Thi-Qar University Journal for Agricultural Researches

Field experiment conducted at summer in two season 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 on clay sandy soil in
Al-Diwanyia. The experiment was design as Complete randomized block designing with three
replications arranged for split-pilot design, and Lest Significant Deference's( LSD) 0.05 the main
treatment contend two groups seeds rate 25 and 50 Kg ha
-1 within there four levels of Nano Ca( 0 , 30 ,
60 , 90) PPM I took sample of soil before planting to analysis it and to learn physical and chemical
properties table 1. Cowpea( Vigna unguiculata L.) were sowing at two rates 25 and 50kg.ha
-1
(3 cm
depth) at 1/4 , after 7 months I took a samples to measure . The results showed all factors and
interactions were significant effect and increased all growth traits (plant height, number of leaves per
plant and stem diameter , plant content of protein , carbohydrate total Chlorophyll and fats and active
substances ,) lead to increased grain yield max values (2.72 Ton.ha
-1
) at interaction of 25 seeds rate
and 90 ppm Ca Nanoparticles level, while min value(1.9 Ton.ha
-1
) at interaction 50 seed rate and 0 ppm
Ca Nanoparticles level.

Marek's Disease is a viral disease that affects poultry, particularly chickens. It is caused by the Marek's Disease
Virus (MDV), which belongs to the herpesvirus family. The disease is characterized by the formation of tumors
in various organs, including the nerves, skin, and internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys. A layer
poultry farm of one day old, vaccinated with Marek's disease virus vaccine. The flock was infected with a virulent
Marek's disease virus with a mortality rate of up to 60%. Histopathological examination of affected tissues is an
important tool for the diagnosis of the disease. The histopathological finding of tissue sections from chickens with
MDV shows extensive proliferation of lymphocytes of various sizes. The confirmation was done by PCR and
standardized targeting a 132 bp tandem repeat region specific for serotype-1 MD viruses Meq gene was carried
out by PCR and nucleotide sequencing, The sequence analysis of Meq gene of different clinical cases from Iraq
homology with very virulent strain and Phylogenetic analysis of oncogenes was carried out with other available
sequences in the GenBank we conclude that MDV strains obtained in the present outbreaks in Iraq could be
designated as very virulent pathotypes based on nucleotide and phylogenetic analysis of the viruses

This study was conducted to isolate Salmonella bacteria from broiler (ROSS 308). A total of 184 stool samples
were collected from chickens, showed symptoms of infection with salmonella bacteria from two different fields
in Thi-Qar Governorate in Al-Islah district and Al-Fadeliyah district. Thirty isolates (16.2%) were diagnosed with
Salmonella infection by biochemical and API 20 E tests. The pathological infection was confirmed in chickens by
analyzing the level of antibodies in the blood of chickens, there was an increase in the level of immunoglobulin
IgG and IgM, confirmed the existence of the disease and the stage of infection between a new infection and the
acquisition of immunity, as a result of the previous injury and injuries close to recovery. The birds that suffer from
a lack of weight differed in the stage of infection, this indicates that infection at any stage has a significant impact
on the weights of birds infected with salmonella bacteria

The experiment was conducted at the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Basra to study the effect
height of sweeps shank equipped with the developed chisel plow (10 and 20 cm), with three depths (15, 25 and
35 cm) and three lateral distance (20, 25 and 30 m), on the field performance indicators of the draft force and the
area of loosened soil. In a mixed alluvial soil with a density of (1.25) g-cm3
and a moisture content of (15.17) %,
the experiment was designed according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD).
The drafting force increased when the lateral distance and plowing depths increased, while it decreased when the
arms of the sweeps shank increased by 20 cm. The loosened area increased when the plowing depths and the
lateral distance increased when the arms of the duck hind legs were 10 cm high. The highest drafting force
recorded at the height of the arms of the sweeps shank20 cm, the distance between them 30 cm, and the plowing
depth 35 cm. The highest loosened area recorded at the height of the arms of the sweeps shank10 cm and the depth
of plowing 35 cm.

The aim of current project is to fortify the quail feeds with various types of supplements such as spirulina, Used
as a substitute for Prob. & study the growth performance to recognize the best formula of spirulina for best
production. untreated was feed on standard diet, Spirulina group was feed with Spirulina , Probiotics complex
group was feed with probiotics complex, Mix Spirulina with probiotic complex group was feed with above
Spirulina & probiotic. complex. BW, BWG, FI & FCE were daily recoded. Results noted at highest significant
increase (P≤0.05) for the addition of spirulina occurred in the average body weight of Japanese quail compared
to the control and other treated groups. The highest significant increase (P≤0.05) occurred in the BWG rates of
birds treated with the addition of spirulina for weeks (1 and 4) and the cumulative (1-6) weeks. the highest rate
(p≤0.05) of feed consumption was recorded in the group of birds treated with spirulina for weeks (2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6). and the cumulative feed consumption rate from (1-6) weeks compared with the other treatments and the
control group. Rresults showed FCE rates recorded a significant improvement in adding spirulina during
(1,2,3,4,6) weeks and the cumulative feed conversion efficiency average (1-6) weeks for birds. From this
research, we concluded that adding spirulina to quail diets improved productive traits.

The current study included measuring some of the chemical and physical properties of the water of the
study area and estimating the concentration of three heavy elements (lead, copper, zinc) in the tissues of
common carp Cyprinus carpio L (gills, muscles, viscera) and measuring growth rates and weight gains
at three different densities. The samples were collected from a private farm that raises fish in floating
cages on the Euphrates River from 11/18/2022 to 4/18/2023 Different densities were also studied to
obtain the best culture density. Three densities (21_25_28 fish / m3) were used, with 500 fish for the first
treatment, 900 fish for the second treatment, and 1100 fish for the third treatment, with an average weight
of (120_140) g. Diet of Iranian origin was used for the three treatments. The results of the statistical
analysis showed that there were significant differences during the months of the study, where the highest
rate was in the month of March. And between the qualitative growth rate and the presence of significant
differences between the months of the study, where the highest rate was in the month of February. The
rate of feed conversion and the efficiency of feed conversion when conducting the statistical analysis
indicated that there were significant differences, as the highest rate was in the month of November, as
well as between the chemical analysis of fish muscles at the beginning of the experiment and the end of
the experiment.

Avian trichomoniasis is a disease that is spread globally in wild and domesticated birds, especially pigeons, caused by the parasite
Trichomonas gallinae and known as canker. The complications of this illness include lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The
present study's goal would be to study the prevalence of T. gallinae in domesticated pigeons in Thi-Qar province, Iraq, utilizing the
internal transcribed spacer1-5.8s rRNA-internal transcribed spacer2 gene. A total of 405 pigeons including 160 of Alzajil pigeons,
160 of red pigeons and 85 of Arafali pigeons were collected from local markets for the period from September 2022 to May 2023,
the infection rates were 38.13, 37.50, and 42.35 respectively. The study noted a non-significant difference at p. value < 0.05 in
distribution of T. gallinae according to bird's species. The study found that infection rate is higher in squabs than adults in all pigeons
of the three groups. There was no effect of sex on the prevalence rates. As for the months in which the samples were collected the
study found there is significant difference at p. value < 0.05 of parasite distribution according to collection months, the highest
infection rate was recorded in November 68.89 while the lowest isolated parasite was in April 17.78.

This study aimed to identify morphological of the small intestine in adult geese. Six healthy geese were bought from
the Baghdad local market, their age from (2- 5) years, and weight from (1.5 - 2.5) kg. All geese were euthanized and
their coelomic cavity was dissected to determine the placement of the digestive organs, including their relative shapes.
The coelomic cavity was dissected from the thoracic intake to the vent orifice. Gross descriptions and measurements
of the small intestine were taken, including its length, weight, diameter, relative length, and relative weight according
to the morphological investigation. Our results showed that the small intestine is made up of three segments
(duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), The duodenum forms a U-shaped tube that occupied the pancreas, jejunum has (5)
fluxes. Mickel’s diverticulum appeared as a small bunch separating the jejunum from the illum. Illum was shorter than
the rest of the small intestine.

The goal of the current investigation was to gather information on the histology and histochemical composition of the
jejunum in moorhens (Gallinula chloropus). In order to conduct the current investigation, six moorhens were gathered.
They were purchased from regional vendors in particular markets in Baghdad, Iraq. To collect the intestine, birds were
put down after being dissected, and the specimens were then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The blocks were
sectioned at 6 m thickness and stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome stain, periodic acid
Schiff reagent (PAS), and Alcian blue stain (AB)PH-2.5 ,after being thoroughly fixed. The specimens were then
cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin wax. According to the Gross findings, the small intestine is made up of
the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Histologically, the mucous membrane was thrown into large numerous
villi in the jejunum, showing blunt apical part and wide basal part with thin layer of muscularis mucosa. The
submucosa was thin layer of connective tissue. Below the submucosa was thick layer arranged in a thick circular and
thin longitudinal. According to histochemical results, the PAS stain had a negative reaction on columnar cells while
having a positive reaction on goblet cells. When the AB (pH 2.5) was applied, the wall displayed epithelial cells that
stained negatively while the goblet cells responded favorably to their acidic mucopolysaccharides.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vaccinating 1-day-old broiler chicks with two commercial vaccines
such as live chronic respiratory disease F strain (CRDF) and killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines
on the respiratory system. For this purpose, one-day-old broiler chicks (n=120) were randomly divided into
four groups; (n=30 birds each). All groups were treated as followed: G1(CRDF): chicks were vaccinated with
live CRDF vaccine (eye drop one drop 0.03ml/dose/105
), G2 (killed MG): chicks were vaccinated with killed
MG vaccine injection with 0.3ml s.c /3 x10 10 C.F.U/ml), G3: chicks were combined vaccinated with killed
MG and CRDF live vaccines G4: served as control unvaccinated group. The vaccination was performed at
one day old in G1 (CRDF), G2(killed MG), and G3 (killed MG and live CRDF). The histopathological
changes of the trachea and air sacs were examined and evaluated at 35 days old. The results of
histopathological examination of air sacs in the G1(CRDF) revealed various mild epithelial hyperplasia with
papillary-like growth, subepithelial lymphocytic infiltration, in G2 (killed MG), showed hyperplastic
epithelial surfaces with moderate lymphocytic infiltration mainly around congestion capillaries. While G3
(killed MG and CRDF) showed focal epithelial hyperplasia (villus-like), and perivascular lymphocytic
aggregation in laminar C.T. Whereas G4 (control) showed normal structures without any histopathological
lesions. In the trachea the histopathological changes in G1(CRDF) showed focal lymphocytic aggregation
with a follicle-like appearance, another section showed focal epithelial and cilia loss with goblet cell
hypertrophy of the adjacent gland

The research was conducted in clayey loamy soil using two plowing systems (T1 chisel) and (T2 moldboard) and
three depths of plowing D (10, 20, 30 cm) and three spacing between the two plates of each of the furrows opener (40,
50, 60 cm). ) to study the effect of the developed furrows opener on the physical properties of the soil (bulk density
and porosity) and the growth characteristics of the sunflower crop (plant height, , productivity,)
The furrows opener, when used after the moldboard plow, gave the highest height and the maximum quantity of the
total seed yield of the plant, while the three mentioned traits recorded the highest increase at the maximum depth of
the stalk (30 cm) and the largest spacing between the boards (60 cm) between the two plates of each of the three The
furrows opener weapons, and the traits were affected (Plant height and total seed yield) were significantly affected by
the bilateral and triple interactions between the study factors (tillage systems, machine depth, and the distance between
the two plates) .

The study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented soybean meal with probiotic and beta-glucan on
some physiological and microbial traits of broiler chickens. The study was conducted from 12/2/2022 to
2/5/2022, at the animal field of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. This study included the
manufacture of a device for fermenting soybean meal to raise its nutritional value by fermenting it, with
probiotics or with beta-glucan. A total of 225 unsexed chicks, one day old, 40 gm broiler chickens
Ross308 were used, they were prepared from one of the private hatcheries in Basra Governorate. The
chicks were distributed randomly to five treatments, with three replicates (15 chicks per replicate),
according to the Complete Random Design (CRD), the treatments were as follows; T0: Control treatment
(basal diet), T1: added soybean meal with the addition of 0.5g/kg probiotics (without fermentation) to
the basal diet. T2: added soybean meal with the addition of 0.5 g / kg+ 0.2% betaglucan (without
fermentation) to the basal diet. T3: added fermented soybean meal with probiotic 0.5g/kg to the basal
diet. T4: added fermented soybean meal 0.5g/kg+ 0.2% betaglucan to the basal diet. The results showed
a significant increase in the percentage of total protein, albumin, globulin, and the number of lactobacillus
bacteria, with a decrease in coliform bacteria of the fermented treatment and fortified with probiotic and
beta-glucan compared to the control and non-fermented treatment.

This study was aimed to Detection of virulence genes(rfbE) It was carried in College of Veterinary Medicine at
Baghdad university, During a time span of November (2021) to March (2022). (100) samples were collected from
diarrheal chicken . 100 chicks were used in the present study, One day old chicks were weighed (Average of chicken
weight was 160 gm±2) then transferred to the poultry house. Chickens in wards that were divided by wood barriers.
Diagnosis of bacterial colonies were first done by the bacteriological methods. From (100) fecal samples of diarrheal
cases of chicken , 90(90%) isolates were Escherichia coli. In the present study using vitek 2 compact system and Api
20 Escherichia coli. for the identification isolated bacteria. PCR technique was used to Detection of virulence
genes(rfbE) ,The result for rfbE gene in this study was showed that this gene was detected in(60) isolates of (90)
samples of chicken observed carried the rfbE gene which represent (67%).

The study was carried out at University of Thi-Qar on 02.02.2023; the experience finished on 15.06.2023
on Citrus seedlings at one year age, by three seedlings for each experimental unit. Thus the number of
seedlings was 81 at anvils plastic, which was filed by soil and peatmoss at a ratio of 3:1. The experiment
included fertilizer treatment Nano NPK which spray on plant leaves at concentrations (0, 0.5, 1) g. l, by
three additions at 15 days period between each addition. Humic acid was added to the Spray the plant
three times (0, 1, 2) g. The experiment was carried out by three replication according to Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results were compared according to less difference test than 5 %
possibility.
Spraying treatments with nano-fertilizer npk showed a positive effect on most of the vegetative and
chemical indicators of orange seedlings. The spraying treatment at a concentration of 1 gm l-1 was
significantly superior by recording the highest rate for the number of plant leaves, stem thickness, leaf
content of carbohydrates, and leaf content of the nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. It reached
61.78 leaves. Seedling-1, 7.77 cm, 10.21%, 155.62%, 0.268%, 38.046%, respectively.
The average spray treatments with Humic showed a positive effect on most of the vegetative and
chemical indicators of Citrus aurantium L. orange seedlings. The spray treatment at a concentration of 1
gm L-1 was superior in recording the highest rates for the number of plant leaves and stem thickness, as
they reached 64.78 and 8.77, respectively. The spraying treatment at a concentration of 1 gm L-1
also
excelled by recording the highest rate for the leaf content of carbohydrates and the leaf content of the
nutrients calcium, magnesium and sulfur, reaching 10.01%, 156.53%, 0.257%, 36.06%.
The interaction treatments between the two study factors gave a positive, significant effect on most of
the vegetative and chemical traits studied. The interaction treatment between the concentration of 1 gm
L
-1 of nano-NPK and 1 gm L-1 Humic recorded the best results significantly for growth indicators.

This research set out to examine the epididymis and seminiferous tubules of adult male Rams, use both histological
and histomorphometric methods. For this purpose, ten paired of testis of healthy adult local rams were taken from
local abattoir in Fallujah. Tissue was removed and cut into tiny pieces from different parts of the testicles before
being put in Bouin's solution. The tissue samples were processed by common paraffin technique then stained with
routine H & E stain as well as Masson's trichrome stain. According to the results of the present histological
analysis, the ram's testis is enclosed by a capsule of thick irregular connective tissue, and its lobules are separated
by trabecular and interlobular septa, with seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue making up each lobule.
Spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells border the seminiferous tubules. Spermatozoa develop from spermatogenic
cells. Spermatogonia are the earliest stages of spermatogenic cells; they are tiny, spherical cells with black,
spherical nuclei that sit on the basement membrane. Primary spermatocytes, which are bigger cells with oftendistinct chromatin, are generated during mitosis in the spermotogonia. Because of their rapid second meiotic
division and subsequent formation of haploid spermatids, secondary spermatocytes are seldom seen. Clustered
near the seminiferous tubule's lumen, the spermatids are spherical cells with pale nuclei. There are less Sertoli
cells (sustentacular cells) than spermatogenic cells. The nucleus is oval or triangular in shape and pale in colour,
with a large nucleolus. Leydig cells are found in the connective tissue between neighbouring tubules. Epithelium
that is pseudostratified lines the epididymis. The stereocilia are long cytoplasmic structures that extend into the
lumen. Circular smooth muscle is present in varying amounts, and the epithelium is supported by a connective
tissue lamina propria.
In conclusion, the current study concluded that the thickness of the epithelium of epididymis was decrease toward
the tail while the thickness of the smooth muscle layer was increase toward the tail.

This study aimed to evaluate the detection efficiency of early pregnancy by Ultrasonography (ULR), and
also to estimate embryo/fetal age, embryo/fetal count and viability in Iraqi Shami Does. Thirty-five
mature does were synchronized using progesterone intra-vaginal sponges for 12 days+ equine Chorionic
Gonadotrophin (eCG) (500 IU) after sponge removal. Estrus was detected after two days in only 28
does, therefore, seven does were excluded. All does (n=28) were mated by four breeding bucks.
Pregnancy monitoring, embryo/fetus number and developmental stages during the does gestation was
carried out with B-mode Transrectal ultrasonography (TRU) (Transrectal probe) on days 17-29 Post
mating (PM) using a frequency 6.5-7.5 MHz, and Transabdominal Ultrasonography (TAU) with in days
36-90 PM with frequency 3.5-4.5 MHz. The results revealed that the conception rate was 85.71% (24/28)
and the Predicted +value (PV+), Predicted –value (PV-), Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp) and Accuracy
(Acc) were low on days 17-20 PM, which recorded 50%, 4%, 12%, 25% and 14% respectively. All
detection values between 96-100% in the period 36-50 PM, and 100% in day 60 onwards. The efficiency
in predicting embryo/fetal number was 77% and 75% for estimating twin (Se) and singleton (Sp)
pregnancies in days 23-29 PM, and the detection parameters reached 100% by day 60, then declined after
that. The embryo/fetal viability was 60% in the early gestational period and reached 96% between days
36–50 PM, and 100% after that. The correlation coefficient between embryo/fetal age and Embryonic
Vesicle Diameter (EVD), Crown Rump Length (CRL) and Trunk Diameter (TD) was recorded as very
high in different gestational ages; R² = 0.99 (23-42 days), R² = 0.97 (23-60 days) and R² = 0.98 (42-90
days). It was concluded that ULR (by using both TRU and TAU) was reliable, very efficient and safe to
predict pregnancy, embryo/fetal count, viability and age between days 23-35 and 35-90 PM, respectively

The chard plant is an important vegetable crop, thus this study aimed to isolate and identify Alternaria tenuissima
and efficiency evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, and
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus suppression against A. tenuissima. T. harzianum demonstrated its ability to inhibit the
A.tenuissima by 63.8%. Also, it reduced the leaf spot number to 0.39 cm/leaf compared to the control that scored
2.19 cm/leaf. The T. harzianum increased the leaves and root weight, followed by P fluorescens treatment. This is
considered the first recorded in Basra, Iraq.

The current study included measuring some chemical and physical properties of the water of the study
area and estimating the concentration of three heavy elements (lead, copper, and zinc) in the tissues of the
common carp (Gills, muscles, and viscera) of Cyprinus carpio L. Samples were collected from one of the
private farms that raise fish in floating cages on the Euphrates River from 11/18/2022 to 4/18/2023. The
study also included measuring water temperature, air, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved
solids, pH And dissolved oxygen samples taken from the water were analyzed as well as samples taken
from fish tissues on a monthly basis. The results of the study showed that the air temperature ranged
between(6.8-10.2)C. Water temperature (17_33), turbidity (6.8_10.2), electrical conductivity (1.04_2.13),
total dissolved solids (7752_18730) mg/l, and pH value (7.2_7.82) between neutral to lightly basic. The
dissolved oxygen value ranged between (6.78 - 7.92) mg/l during the months of the experiment. The
standard methods were used to estimate the concentration of heavy metals in water and tissues by flame
atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that the highest total concentration of lead, copper
and zinc was recorded in the water during the winter season (1.533, 2.300, 6.700) µg/L. Recorded in
tissues for lead in the gills and viscera, the highest values were in spring (9.533, 6.500) µg/L,
respectively. Copper recorded the highest value in the gills and viscera, respectively, and the
concentrations were high in the autumn season (16.793, 18.723) µg/g dry weight, respectively. g dry
weight respectively, the results showed that the accumulation of heavy elements was in the following
order .

A selected chemical properties including moisture, ash, carbohydrates, fat, protein and fiber, were
studied in sesame, flax, black seed, coconut, star anise and sunflower using cold pressing method. An
increase in moisture, ash, carbohydrates, protein and fiber was found after removing the oil. The
amount of oil decreased as a result of extraction, the mineral content of the by-products, was also
determined (calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, sodium and potassium), using an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. The defatted flaxseeds had the highest percentage of calcium,
magnesium and manganese, compared with the rest of the de-oiled oil crops study. The essential and
non-essential amino acids of the de-oiled oil crops were also determined by HPLC.

The experiment was conducted in clay soil at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated with the College of
Agriculture, University of Basrah, during the spring of 2021. Research aimed to study the effect of soil amendments
on soil physical properties such as (bulk density, total porosity, and electrical conductivity) and some growth and
yield of sunflowers such as (plant height and dry weight). The soil amendments used in the experiment were cattle
manure and synthetic polymer. The amendments were added to the surface layer of the soil at a depth of 15 cm,
using individual and mixed application treatments with six levels of addition (Cont, P4, O4, P3O1, O3P1, and
P2O2). The field was divided into plots measuring 2.5 m in length and 1.5 m in width, and then the plots were
planted with sunflower seeds. The results showed that all the amendment treatments outperformed the treatment
without amendments, improving the soil's physical properties by reducing bulk density, increasing total porosity,
and decreasing electrical conductivity. Additionally, the amendment treatments showed improvement in growth and
yield characteristics, indicated by increased plant height and dry weight of the plants.