given to the diversity and sophistication of
their selections. Five different classification methods are tested and assessed in this
paper. Each has its own set of five attribute selection approaches. By using the
multi-criteria decision-making procedures, these data can be used to rate options.
Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is
designed utilizing a modified fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (MFAHP) to compute
the weight alternatives for TOPSIS in order to obtain the confidence value of each
classifier for each feature selection approach individually. Defuzzification of the
fuzzy values to obtain the final criteria weights, the rank function is used. The
modification of TOPSIS is assessed in tests using five prediction models
(alternatives) and six performance measurements (criteria) to analyze the German
credit data sets. Overall the results of the experiment show that the proposed
strategies are successful in credit approval data

Diabetes is a disease caused by high sugar levels. Currently, diabetes is one of
the most common diseases in the number of people with diabetes worldwide. The
increase in diabetes is caused by the delay in establishing the diagnosis of the
disease. Therefore, an initial action is needed as a solution that requires the most
appropriate and accurate data mining to manage diabetes mellitus. The algorithms
used are artificial neural network algorithms, namely Restricted Boltzmann Machine
and Backpropagation. This research aims to compare the two algorithms to find
which algorithm can produce high accuracy, and determine which algorithm is more
accurate in detecting diabetes mellitus. Several stages were involved in this research,
including data collection, data pre-processing, data processing, and evaluation
models. This research shows that the Restricted Boltzmann Machine algorithm
achieved accuracy of 82.02% while the Backpropagation algorithm reached87.01%
when using the normalization method. Thus, the diabetes mellitus dataset used can
be said to have a better value for the backpropagation algorithm than the restricted
Boltzmann machine algorithm.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been
announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), which
results in the collapsing of the healthcare systems in several countries around the
globe. Machine learning (ML) methods are one of the most utilized approaches in
artificial intelligence (AI) to classify COVID-19 images. However, there are many
machine-learning methods used to classify COVID-19. The question is: which
machine learning method is best over multi-criteria evaluation? Therefore, this
research presents benchmarking of COVID-19 machine learning methods, which is
recognized as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. In the recent
century, the trend of developing different MCDM approaches has been raised based
on different perspectives; however, the latest one, namely, the fuzzy decision by
opinion score method that was produced in 2020, has efficiently been able to solve
some existing issues that other methods could not manage to solve. because of the
multiple criteria decision-making problem and because some criteria have a conflict
problem. The methodology of this research was divided into two main stages. The
first stage related to identifying the decision matrix used eight different ML methods
on chest X-ray (CXR) images and extracted a new decision matrix so as to assess the
ML methods. The second stage related to FDOSM was utilized to solve the multiple
criteria decision-making problems. The results of this research are as follows: (1)
The individual benchmarking results of three decision makers are nearly identical;
however, among all the used ML methods, neural networks (NN) achieved the best
results. (2) The results of the benchmarking group are comparable, and the neural
network machine learning method is the best among the used methods. (3) The final
rank is more logical and closest to the decision-makers' opinion. (4) Significant
differences among groups' scores are shown by our validation results, which indicate
the authenticity of our results. Finally, this research presents many benefits,
especially for hospitals and medical clinics, with a view to speeding up the diagnosis
of patients suffering from COVID-19 using the best machine learning method.

The most common artifacts in ultrasound (US) imaging are reverberation and
comet-tail. These are multiple reflection echoing the interface that causing them, and
result in ghost echoes in the ultrasound image. A method to reduce these unwanted
artifacts using a Otsu thresholding to find region of interest (reflection echoes) and
output applied to median filter to remove noise. The developed method significantly
reduced the magnitude of the reverberation and comet-tail artifacts. Support Vector
Machine (SVM) algorithm is most suitable for hyperplane differentiate. For that, we
use image enhancement, extraction of feature, region of interest, Otsu thresholding,
and finally classification image datasets to normal or abnormal image. Because of
the machine’s training for both types of images, the machine can now predict
whether a new image is an abnormal image or a normal image. As a result, it
reduced medical work for many checkups and other things. Our proposed method
shows the correct classification result by more than 89%.

The existence of the Internet, networking, and cloud computing support a wide
range of new technologies. Blockchain is one of these technologies; this increases
the interest of researchers who are concerned with providing a safe environment for
the circulation of important information via the Internet. Maintaining solidity and
integrity of a blockchain’s transactions is an important issue, which must always be
borne in mind. Transactions in blockchain are based on use of public and private
keys asymmetric cryptography. This work proposes usage of users’ DNA as a
supporting technology for storing and recovering their keys in case those keys are
lost — as an effective bio-cryptographic recovery method. The RSA private key is
responsible for maintaining the authenticity of the blocks’ wallets throughout any
transaction related to any block of the blockchain. This framework can be used for a
wide range of applications such as student registration systems at universities: in
order to prevent the forging of student graduation certificates. The experimental
results demonstrated robustness of the proposed solution, using a number of key
sizes. The effectiveness of our approach is compared to that of elliptic curve
cryptography keys. Our approach shows that the security and authentication needed
for blockchain technology can be accomplished using DNA combined with an RSA
private key. On the other hand, the standard EC cryptography shows poor
performance against our suggested method as demonstrated in the discussion
section.

Data hiding strategies have recently gained popularity in different fields; Digital
watermark technology was developed for hiding copyright information in the image
visually or invisibly. Today, 3D model technology has the potential to alter the field
because it allows for the production of sophisticated structures and forms that were
previously impossible to achieve. In this paper, a new watermarking method for the
3D model is presented. The proposed method is based on the geometrical and
topology properties of the 3D model surface to increase the security. The
geometrical properties are based on computing the mean curvature for a surface and
topology based on the number of edges around each vertex, the vertices that have
negative mean curvature and an odd number of edges around the vertex are selected
for embedding. Selecting the vertex with negative mean curvature value means the
vertex located in the deep region of the surface, so it not noticeable change to human
eyes. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the PSNR, and CF are
used as a measurement to evaluate the visibility and robustness of the 3D
watermarked model. The experimental results have shown the proposed algorithm
has good imperceptibility where the PSNR reach up to 44.41 and robustness against
attack where the CF is one in many cases.

There are many neutron sources in the universe that play an important role in
the stellar slow neutron capture (s-process) nucleosynthesis. Fluorine-19 is a
cosmically rare isotope that is generated in a series of reactions. The aim in this
paper is to perform theoretical calculations to test the variance of neutron intensity
generated within stellar conditions, especially in Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB)
stars, on the production of 19F isotope. EMPIRE II program has been utilized with
the aid of many MATLAB programs, and experimental comparisons have been made
with NACRE II and Reaclib libraries. The results has shown that the high
abundances of reactant nuclei responsible for ultimately generating 19F are
consumed by neutron poisoning reactions that highly affect the final generation of
19F isotope. Also, the Seff and S(0) values for the reaction N
14 (????, ????) C
14 have been
approximately calculated in the present research.

The climate changes had been recognized as one of the major factors responsible
for land degradation, which has a significant impact on diverse aspects. The present
study aims to estimate how the climate change can influence land degradation in the
south areas of Baghdad province (Al-Rasheed, Al-Mahmudiyah, Al-Yusufiyah, Al-
Madaen, and Al-Latifiyah). The Satellite Landsat-8 OLI and satellite Landsat-5 TM
sensor imagery were used to extent land degradation for the period (2010-2019).
ArcGIS V.10.4 was applied to manage and analysis the satellite image dataset,
including the use of climate factors data from the European Center for Climate
Forecasts (ECMWF) by reanalyzes and extraction datasets. To achieve work
objectives, many ground data were collected, including the temperature, rain
precipitation, evaporation, and relative humidity from 30 meteorological monitoring
stations. These data help us to utilize the interpolation methods for the extraction
process of contour lines maps, to be scientific indicators of the relationship between
climatic factors and satellite images classifications, involving the spectral indicators
of the vegetation cover and water bodies. The results showed the agriculture
degradation through the decreasing of vegetation cover rate from 56.57% in (2010)
to 43.43% in )2019 (. This deterioration is thought to be related to climate changes
with other factors such as water shortage that was 0.52 and 0.44, respectively, the
greatest temperature reading was (24.57), the greatest precipitation was (0.21), the
greatest relative humidity was (60.73), and vapor rate (-0.2) for the studied period.

The detection and estimation of weathering conditions have become a very
important daily necessity in our life. For this purpose, several satellites of low
resolution imagery were launched by the weathering and environmental
agencies. The important weather paremeters are temperuter, wind direction,
velocity, clould and humidity, etc. The low resolution images often deal with
large-scale phenomena and the interpretation and projection of the produced data
requires continuous development of tools and criteria.
In this paper, the low spatial resolution data generated by the moderate
resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to monitor the cloud
density and direction above Iraq and its neighboring countries for the period
from 14-12-2021 to 23-12-2021. The MODIS reflectance and surface
temperature (HDF format) data were used and processed to achieve the purpose
of this research. The reflectance data were projected according to a sinusoidal
system due to the presence of three Earth zones distributions (37, 38, and 39, N).
The cloud density was estimated from the digital values and the wind direction
was estimated from the bands animation. The direction of wind for the cloudy
condition was from the North-East. The digital data processing included data
preparation and selection, georeference (adding a projection system), features
extraction, and displaying the final results. All data were evaluated using ENVI
(Environment for Visualizing Images, ver. 4.5.)

A simple and smart algorithm was presented to recognize car plates in parking at
the College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq. The study consists
of recording video clips of all cars parked in the selected area. The studied camera
heights were1m and 2m, and the video clips were 19 and 30. Images were extracted
from the video clip to be used for training data for the cascade method. Haar
classification was used to detect license plates after the training step. Viola-jones
algorithm was applied to the output of Haar’s data for both camera heights (1m and
2m). The accuracy was calculated for all data with different weather conditions and
local time recoding. The accuracy is 100% for all data in this study

Remote sensing and GIS applications (Geoinformatics tools) involve a wide
range of techniques for providing a solution for future water resources management
and offer an excellent means to improve knowledge of sustainable planning. Al-
Razzaza is the second largest lake in Iraq; it is a common source of fishery fortune
and floodwater reservoir in southwestern Iraq. In recent years, the lake faced a
noticeable amount of desiccation, which is considered a threat to the biodiversity
and wildlife of the lake. The study aimed to detect the Lake's spatiotemporal
changes from 1988 to 2018. Multi satellite-derived indices were investigated for the
extracting of the lake water body. Results showed that the lake volume decreased by
about 30% from 1990-2002, while it was about 70% from 1990-2014. A slight rise
in the lake area was recorded in 2016 by about 40% compared with 2014. The
accurate measurement was achieved to find a method showing the spatiotemporal
aspects of lake changes.