Iraqi Journal of Science

Ten new thiourea derivatives 1-10 were prepared in this work using a two-step
process that involved reacting 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride with KSCN to afford 4-
methoxybenzoyl isothiocyanate. This was followed by reaction with various amines
(primary amines, secondary amines, and diamines) to give the aforementioned title
products 1-10. These products were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR
spectroscopy. Using the DPPH scavenging method, the antioxidant activity of
thiourea products was investigated, and derivative 8 had the greatest antioxidant
activity in comparison to the other derivatives. Moreover, molecular docking for all
compounds was studied using Autodock (4.2.6) software and Bacillus pasteurii
urease (pdb id: 4ubp) as a target protein. The best inhibitor activity and docking
scores are displayed by compound 7, followed by compounds 5 and 6, which
highlight the importance of compounds having two thiourea moieties for higher
inhibition activity.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is a thiono-sulfur containing compound with a wide
manufacturing application. Humans and animals exposure to TAA may occur in
different ways and may cause nephrotoxicity. So, in this study serum creatinine
concentration and urea, in addition to renal pathological changes, were examined in
mice treated with TAA/P (100 mg/kg B.W). One hundred twenty male albino
(BALB/c) mice were used. They were randomly divided into 2 main groups. In the
control group 30 mice were fed water only and normal mice pellet.The other TAAtreated
group of mice were divided into 3 subgroups as follow: 1st group (G1) was
injectsed with TAA for 2 months (injected twice a month), while the 2nd(G2) and
3rd(G3) groups were injected with TAA for 4 and 6 months respectively (single
injection monthly). Subsequently, serum urea and creatinine were measured in the
control and the treated mice. The pathological changes in renal tissue were studied by
examiningstained Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). The results showed a significant
increase (P<0.05) in blood urea and creatinine levels of all studied groups with diverse
pathological changes in kidney, including degeneration, necrosis, hemorrhage,
nephritis, abscess and granulomatous lesions due to TAA toxicity.

Diverse organismsuch as mammals and fishes exposure to noxious waste in the
surroundings is a continuous routine and the active absorption and propagation of
contaminants in humans is through the food chain. In order to determine the level of
toxicity across the food chain,this research was structured to identify some
biochemical alterations in the hepatic tissue of rats fed cadmium, cyanide and a
mixture of cyanide and cadmium contaminated catfish diet. Fish were assigned into
four groups and were exposed to both toxicants (cadmium and cyanide) in the single
and combined states. Each toxicant was administered as cadmium chloride (CdCl2)
and potassium cyanide (KCN) on a dose of 0.4 mg of the toxicant/100 ml water for
about four weeks in a 100 Liter capacity water plastic aquarium. Fish in group A
were housed in uncontaminated water (control), group B was housed in cyanidecontaminated
water, group C washoused in a cadmium-contaminated water and
group D was housed in cyanide + cadmium contaminated water. Subsequently the
fish were sacrificed, dried and served as protein source in the prepared diet used to
feed rats. The rats were also allocated into four groups and fed for 28
days.Thereafter they were sacrificed and the liver excised for biochemical assays.
The end result attained specified that consumption of the contaminated diet changed
the exploits of hepatic enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) in tissue and serum of rats. A notable decrease (P<0.05) was detected in
albumin, serum total protein and globulin level in the experimental rats. Also, a
significant increase/decrease (P<0.05) in oxidative stress parameterswas noted in
hepatic tissues of rats exposed to the contaminated diet. Thus, the discoveries of the
research stipulated that interaction with cyanide and cadmium via the food-chain led
to anomaly in liver function of the experimental rats so perturbing the usual
metabolic actions.

Ovarian cystic lesions are one of the most common pathologic disorders in
gynecology and a common reason for surgery. The purpose of the study was to
determine the histopathologic characteristics of benign cystic ovarian lesions and
their correlation to age, type, laterality, locularity, and size of ovarian cystic lesions.
This is a retrospective study carried out on 100 cases from the archive in the Imam
Kadhimian medical city and the educational laboratories of Baghdad medical city,
out of 100 patients, the most common age group that underwent cystectomy was 20-
40 years old. The vast majority of the cysts were non-neoplastic (67%) while the
neoplastic cysts occupy 33% of all cysts. The most common non-neoplastic cyst was
corpus luteum cyst (49 (49%) out of 100), subsequently follicular cyst (11 cases
(11%) out of 100) and they are most commonly encountered in the age group (20 to
40) years while the most common neoplastic cyst was matured cystic teratoma (17
cyst (17%) out of 100) in the age group (20 to 40) years subsequently serous
cystadenoma (12 cysts (12%) out of 100) in the age group (41-60) years. Most of the
non-neoplastic cyst (58 out of 67) was measured less than 6 cm while most of the
neoplastic cyst (22 out of 33) measured more than 6 cm and both appear slightly
more frequent in the age group (20-40) years.

Eight-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is considered as one of the principle forms
of oxygen radicals that stimulated the oxidative stress and has been extensively
utilized as a biomarker for oncogenesis. The primary goal of the present study was
to investigate the alteration in the levels of 8-OHdG, antioxidant profile and
proinflammatory cytokines levels in patients with lung carcinoma. Blood samples
were collected from 40 cases with lung cancer (stage III) admitted before the
treatment, for health examination at the Nanakaly Hospital in Erbil city and 45
healthy samples of controls with ages ranging between 38-69 years for both groups.
Circulating concentration of 8-OHdG, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 were
evaluated by ELISA. Circulating levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase
(POX) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels were also analyzed by using ELISA. The
current work proposes that (8-OHdG) can be used as a functional biological marker,
considering oxidative stress among the patients with lung carcinoma. The obtained
data also indicated a correlation between serum cytokine concentrations and the rate
of survival in lung carcinoma patients.

This study aimed to get a better understanding of molecular epidemiology and
genetic variation in the spike glycoprotein as a key viral component involved in viral
entrance into host cells and as a potential vaccination target. Three Iraqi SARSCoV-
2 strains were investigated using whole-genome sequencing, with two of them
clustering into the 20A (GH) clade, and the remaining strain is clustered in 20E
(GV) clade, belonging to the B.1.36.1 and B.1.177.80 lineage, respectively. Wholegenome
sequencing of the viral RNA samples revealed nine sporadic
nonsynonymous uncommon mutations with frequency ranged from 0.00 to 0.19%.
The ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF3a, S, N, intergenic, ORF7 and ORF8 areas have seen
the most changes. Furthermore, in all of our sequences, we discovered a D614G
(aspartic acid to glycine) mutation in spike protein that co-occurred with an NSP12
P323L (viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) mutation. The findings point to
several viral introductions in Iraq and provide new genetic information on SARSCoV-
2 at the worldwide level. Pathogenesis, diagnostics and vaccine development
require information such as SNPs and mutations.

Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis is complex and has to be confirmed by the
combination of immunological tests and imaging techniques. In this study heat
shock proteins were induced and their immunoreactivity was assessed by ELISA.
Sera were collected from 34 hydatid patients who were admitted to the Rizgary
Teaching Hospital through October 2013 to July 2017, in addition to 29 healthy
donors and 18 non-hydatid cases. For heat shock response, two batches of 25000
protoscoleces (Ps) were incubated separately at 42°C and 45 °C for 4 hours. Heat
treated and normal Ps were disrupted and the extracts were divided into two parts.
One part was directly used as source of antigens (PE, PE42 and PE45) and the other
one was partially purified on Sephadex G150. The immunoreactivity of these
antigens, as well as hydatid fluidwas assessed by ELISA. The cutoff value to
differentiate positive from negative sera was established by receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) analysis.
Two peaks of PE42 and three peaks of PE45 resulted by Sephadex G150. Extracts of
42ºC treated Ps resulted in two protein peaks and were used as PE42P1 and PE42P2
antigens. For 45°C treated Ps, the chromatography patterns resulted in three protein
peaks and were used as PE45P1, PE45P2 and PE45P3 antigens. Highest rates of
sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were detected with PE42P2 (91.2%)
and PE45P2 (91.2%). Sensitivity of ELISA was consistent for liver cysts with all
applied antigens.
Hydatid antigens extracted from heat treated Ps markedly raised the sensitivity of
ELISA to detect anti-hydatid IgG.

The gene expression of the most important structural genes ica A and D of
biofilm, sarA, and sigB regulatory genes of some methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were examined using the real-time
polymerase chain reaction after 24 hours of growth. The results revealed that the
isolates with strong biofilm production had the highest gene expression of the
structural icaA and D genes. Whereas the isolates that showed moderate and weak
biofilm production, recorded the lowest gene expression. The results of the
regulatory genes sarA, and sigB fluctuated among all MRSA isolates. Isolate No. 64
recorded the highest gene expression, while isolate 50 recorded the lowest gene
expression. The purpose of this study was to determine the gene expression of
structural genes ica A and D, and regulator genes sigB and sarA in some MRSA
isolates with different abilities of biofilm formation where the sarA and sigB play
important role in positive regulation of biofilm formation.

Currently, there is a growing interest in medicinal plants extracts as some plants
have shown antitumor potential. The goal of this study was to test the anticancer
activity of methanol extract of Conocarpous erectus leaves in breast cancer cells.
Cytotoxicity was tested in vitro on breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 [Estrogen receptor
+ (ER+)] and MDA-MB231 [Estrogen receptor - (ER-)], in addition to normal
fibroblast cells (REF). MTT assay was utilized to measure the growth inhibitory
effects after 48 hours exposure to extracts. Viability results indicated that MDAMB231
were sensitive (GI50 = 56.1μg/ml).However, no sensitivity was seen in both
MCF7 and REF cells (GI50>100 μg/ml). Interestingly the sensitivity seen in MDAMB231
cells was associated with a significant reduction in cell number and size. It
can be concluded from this study that leaves extracts may provide a candidate
therapy against breast cancer cells and sensitivity was not linked with ER
expression. No effect was observed in normal cells.

Insect pest management has been dominated by the use of synthetic pesticides
since early 1950s. However, lately this control method is not widely accepted due to
an increase in environmental awareness, food safety concerns and the increasing
number of insecticide-resistant species. In Iraq, the chemical insect pest control is
still a dominant control method regardless of the increased pressure to replace it
gradually with environment friendly alternatives such as predators, parasitoids,
nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi. In Iraq, there is an increasing volume of
research that has used different genus and species of entomopathogenic fungi for
controlling several agricultural pests. However, these efforts are not yet reflected in
the industry. In this short review article, a detailed summary of the research that has
been done with entomopathogenic fungi in Iraq since 2000 is given and a brief
discussion of the potential of using entomopathogenic fungi on a large scale in Iraq,
its challenges, and recommendations is presented.

According to the prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteria, especially
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which the essential mechanism of drug resistance is the
ability to possess an efflux pump by which extrusion of antimicrobial agents usually
occurs, this study aims to detect the presence of mexB multidrug efflux gene in some
local isolates of this bacteria that show resistance towards three antibiotics, out of
five. Sensitivity test to antibiotics was performed on all isolates by using
meropenem (10μg/disc), imipenem (10μg/disc), amikacin (30 μg/disc),
ciprofloxacin (5μg/disc) and ceftazidime (30 μg/disc). Conventional PCR results
showed the presence of mexB gene (244bp) in four isolates out of ten (40%). In
addition,25, 50μg/ml of curcumin was used to detect its efficacy with the antibiotics
that the bacteria showed resistance towards. Results showed the highest resistance
for ciprofloxacin (80%), while all of them were sensitive to imipenem. In addition,
the present results show that both concentrations of curcumin (25, 50μg/ml) were
effective in increasing the zone of inhibition from zero to 10 mm for isolates
towards amikacin. Same result was obtained towards ciprofloxacin, except for an
increase of inhibition zone from zero to 7 mm to one isolate (38T) when treated with
50 μg/ml, and finally an increase in sensitivity to ceftazidime was found and
inhibition zone was increased from 8 to 11 for the second isolate (42E), which
revealed that curcumin potentiates antibiotics activity by inhibition of efflux pump
mechanisms that can be related to the synergetic activity between antibiotics and
curcumin.

The toxicity effect of Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)leaves extract was
studied on albino rats. Rats were divided into four groups, four per group. Group 1
received water and feeds only, whileonly. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered
doses of the extract 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg body weight
respectively. Parameters studied were indices of liver and kidney function. Results
showed that final body weight, serum, AST, ALP, urea, Creatinine, and some
electrolytes were not affected by the administration of the different doses of the
extract. ALT significantly increased by administration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg
of the extract when compared with the control. Besides, there was asignificant
increase in the level of K+ (P>0.05) at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight of the
extract. Similarly, Na+ was also significantly increased by the administration of the
extract (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg). These increases observed may be due to the
certain phytochemicals present in the extract. The longer administration of the
extract could likely not to be safe.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory disorder in which the Epstein-
Barr virus (EBV) is proposed to have a pathogenic role. Therefore, a case-control
study was performed (93 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 113 healthy
controls (HC) to analyze the prevalence and viral load of EBV infection using real
time-polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence of EBV infection was lower in patients
compared to HC but the difference was not significant (12.9 vs. 21.2%; probability
[p] = 0.187). EBV-positive MS cases were more common in females than in males
(83.3 vs. 16.7%), while an opposite distribution was observed in HC (37.5 vs.
62.5%), and the difference was significant (p = 0.041). Blood group O frequency
was higher in EBV-positive patients compared to the corresponding HC but the
difference was not significant (33.3 vs. 20.8%; p = 0.443). EBV-positive MS cases
showed similar frequency in the two groups of the expanded disability status scale
(EDSS: < 3.0 and ≥ 3.0; 50% each). EBV load was significantly elevated in EBVpositive
MS cases compared to EBV-positive HC (94.6 ± 84.2 vs. 17.0 ± 16.3 DNA
copy/100 cells; p = 0.009). When EBV-positive MS cases were classified by gender,
EDSS groups or ABO blood groups, there were no significant differences between
EBV loads in each stratum. However, a significant correlation between EBV load
and EDSS was found (correlation coefficient = 0.620; p = 0.031). In conclusion, the
prevalence of EBV infection showed no significant differences between MS patients
and HC, while EBV load was significantly higher in patients.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the microbiota number of
some common bacterial species in children's gut with Entamoeba histolytica
infection. To achieve that,49 samples of stool were collected, 29 from children with
acute amebiasis and 20 from healthy children, children's ages ranging from 1 month
to 12 years from both genders. Counting three types of bacteria Lactobacillus spp.,
Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli, using the standard curve obtained from
Real-Time PCR was accomplished. The standard curve was made from decimal serial
dilution of samples containing an unknown number of bacteria. The results showed
that E. histolytica infection creates considerable changes in the intestinal microbiota
numbers. Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium spp. numbers
were affected. The mean values of Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli in the
patient's group (children with amebiasis) were increased compared to the control
group (healthy children). The mean value in the patient groups were (1947.4) and
(430657.9), while in the control groups were (1400.16) and (193927.7) for
Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli, respectively. Whereas the mean value of
Bifidobacterium spp. showed a significant decrease in the patient group (103.875)
compared with the control group (166.75). In conclusion, this study show alteration
in predominant gut bacteria in E. histolytica infected children

Atopic dermatitis in another word Atopic Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin
disease that effecting all ages, described by lesions of eczematous and acute itch. As
the objective of this study for determine the effect of variation in TSLP, IgE, and
Eosinophil levels in patients with atopic dermatitis compared with a healthy control
group. The level of TSLP was almost the same between the patients and the control
group, and the reason was that most of the patients were treated with anti-allergic
drugs. In this study, there is a significant (P = 0.004), serum level of TSLP in atopic
dermatitis patient’s pre-treatment with immunotherapy (corticosteroids and
antihistamines) is compared with atopic dermatitis patients’ post-treatment with
immunotherapy and controls (23.06 vs. 29.48 and 23.99 pg/ml). The median level of
overall T-IgE of the Atopic Dermatitis group was substantially greater than controls,
(91.64 vs. 49.72 IU/ml), (P<0.023). Eosinophils count of Atopic Dermatitis patients
was approximately equal to the control group, (3.1 ± 2.43 vs. 2.9 ± 1.05 %), (Pvalue
0.07). This study was conducted on a case series of 60 patients that have
Atopic Dermatitis, who volunteered due to their review of the Allergy Center in Al-
Rusafa, Baghdad, during the fall of 2020. Thirty healthy and non-Atopic Dermatitis
volunteers of the same type, the center volunteered as a control group

The electronic properties (such as energy gap HOMO levels. LUMO levels,
density of state and density of bonds in addition to spectroscopic properties like IR
spectra, Raman spectra, force constant and reduced masses as a function of
frequency) of coronene C24 and reduced graphene oxide C24OX , where x=1-5, were
studied.. The methodology employed was Density Functional Theory (DFT) with
Hybrid function B3LYP and 6-311G** basis sets. The energy gap was calculated for
C24 to be 3.5 eV and for C24Ox was from 0.89 to 1.6862 eV for x=1-5 ,respectively.
These energy gaps values are comparable to the measured gap of Graphene (1-2.2
eV). The spectroscopic properties were compared with experimental measurements,
specifically the longitudinal optical modes which agreed well.

A specialized irradiation instrument "created instrument" was designed and
created from various kinds and sizes of available plastic household-waste materials.
In addition, a neutron beam collimator with a lid was designed and implemented.
The collimator is with dimensions of 25 cm in height and 10 cm in inner diameter,
while the lid dimensions are 11.5 cm height and outer diameter of 9.9 cm to
perfectly match the inner diameter of the collimator with the possibility of
movement (opening and closing), and also the shielding of the radioactive 241Am/Be
neutron source with a recent activity of 37.5 mCi.
To investigate the efficiency of the "created instrument", ten hydrogenous material
samples (ordinary paraffin of chemical structure CnH2n+2) with the same cylindrical
dimensions (Ø = 8.5 cm, 0.5 cm thickness) and with the same weight of 20 g ±
0.005 for each, were used with and without the "created instrument". The neutron
measurements were slowed (4.7 – 1.58 n/s) when the paraffin sample thickness was
progressively increased (0 – 5 cm). Most importantly, the "created instrument" was
effectively contributed to reducing the user’s radiation exposure time from
approximately 90 seconds to a few seconds no longer than 30 seconds for each
measurement with considerable reduction ratio of 66.67% by making the samples of
thicknesses ranging from 0.5 cm to 5 cm easier to position on the neutron beam
collimator compared without using the "created instrument". It may also be utilized
to evaluate the moderation on-site for different materials in neutron source shielding
thickness based on the measuring procedures and data gathered. It is predicted that
this study will help future improvements to use additional techniques to satisfy more
protection related to the radiation field.

In this paper, a numerical analysis was carried out using finite element method to
analyse the mechanisms for streamer discharges. The hydrodynamic model was used
with three charge carriers equations (positive ion, negative ion and electron) coupled
with Poisson equation to simulate the dynamic of streamer discharge formation and
propagation. The model was tested within a 2D axisymmetric tip-plate electrodes
configuration using the transformer oil as the dielectric liquid. The distance between
the electrodes was fixed at 1 mm and the applied voltage was 130 kV at 46 ns rising
time. Simulation results showed that the time has a clear effect on the streamer
propagation along the symmetry axis. In addition, it was observed that the highest
value of the voltage was recorded at 46 ns and the minimum voltage required for
insulation breakdown was 112 kV at 200 ns. It was revealed that the streamer
velocity recorded the highest value when the streamer reaches the plate electrode
and the lowest value when the streamer begins to propagate. Results also showed
that the streamer discharge was dominated by positive ions while the negative ions
have a low effect.

This study uses the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique to find the
lead(Pb) and sulfur (S) plasma parameters employing a pulse of Nd: YAG laser (Qswitched
1064nm wavelength) and different laser energies of (400,500,600 and 700
mJ). The electron temperature Te (eV) is calculated using the Boltzmann-Plot
method, and the electron density ne (cm-3)is determined by the Stark broadened way.
Moreover, Debye length λD (cm) and plasma frequency ωp (Hz) are studied as a
function of laser energy. An apparent increase was noted in the electron temperature
of lead plasma and a decrease in sulfur plasma. The results also showed that each
increase in the laser intensity causes an increase in the optical emission peaks. This
experiment was carried out under atmospheric pressure.

First principle calculations are performed to theoretically predict the physical
properties of hexagonal aluminium arsenide planar and buckled monolayers. The
structural characteristics showed that the buckled parameter is about 0.32 A.
Cohesive energies have favourable values and it indicates the fabrication possibility.
Phonon dispersion properties indicated that the planar aluminium arsenic
monolayers are dynamically unstable, while the buckled is less dynamically
unstable. The elastic constant parameters achieved the required characteristics of
stable hexagonal monolayer structures. The study of electronic band structure
prefers to indirect semiconductor band gaps, and the density of states showed strong
orbital hybridization in the conduction band. Planar structure has isotropic light
electron effective mass and anisotropic heavy hole effective mass. The buckled
structure has isotropic light electron effective mass and isotropic heavy hole
effective mass. The absorption spectra have high absorption coefficient in various
visible and ultraviolet wavelength. The absorption coefficient levels off at about
direct and indirect band gaps.

In this work, the circular patch antenna was fabricated and analyzed. Microwave
Studio (version 2019) computer simulation technology (CST) was used to design the
circular patch antenna. The material FR-4 was used to build this antenna, using the
computer numerical control (CNC) method to implement this work. For the purpose
of accomplishing this design, the values of the resonant frequency, dielectric
constant and dielectric thickness of the material used as in 4.424, 2.4 GHz and 0.159
cm respectively were used as inputs to the CST program to get the said program
outputs for the required antenna radius with the logarithmic function (F) of the
circular patch antenna 1.6909 cm and 1.7415 cm respectively. Practically, the best
values for the antenna were obtained in terms of return loss, voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR), and input impedance, -25.72 dB, 1.1092, and 54.391 Ω respectively
at the resonant frequency of 2.360 GHz. Where it were good values compared to the
results of others.

Groundwater is necessary to ensure the safety of Mandali's water supply.
Groundwater samples were collected from various parts of the city for this study.
Two aquifers have been identified: the first is a free bed made up of Quaternary
deposits. The second is the primary bed that conveys water, belonging to the Bai
Hassan Formation. Nineteen groundwater samples were collected from wells and
examined for physicochemical parameters in the current study during October 2021.
Samples were analyzed for main cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+; anions HCO3- ,
SO4
2- , Cl- and NO3
-, pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids.
Results indicated that the Samples water is neutral to slightly alkaline. The TDS
classifications show that the groundwater samples are classified as fresh to slightly
fresh water. All water samples are severely mineralized, except sample W17 which
is highly mineralized due to the water feeding from the deep aquifer of Bai Hassan
formation. Dominant cation is Na+ followed by Ca2+, Mg2+ then K+, whereas
dominant anion SO42 ̶ followed by Cl¯ then HCO3¯. The water type of 8 samples
42% is NaCl type, seven samples 37% is MgSO4 type, three samples 16% is Na2SO4
type, and 1 sample 5% is CaSO4. The diversity in water is because the sediments of
the Quaternary age derived from neighboring formations such as Fatha and other
formations. According to Piper's diagram, Groundwater samples are mostly earth
alkaline water with an increased amount of alkali, high sulfate and chloride. The
groundwater in the study area has a wide range of WQI ranging from excellent
(W17) while classified as good water (W1, W3, W4, W5, W6, W7, W8, W9, W11,
W12, W13, W14, W16, W18, W19) and classified as Poor water (W2, W10, W15)
because of the high values of WQI values computed.

The current research to study the petrography, mineralogy and geochemical
relationships of the ultramafic rocks in the Galalah area within Erbil Governorate, at
the Unstable Shelf in the Imbricate Zone, to determine the origin of the ultramafic
rocks.
Dunite and Harzburgite are the most abundant rock bodies in the study area,
and they represent most of the outer surface exposure of the ultramafic rock
aggregates. The dunite rocks are characterized by pale brown color on the altered
surface that is broken into olive green and dark green lithic. Dunite represents a
homogenous lithologic feature that mainly consists predominately of olivine with
accessory spinel and traces of orthopyroxene. While the harzburgite appears as a
massive rock body consisting of olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene. These
rocks are mainly characterized by alteration to serpentinite, with accessory chromian
spinel, secondary magnetite, chlorite, and talc.
The studied ultramafic rocks are predominately rich in ferromagnesian minerals
of less silica content, and other major elements affected by serpentinization are
causing the deviation of elements. They have a strong decrease in sodium and
calcium oxides relative to MgO and verified the silica and alumina with MgO and a
slight increase in iron oxide.
The low values of TiO2 in dunite and harzburgite are characteristic property of
the Alpine type ophiolites during the primary process of the mantle in its upper part,
before the tectonic emplacement of the ultramafic rocks, and also due to partial
melting degree for the asthenospheric mantle. The MREE depletion relative to
HREE and LREE may be attributed to the hornblende absence and the presence of
olivine and pyroxenes minerals and/or to the source rock features.
The U-shaped patterns of REE and their ratios are typical properties of ophiolitic
ultramafic rocks, which are compatible with the supra-subduction zone. During the
partial melting, the negative anomalies of Nb in ultramafic rocks with sequestration
of the Nb concentration by sphene and ilmenite in various types of the source rocks
have also been attributed to the crust contamination. These are also characterized by
island arc conditions, and its depletion in the studied rocks may indicate the fore-arc
tectonic environments

Petrophysical properties including volume of shale, porosity and water saturation
are significance parameters for petroleum companies in evaluating the reservoirs and
determining the hydrocarbon zones. These can be achieved through conventional
petrophysical calculations from the well logs data such as gamma ray, sonic,
neutron, density and deep resistivity. The well logging operations of the targeted
limestone Mishrif reservoirs in Ns-X Well, Nasiriya Oilfield, south of Iraq could not
be done due to some problems related to the well condition. The gamma ray log was
the only recorded log through the cased borehole. Therefore, evaluating the
reservoirs and estimating the perforation zones has not performed and the drilled
well was abandoned. This paper presents a solution to estimate the missing openhole
logs of Mishrif Formation including sonic, neutron, density and deep resistivity
using supervised Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Petrel software (2016.2).
Furthermore, the original gamma-ray log along with the predicted logs data from
ANN models were processed, and the petrophysical properties including volume of
shale, effective porosity and water saturation were calculated to determine the
hydrocarbon zones. The ANN Mishrif Formation models recorded coefficient of
determination (R2) of 0.65, 0.77, 0.82, and 0.04 between the predicted and the tested
logs data with total correlations of 0.67, 0.91, 0.84 and 0.57 for sonic, neutron,
density, and resistivity logs respectively. The best possible hydrocarbon-bearing
zone ranges from the depth of about 1980-2030 m in the mB1unit. The ANN
provides a good accuracy and data matching in clean and non-heterogeneous
formations compared to those with higher heterogeneity that contain more than one
type of lithology. The Ns-X Well can, therefore, be linked to the development plans
of the Nasiriya Field instead of neglect it.

The current study aims to assess the water quality of the Al-Diwaniyah River
in the city of Al-Diwaniyah to drink in terms of chemical properties and heavy
metals and their impact on the health of the local population. The results showed
that most of the parameters in the river water are of low concentrations due to the
limited human activities in polluting the river water. The study concluded that the
water quality is suitable for drinking depending on major cations and anions in all
seasons. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) showed that the river water was
clean and safe, except two slightly polluted samples. The study concluded that river
water for drinking or various domestic uses does not pose any danger to human
health if there are no other polluting factors

This investigation aims to determine whether it is feasible to use the limestone
rocks found in the Al-Samawa stone quarry in southern Iraq as the stationary phase
in column chromatography separation. Together with the chromatographic
application, the physical and chemical characteristics of the rocks are examined.
SiO2, SO4, PO4, NO3, and Cl are the negative ions, while Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Li are
the positive ions. The limestone samples are characterized via chromatographic
analysis. The results suggest that limestone samples could be used as an adsorbent
material for chromatographic separation techniques. Additionally, samples from the
Nasiriyah refinery's crude oil can be used to separate oil.

The topic of modulus of smoothness still gets the interest of many researchers
due to its applicable usage in different fields, especially for function approximation.
In this paper, we define a new modulus of smoothness of weighted type. The
properties of our modulus are studied. These properties can be easily used in
different fields, in particular, the functions in the Besov spaces ???????? ????
when 0 < ???? <
1.

This paper examines a new nonlinear system of multiple integro-differential
equations containing symmetric matrices with impulsive actions. The numericalanalytic
method of ordinary differential equations and Banach fixed point theorem
are used to study the existence, uniqueness and stability of periodic solutions of
impulsive integro-differential equations with piecewise continuous functions. This
study is based on the Hölder condition in which the ordering ????, ???? and ???? are real
numbers between 0 and 1.

In this paper, we use the definition of the action on the set of semi-group of the
structure of this research .We introduce the concepts of ????-system which is a triple
(????,????,????) such that ???? is a Hausdorff compact space called phase space, ???? is a semigroup
of transformations with a continuous action ???? of ???? on ????. We study and
proof some theoretical properties related with that system. We also introduce the
concept of Enfolding semi-group ℰ(????,????),and we prove that it is a compact right
topological semi-group. In addition, we study the left and right ideals in the
Enfolding semi-group. By using the dynamical system, we reflect various properties
concerning with its structure for the Enfolding semi-group. Furthermore, we
describe the connections between the algebraic and topological properties of the
Enfolding semi-group space.

The result involution graph of a finite group ????, denoted by ????????
???????? is an undirected
simple graph whose vertex set is the whole group ???? and two distinct vertices are
adjacent if their product is an involution element. In this paper, result involution
graphs for all Mathieu groups and connectivity in the graph are studied. The
diameter, radius and girth of this graph are also studied. Furthermore, several other
graph properties are obtained.

The Syriac language is one of the ancient Semitic languages that appeared in the
first century AD. It is currently used in a number of cities in Iraq, Turkey, and
others. In this research paper, we tried to apply the work of Ali and Mahmood 2020
on the letters and words in the Syriac language to find a new encoding for them and
increase the possibility of reading the message by other people.

The purpose of this article is to partition ????????(3,11) into orbits. These orbits are
studied from the view of caps using the subgroups of ????????????(4,11) which are
determined by nontrivial positive divisors of the order of ????????(3,11). The ????????-
distribution and ????????-distribution are also founded for each cap.

This paper deals with numerical approximations of a one-dimensional semilinear
parabolic equation with a gradient term. Firstly, we derive the semidiscrete problem
of the considered problem and discuss its convergence and blow-up properties.
Secondly, we propose both Euler explicit and implicit finite differences methods
with a non-fixed time-stepping procedure to estimate the numerical blow-up time of
the considered problem. Finally, two numerical experiments are given to illustrate
the efficiency, accuracy, and numerical order of convergence of the proposed
schemes.

In this paper, we consider new subclasses ʆ????,????
∗ (????, ????, ????, ????, ????0)(???? = 0,1)
of
meromorphic uniformly of multivalent functions in ????∗ = {???? ∈ ℂ, 0 < |????| < 1} =
????⁄{0} with fixed second coefficient, we obtain the estimation of coefficients,
distortion theorems, closure theorems and some other results.

The paper starts with the main properties of the class of soft somewhere dense
open functions and follows their connections with other types of soft open functions.
Then preimages of soft sets with Baire property and images of soft Baire spaces
under certain classes of soft functions are discussed. Some examples are presented
that support the obtained results. Further properties of somewhere dense open
functions related to different types of soft functions are found under some soft
topological properties

Face recognition system is the most widely used application in the field of
security and especially in border control. This system may be exposed to direct or
indirect attacks through the use of face morphing attacks (FMAs). Face morphing
attacks is the process of producing a passport photo resulting from a mixture of two
images, one of which is for an ordinary person and the other is a judicially required.
In this case, a face recognition system may allow travel of persons not permitted to
travel through face morphing image in a Machine-Readable Electronic Travel
Document (eMRTD) or electronic passport at Automatic Border Control (ABC)
gates. In creating an electronic passport, most countries rely on applicant to submit
images in a form of a document or via the Internet, and this allows applicants to
manipulate the images to produce morphing images. These photos allow both
beneficial and harmful partners to cross borders using the same passport. This is
considered a major threat to the security systems that allow them to travel without
revealing their true identity. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview
of face morphing attacks and the development taking place in this specialty. This
paper describes the techniques for generating metamorphic images and challenges
they face, in addition to the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. It
also dealt with types of techniques used in detecting and determining the attack of
mutant faces in the field of deep learning or machine learning, in addition to the
laws and criteria for measuring the efficiency of the algorithms used. It provides a
general summary of the work that has been produced in this field.

The problem of text recognition and its applicability as part of images captured
in the wild has gained a significant attention from the computer vision community in
recent years. In contrast to the recognition of printed documents, scene text
recognition is a difficult problem. Contrary to recognition of printed documents,
recognizing a scene text is a challenging problem. Many researches focus on the
problem of recognizing text extracted from natural scene images. Significant
attempts have been made to address this problem in recent past. However, many of
these attempts work on utilizing availability of strong context, which naturally limits
the dictionary. This paper presents a review of recent papers related to scene text
recognition in the period (2013-2020). This paper helps other researchers to
understand the whole system of scene text recognition instead of reading many
papers in isolation.

Nowadays, a very widespread of smartphones, especially Android smartphones,
is observed. This is due to presence of many companies that produce Android based
phones and provide them to consumers at reasonable prices with good
specifications. The actual benefit of smartphones lies in creating communication
between people through the exchange of messages, photos, videos, or other types of
files. Usually, this communication is through the existence of an access point
through which smartphones can connect to the Internet. However, the availability of
the Internet is not guaranteed in all places and at all times, such as in crowded
places, remote areas, natural disasters, or interruption of the Internet connection for
any reason. To create a communication between devices, it is resorted to creating an
ad hoc network using Device-to-Device technology. Wi-Fi Direct technology offers
a suitable platform for creating an ad hoc network, as it supports the speed and range
of standard Wi-Fi. In this paper, a mechanism is proposed to build an infrastructureless
ad hoc network, through developing the Wi-Fi direct protocol for Android
smartphones. This network provides users ability to have a reliable communication,
using the reliable Transmission Control Protocol only, and can continuously expand.
Therefore it would be very beneficial in the absence of other infrastructure
communication media such as cellular or Wi-Fi internet access.

The modern systems that have been based upon the hash function are more
suitable compared to the conventional systems; however, the complicated algorithms
for the generation of the invertible functions have a high level of time consumption.
With the use of the GAs, the key strength is enhanced, which results in ultimately
making the entire algorithm sufficient. Initially, the process of the key generation is
performed by using the results of n-queen problem that is solved by the genetic
algorithm, with the use of a random number generator and through the application of
the GA operations. Ultimately, the encryption of the data is performed with the use
of the Modified Reverse Encryption Algorithm (MREA). It was noticed that the
suggested algorithm provided more sufficient results concerning the key and the
strength of security. However, it has lower computational efficiency as compared to
the other algorithms.

The context of multibiometric plays a pivotal role in enhancing an identification
system, since a biometric system is now the most physical way of identifying and
verifying individuals. The feature of multibiometric could be merged to produce
identification information. However, unimodal biometric systems suffer from
different types of breaching. Thus, mixing biometrics with cryptography leads to
overcome small variations existing between diverse acquisitions of the same
biometric in order to produce the robust system. In this paper, a new robust
multibiometric system is proposed to create a random key from person
multibiometric, facial and fingerprint images which are used simultaneously to
produce this key. Several manipulations are made on compactness information for
these two images to get a unique key for each person. The generated random key can
be used for electronic numbers, passport identification, civil identification card, and
it could be used as seeds for pseudo-random number generators. The multi-biometric
system operates on two images, faces and fingerprints, by partitioning each image
into four parts and taking the highest density for each one, XOR these parts;
diffusions process is applied on these parts including permutation and thresholding
to produce a random key. The generated key cannot be revocable that passed
through randomness tests to ensure whether the generated key is accepted as true.
Thus, the results of the tests are passed and presented that all generated keys are
accepted to be random and unpredictable binary sequences and hence they can be
used efficiently.

In this study, the comets have distributions regarding their heliocentric distances
where they appear in two regions, Kuiper belt (short period) and Oort cloud (long
period). Details here give new information about the entire regions of these comets;
the research shows that 54% of comets are nearby asteroid belt, but only 11% are in
Kuiper belts and 35 % are from Oort cloud. The research focuses on comets with a
nucleus's radius larger than 1 km. The comets with a nuclear radius of 1-10 km have
high percentage 51%.
From the results, the maximum comets' radius is found in comet
29P/Schwassmann -Wachmann as roughly 87 km, and also in comet C/2018 N2
(ASASSN) which has radius 88 km. All comets, that have been distributed
concerning heliocentric, depend on statistical results to divide new comets' regions
versus their radiuses. The results reveal new details of comets' distances from the
sun. The distances of 100 comets are shown in Figure (2).
The results show that there is a third comets' region: region (A) found between Mars
and Saturn and between Oort cloud and Kuiper belt.
There is one comet like(C/2019 L3 (ATLAS)) that is farther than Alpha Centauri
star. Therefore, the comet is restricted by a couple of gravity systems.

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an important parameter in describing the
water resources' suitability for human uses and is one of the most effective methods
of describing water quality and indicative of assessing water quality and suitability
for human utilization and the health of ecosystems. WQI of the Canadian Council of
Ministers of the Environment (CCME) was used in the study to describe the Shatt
al-Arab water quality in Basrah Southern Iraq, and its suitability for drinking use.
The data for analyzing river water samples were adopted from five stations along the
river every month during the years from 2014 to 2018 by the Iraqi Ministry of
Environment, as it included the measurement of acidity function PH, Dissolved
Oxygen DO, phosphorous PO4, nitrate NO3, Calcium Ca, potassium K, magnesium
Mg, sodium Na, Total Hardness TH, sulfates SO4, chlorides Cl, Electrical
Conductivity EC, Total Soluble Salts TDS, and Alkalinity ALK. The distributions of
water quality index values along the river were mapped by GIS techniques. Study
results were referring to illustrate the poor level of the water quality status of Shatt
al-Arab in all study periods at all monitoring stations. The reason for this is due to
the deterioration of fresh water quality drained from the Tigris and Euphrates, and
the provision of salt wedges from the Arabian Gulf. However, with the continuous
discharge of sewage water, industrial and oil effluents and sewage discharged from
urban areas, the water quality of Shatt al-Arab was declined during the study period

The texture analysis of cancer cells leads to a procedure to distinguish spatial
differences within an image and extract essential information. This study used two
test tumours images to determine cancer type, location, and geometric characteristics
(area, size, dimensions, radius, etc.). The suggested algorithm was designed to detect
and distinguish breast cancer using the segmentation-based threshold technique. The
method of texture analysis Grey Level Size Zone method was used to extract 11
features: Small Zone Emphasis, Large Zone Emphasis, Low Grey Level Zone
Emphasis, High Grey Level Zone Emphasis, Small Zone Low Grey Level Emphasis,
Small Zone High Grey Level Emphasis, Large Zone Low Grey Level Emphasis,
Large Zone High Grey Level Emphasis, Grey Level Non-Uniformity Normalized,
Grey Level Non-Uniformity, and Zone Percentage. The results show that the
tumuor's location is highly accurate depending on the extracting properties. The
results of the suggested method give the decision to identify the type of tumours.
The geometry of the tumour helps describe the tumour.