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Thi-Qar University Journal for Agricultural Researches

Volume: 13

Issue: 2

Publication Year: 2024

Publication Date: November -0001

Articles in This Issue

Pages 28-93

1

Add the undercut weaponSWEEP to the locally manufactured developed drilling plough and its impact on mechanical performance indicators under different operating conditions

Pages: 28-42 English

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Abstract

The experiment was carried out in one of the fields of the Agricultural Research Station affiliated with
the College of Agriculture - University of Basra / Karmat Ali site in the north of Basra Governorate in a
soil with a mixed clay texture..
The mechanical field experiment was conducted to study the performance indicators of the mechanized
unit using a complete randomized block design.RCBD by hard cut method Split – Split PlotAnd
threeReplications below 0.05 probability level. The experiment included studying the effect of four
shapes of the undercut weapon (cut 20 cm, cut 15 cm, pointed 20 cm, and pointed 15 cm) with three
ploughing depths (15, 25, and 35) cm in addition to two forward speeds, which are 1.87 km/h and 2.74
km/h., inDrag force and slip dustrubted area and Pulverization Index fuel consumption. The results
indicated that the depth of 15 cm was superior in recording the lowest pulling force, as the second speed
recorded the lowest pulling force of12.915 kN at a depth of 15 cm, while the triple interference showed
the superiority of the 20 cm wide pointed weapon, as it recorded the lowest pulling force of8,019 kN at
the same depth.And alsoThe 20 cm wide tapered weapon showed superiority in giving the lowest
percentage of wheel slip of 31.37% while the weapon was recordedTraditional digger ploughThe highest
percentage of slippage was44.4% It also excelled in giving the lowest fuel consumption rate of4.782L/ha.
While the 20 cm wide cut weapon outperformed in increasing the percentagefragmentationsoilso The
smallest diameter of soil clods was recorded at 28.79 mm. The traditional chisel plough also
outperformed the conventional tillage plough in terms of loosened area and recorded the highest
percentage of 459 cm2.

Keywords

fuel consumption loose soil area traction force Undercutting force

2

Applying digitalization techniques in managing agricultural facilities and detecting agricultural pests - a review

Pages: 12-19 English

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Abstract

Innovations are one of the most important technical factors that lead to the growth and development of
agricultural production and help in achieving sustainable development goals by reducing environmental
pollution. In this research, a review of previous studies it conducted that dealt with the study of employing
digital technologies to influence the management of agricultural facilities, as well as detecting and
diagnosing fungal and insect plant diseases. It has become clear that these techniques help in reducing
the use of chemical pesticides and help in reducing production costs and thus increasing the level of
revenues generated from the sale of crops and then maximizing economic profits. This means achieving
economic and technical efficiency in agricultural production and management of agricultural facilities.
It recommended that digital applications used in farm management and plant disease detection to reduce
the use of chemical pesticides, as well as the need to train farmers to apply these techniques to achieve
efficient productivity and preserve the environment.

Keywords

Digitalization techniques Plant diseases. Production efficiency. Economic profit.

3

Carp Fish and Effects on the Aquatic Environment

Pages: 327-334 English

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Abstract

These findings highlight the importance of developing a strategic environmental view of fish culture, to
establish the carrying capacity of the aquatic environment and adopt suitable farming practices. In
addition, site-specific management approaches could benefit nature conservation actions on a local scale.
This research furthers overall understanding of the relationship between fish culture and the ecological
health of inland water bodies, contributing to the systematization of ecological knowledge in the growing
field of aquaculture environmental science.
The aim of this work is to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the impact carp breeding has
on the aquatic environment, emphasizing an ecological perspective. The aquaculture sector, and in
particular carp farming, is putting increasing pressure on the ecological health of inland water bodies, as
the input (nutrients) is higher than the natural capacity of eutrophic lakes and reservoirs to buffer and
cleanse the excessive levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter. The results show that extensive
carp farming depletes dissolved oxygen during the night, which may threaten the survival of oxygensensitive native fish species. Furthermore, carp are an invasive species that alter nutrient cycling, affect
aquatic vegetation structure, nutrient and sediment cycling, and plankton composition. Although these
effects are undesirable in the context of nature conservation, they can also have a regulating effect,
reducing the high phytoplankton levels in hypertrophic standing waters.

Keywords

Aquatic environment Carp breeding carp fish

4

Comparative Histology and Histochemical Study of the Primary Bronchi between Both Male Mynah (Acridotheres tristis) and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) birds

Pages: 591-597 English

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Abstract

The current investigation comprised eight adult male specimens of both mynah (Acridotheres tristis) and
starling (Sturnus vulgaris) obtained from the markets in Al-Basrah city and the Al-Warka district. The
specimens were divided into two groups: four specimens for histology study and four specimens for
histochemical study. Dissected the birds to get the right and left bronchi as well as the left and right lungs
for histological and histochemical analysis. The bronchi have a fundamental structure consisting of
cartilage in a C shape, which is connected by delicate membranes. The bronchi were examined
histologically, revealing the presence of ciliated respiratory epithelium and pseudo-stratified columnar
epithelium lining its interior. Histochemical examinations demonstrated a high reaction to alcian blue,
resulting in the production of a blue color. Furthermore, these samples had a favorable response to the
PAS stain, which can be attributed to the existence of mucopolysaccharides and carbohydrates in the
cartilage.

Keywords

Histology mynah Primary bronchi starling

5

Association of follistatin gene polymorphism with growth common carp Cyprinus carpio L. traits of fry

Pages: 462-470 English

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Abstract

The present study was conducted at the Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Marine
Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The study aimed to investigate the association
of follistatin gene polymorphism with growth traits of fry common carp Cyprinus carpio L. The study
lasted eight weeks (56 days). Results of sequencing and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) showed
two genotypes AA and AG at the nitrogenous base 344 of the follistatin gene. Genotypes frequencies
were 34.61% and 65.38% respectively. The growth parameters of common carp fish were studied,
included body weight (BW), total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL), body height (BH),
caudal peduncle height (CPH), and eye diameter (ED). All growth parameters associated insignificantly
with the two genotypes of follistatin gene during the experimental period. We can conclude from this
study that the growth characteristics is not affected by the genetical differences between the genotypes.
Study on larger samples of fish catches from different locations would give more truthful results in the
application of the marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy.

Keywords

Common carp follistatin gene growth parameters polymorphism

6

Effect of Adding Different Concentrations of Hydrogel on the Water Properties of Clay Soil

Pages: 364-372 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in Nasiriyah, Thi Qar Governorate, Utilizing clay soil to
investigate the effects of various concentrations of hydrogel (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) on water
properties of the soil, including moisture content , field capacity, permanent wilting point , available
water, and evaporation. The experiment was carried out during the 2023 growing season, following a
systematic approach to soil preparation and plot division. Hydrogel was incorporated into the soil at a
depth of 10 cm, based on the dry weight of the soil. The plots were planted with Zea mays. A randomized
complete block design was utilized for data analysis, with a significance level established at 0.05. The
results of the experiment indicated that hydrogel significantly improved soil moisture content, field
capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water, while effectively reducing evaporation from the
soil surface. Notably, treatment P4 demonstrated the most pronounced enhancement in water properties,
especially when compared to the control treatment (P0).These findings highlight the potential advantages
of hydrogel application in enhancing soil water retention and promoting agricultural productivity , which
is particularly relevant in regions experiencing water scarcity.

Keywords

Evaporation Field Capacity Hydrogel permanent Wilting point Water propreties

7

Effect of Iraqi ewes' physiological responses, productivity, and reproductive success at various induced body condition scores

Pages: 202-207 English

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Abstract

In order to maximize output and make it economically feasible, this study examined the effects of induced
body condition score (BCS) changes on the physiological responses, productive, and reproductive
performance of Iraqi ewes. Twenty-four healthy Iraqi ewes were used in the trial, which lasted a year (2–
3-year-old). Three groups, G1 (BCS 3; n = 8), G2 (BCS 3.5; n = 8), and G3 (BCS 4.0; n = 8), were
formed by randomly dividing the animals. Allometric measures, physiological response, wool output,
and reproductive efficiency were the study's parameters. Allometric measures, respiration rate, and other
reproductive parameters were significantly impacted by BCS. The results showed that reproductive
success was highest among Iraqi ewes with a body condition score (BCS) between 3.0 and 4.0. The
results of this research provide credence to the hypothesis that breeding sheep flocks may be managed to
achieve a Body Condition Score (BCS) of 3.0–3.5, which might lead to a financially viable return.

Keywords

BCS Iraqi ewes performance

8

Effect of Pallas herbicide residue on stimulating the pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata in causing leaf spot in cowpea plant

Pages: 217-223 English

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Abstract

This study was carried out to spotlight on the effect of Pallas herbicide residues of isolates of Alternaria
alternata in increasing their pathogenicity and stimulating them to cause symptoms of cowpea leaf spot
in deferent region of Babylon Governorate, Iraq.
The results of pathogenicity test using radish seeds revealed the ability of three isolates of Alternaria
alternata to reduce the percentage of radish seeds germination significantly compared with control
treatment.
The results showed that the development of the inoculum for the tested isolates on a nutrient medium
that was previously prepared with 5 ppm of the herbicide Pallas has contributed to increasing the
pathogenicity of these isolates by significantly reducing the percentage of cowpea seeds by following the
blotting paper folds technique, Similar results were obtained after supplementation the liquid medium of
fungal isolates with 5 ppm of the herbicide Pallas in studying liquid fungal infiltrates in cowpea seedlings
infection.
The results of the greenhouse were confirmed with laboratory experiments results, The
concentration of 5 ppm of the herbicide Pallas had a significant effect on increasing the pathogenicity of
isolates of the fungus Alternaria alternata. These pathogens significantly reduced the percentage of
germination of cowpea seeds in the potting soil, and reduced the heights of infected plants and
significantly reduced dry weight compared to the control treatment. Increasing the appearance of leaf
spot symptoms on true leaves of cowpea plants treated with sporophyte suspension prepared with 5 ppm
of Pallas herbicide.

Keywords

Alternaria alternate Cowpea herbicide Pallas

9

Effect of planting depth and charcoal levels on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield and components

Pages: 397-405 English

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Abstract

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of using different levels of charcoal on barley crop
planted at different depths in the fields of the College of Agriculture and Marshlands, University of Thi
Qar during the fall season of 2023 in order to determine the possibility of providing quantities of water
held by charcoal for the germination and growth of barley crop in Thi Qar, Iraq. The charcoal levels were
(0, 0.50 and 0.75) kg/1 kg of soil and the planting depth levels were (0, 5 and 10 cm) so that the
experimental units were arranged according to factorial experiments using a complete randomized block
design with three replications. The results showed the significant effect of the two study factors and their
interaction on the studied traits of barley crop, as the significant effect of charcoal was observed at the
level of (0.75) kg/1 kg soil on the trait ((plant height (cm), flag leaf area (cm2), tillers per plant, number
of spikes per plant, and weight of 100 grains (g)) at a rate of (53.8 cm, 25.04 cm2, 6.856 tillers per plant,
5.30 spikes per plant, 3.942 g) respectively, while the level (0.50 kg/1 kg soil) recorded the highest rate
in the traits ((total grain yield (kg per half square meter), biological yield (kg per half square meter), and
harvest index%) at a rate of (1.058 kg, 15.71 kg, and 6.57%) respectively. Also, the planting depth (5
cm) had a significant effect on all studied traits and differed from the rest of the planting depths. The best
combination was using charcoal at a level of (0.5 kg per 1 kg of soil) with a depth of (5 cm), which
confirms the importance of using charcoal to improve soil properties and provide water for the crop to
grow well and give the best yield

Keywords

arley crop charcoal planting depths

10

Effect of planting distances on the growth and productivity of mung bean (Vigna radaita L.) varieties in southern Iraq

Pages: 253-268 English

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Abstract

A field experiment during the fall season of 2023, it was conducted at the Agricultural Research
Station affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Basra in the Garmat Ali area, north of
Basra Governorate (latitude 30.57 north and longitude 47.80 east)) with the aim of knowing the effected
of three planting distances(20, 25, 30 cm in growth , yield and quality of four genotypes of mung bean
crop (local, Omrani, parto, Gohar). A factorial experiment was applied according to the arrangement of
split_split plots using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates where the
planting distances occupied the main plots and the varieties occupied the secondary plots (sub-plot).
The results of statistical analysis of the data showed the significant effect of the varieties on the study
traits, as the V4 variety outperformed in most of the traits that included plant height, number of branches,
number of leaves, leaf area and leaf area index, and achieved the highest seed yield of 1.583 tons ha1
and the highest percentage of protein in the seeds of 23.392%.
The results also showed that the 20 cm planting distance was superior in plant height, leaf area, leaf
area index and achieved the highest seed yield of 1.708 tons/ha. While the interaction between the V4
variety and the 20 cm planting distance achieved the highest average number of leaves and leaf area, the
interaction between the V4 variety and the 25 cm planting distance achieved the highest percentage of
protein in the seeds, reaching 624.30%.
Keywords, mung bean, planting distances, Varieties, growth, yield and quality A field experiment
during the fall season of 2023, it was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated to the
College of Agriculture / University of Basra in the Garmat Ali area, north of Basra Governorate (latitude
30.57 north and longitude 47.80 east)) with the aim of knowing the effected of three planting
distances(20, 25, 30 cm in growth , yield and quality of four genotypes of mung bean crop (local, Omrani,
parto, Gohar). A factorial experiment was applied according to the arrangement of split_split plots using
a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates where the planting distances
occupied the main plots and the varieties occupied the secondary plots (sub-plot).
The results of statistical analysis of the data showed the significant effect of the varieties on the study
traits, as the V4 variety outperformed in most of the traits that included plant height, number of branches,
number of leaves, leaf area and leaf area index, and achieved the highest seed yield of 1.583 tons ha1
and the highest percentage of protein in the seeds of 23.392%.
The results also showed that the 20 cm planting distance was superior in plant height, leaf area, leaf
area index and achieved the highest seed yield of 1.708 tons/ha. While the interaction between the V4
variety and the 20 cm planting distance achieved the highest average number of leaves and leaf area, the
interaction between the V4 variety

Keywords

Growth mung bean planting distances Varieties yield and quality

11

Effect of water and feed quality on certain mineral elements (sodium, calcium, and chloride) in the blood serum of broiler males and females.

Pages: 306-314 English

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Abstract

The study was carried out in one of the local fields in Nasiriyah District, Dhi Qar Governorate, from
October 20 to November 25, 2023. To investigate the influence of feed and water quality on the
concentration of certain mineral components in the blood serum of male and female broilers, I produced
300 one-day-old, sexed chicks and divided them into six treatments, each with three replicates. The study
found that drinking water with RO had significantly higher levels of sodium (p≤0.05) than other water
parameters. While there was no effect of the form of food or the sex of the broilers on the experimental
parameters, Magnetic and RO water significantly outperformed Tap water in terms of calcium content
in broiler blood serum (p≤0.05), Feed type and sex had no effect on the results of the study. The RO
water treatment outperformed magnetized and Tap water treatments (p≤0.05) in terms of chloride content
in male and female broiler blood serum. The form of feed and gender had no significant effect on the
above-mentioned element concentration.

Keywords

Female broilers. Magnetic water Male broilers Mash Mineral elements Pellet RO water Tap water

12

Evaluation of Some Plant Extract and Bio- Fungi to Control Leaf Spot of Safflower Plant Disease

Pages: 58-72 English

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Abstract

This research study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of the biological fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum ,
Trichoderma harzianum and some plant extracts kinocarpus( Leucaena leucocephala) ,Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis), henna leaf extract ( Lawsonia inermis ). Besides, finding the best concentrations of plant extracts to
stimulate the systemic resistance to safflower plant Carthamus tinctorius, against alternaria leaf spot. The results
made clear that the fungus Alternaria alternata had clear effect in reducing the percentage of germination of safflower
seeds as the rate reached 53.33% while the percentage of seedling damping off reached 81.11% compared with control
treatment 93.33, 0 % respectively.
The biological fungi have high effectiveness with inhibiting growth of fungus Alternaria alternata, according to
results as the antagonisim level was (1) as in bell scale. Plant extract also gave a high efficiency in preventing the
infectious fungus's growth as rate of kinokarpus , henna, eucalyptus reached 75.78, 74.59, 70.64 % respectively.
Effect of the extracts in inhibiting the pa thogenic funguswent up with increased concentration, as the highest
percentage of inhibition was reached at a concentration of 10 % for tested extracts, the kinocarpus plant gave the
highest rate reached 91.51%, while the percentage reached 89.62, 80.36 % for henna and eucalyptus extract,
respectively.

Keywords

biofungi Trichoderma longibrachiatum plant extracts safflower Trichoderma harzianum.

13

In Vitro Differentiation of Myoblast Cells on Sheep Omentum Scaffold to Mature Myofibers

Pages: 346-357 English

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Abstract

The study aimed to engineer skeletal muscle tissue by used in vitro myoblast seeding on scaffolds to
construct skeletal muscle tissue. Consequently, a scaffold made of sheep omentum and myoblast cells
from rabbits was created for the healing of bodily tissues. Decellularization, mechanical testing, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the structural features, and exposure to 25/Kg gamma
radiation for sterilization. A seven-day-old male rabbit's thigh muscle was successfully used to extract
myoblasts, which were then subjected to a purity test utilizing flow cytometric analysis. After being
seeded onto a scaffold, myoblasts were cultured in vitro for five days. This naturally derived collagenbased scaffold showed tremendous potential for in vitro skeletal muscle cultivation, which can be used
as a substrate for filling wound beds or delivering cells. The in vitro finding of myoblast-seeded omentum
scaffold suggested that myoblast harvested from primary culture are able to form myotube on scaffold.

Keywords

Decellularization Myoblast Myofiber Scaffold

14

Response of Strawberry Varieties (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) Produced From Tissue Culture to Amino Acid TerraSorb Complex in Some of Physical Properties of Fruits under Unheated Greenhouse Conditions

Pages: 224-232 English

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Abstract

This study was performed in the Agricultural Research Station, affiliated to the College of Agriculture
and Marshlands , Thi-Qar University which lies within the longitude (46.22) and latitude (31.05) during
the growing season 2023-2024 to study the response of strawberry varieties Fragaria x ananassa Duch
;Monterey, Albion and Rubygem ,produced from tissue culture and sprayed with Terra-Sorb Complex
in concentrations of (0, 1, 2, 3) ml.L-1 and their interactions on some of the physical qualities of fruit
under unheated plastic house conditions. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment using
Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and three block (3*3*4) became 36 treatment
combinations averages compared to the Least Significant Differences (L.S.D) at probability level 0.05.
Results can be summarized as follows:
The fruits of the variety Albion showed a moral superiority in the number of fruits reaching (11.77
fruit.plant-1
) comparison with variety Monterey register (9.72 fruit.plant-1
)and the length and diameter
of the fruit moral superiority (39.74 , 32.64) mm compared to the Monterey variety that they registered
(33.06 , 26.79) mm respectively variety record Albion also morally superior fruit size record (14.59 cm3
)
while variety Rubygem highly morally outweighed by the average tender weight of fruits reaching (83.74
g.plant-1
) comparison with variety Monterey record (74.88 g.plant-1
).
The spraying of Terra-Sorb Complex plants leads to a high morale increase as the spraying exceeds the
concentration of 3 ml.L
-1
in high spirits record highest average number of fruits reached (12.29 fruit.plant1
) for comparison treatment the comparison reaching (8.81 fruit.plant-1
)the length and diameter of the
fruit reached (46.24 ,37.51) mm measured by comparison treatment (28.04 ,22.88) mm its size reached
(16.39 cm3
) measure by comparison treatment reached (10.74 cm3
) The tender weight of the fruit has
reached (97.82 g.plant-1
) measure by comparison treatment (58.37 g.plant-1
).
Results showed the overlap between the variety and the spraying by Terra-Sorb Complex a clear highmorale effect on the profiled qualities as Albion class overlap outweighs by concentration 3 ml.L-1 with
remarkable morale in fruit preaching, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit size and the tender weight of
fruits reaching (13.55 fruit.plant-1
, 50.48 mm, 44.48mm, 18.63 cm3
,99.63 g.plant-1
) respectively.

Keywords

amino acids Fruit diameter Fruit length Fruit weight Strawberry.

15

Some Physical and Pasting Properties of Starch Isolated from Some Corn Genotypes Cultivated Under Sulaimani Governorate Condition

Pages: 196-206 English

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Abstract

This research was carried out on ten corn genotypes by cultivated all of genotypes in the year 2020 in
Qlyasan research station location of College of Agriculture Engineering Science in Sulaimani University
to produce seeds. The seeds were cleaned and ground to extract the starch from corn genotypes with
purifications starch by Proteinase-K enzyme to purify the extracted starch from the residues protein that
are still present in the starch. All corn genotypes' physical and pasting characteristics has been studied in
the lab, and statistically analyzed showed that there were substantial differences between all cornstarch
genotypes. The physical properties included study these traits; starch granules distribution which
maximum value recorded to medium as a percentage for all genotypes, maximum pH was 5.470, bulk
density was 0.725 g/cm3
, and maximum value of phosphate was 0.0235 %. Also, a study includes
syneresis % which increase gradually in values for all genotypes by storage time, turbidity characteristic
which decrease gradually for all corn starch genotypes with period of storage and the elements of pasting
properties which includes; past temperature record 85 C˚, Peak Viscosity which was 584667 AU, peak
temperature more than 95 C˚, cool paste viscosity (CPV) recorded 1220.000 AU and final element which
was setback viscosity which record 735.00 AU.

Keywords

Cornstarch granule size distribution light transmittance pasting properties and syneresis.

16

Add the undercut weaponSWEEP to the locally manufactured developed drilling plough and its impact on mechanical performance indicators under different operating conditions

Pages: 176-188 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The copepod Ergasilus Nordman, 1832 common ectoparasite of both freshwater and marine fishes;
however the present work aim to study ecological aspect of new parasite Ergasilus luteusi Al-Sahlany,
Adday et Ali, 2024 parasite of two freshwater cyprinid (Planiliza abu and Carasobarbus lutues) occurred
in Al-Gharraf River, Thi Qar Province, Southern Iraq. The seasonal prevalence by E. luteusi with C.
luteus differ little from that from P. abu; while the higher prevalence with the crustacean is found in the
median group length of both fish species. The results are discussed according to the variation in
environmental factor between seasons, physiological aspect between males and females and the
correspondence between second antenna of the parasite and size of gill filaments.

Keywords

Ecology Ectoparasite Fish Fresh water gills Thi Qar.

17

The Influence of Biological Factors on Inhibiting Fusarium oxysporum, the Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt in Cowpea Plant

Pages: 620-633 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted for the agricultural season 2023-2024 with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of bio agent
of Bacillus cereus, Trichoderma Longibrachiatum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Cowpea plants infected with
Fusarium wilt disease in pots. Three isolates R2, R3 and R7 of Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from the roots of
Cowpea plants that showed symptoms of wilt. The isolated fungi were diagnosed morphologically and partially. The
results of molecular diagnosis of the fungi showed 100% matching of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted
on cowpea seeds in the laboratory using Petri dishes containing W.A medium as a pathogen for cowpea plants, as the
germination percentage of cowpea seeds for all isolates reached 76.66, 66.66 and 63.66% compared to the control
treatment which reached 100%. The results of the pot experiment showed that there were no significant differences in
the infection severity by the pathogenic fungus in the three isolates, as R2 reached 82.00, R3 82.00 and R7 87.33%
respectively compared to the control treatment which reached 0.00%. The results of the pot experiment indicated the
effect of bio agent in increasing some plant growth indicators and reducing the infection severity which reached 0.00%
in the T. Longibrachiatum, B. cereus and S. cerevisiae treatments. It was also noted from the results that the highest
germination rate of cowpea seeds was in the yeast S. cerevisiae treatment, which reached 96.00% compared to the
control treatment, which reached 100%. The results of chlorophyll estimation indicated that the treatment of the
biological fungus T. Longibrachiatum and the yeast S. cerevisiae was similar to the control treatment, which reached
0.82 mg/g¯¹.

Keywords

Cowpea Plant Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium Wilt

18

The influence of seed priming with ascorbic acid and foliar nutrition with boron in some productive (Triticum aestivum L.), Abu traits of wheat plant Ghraib cultivar.

Pages: 242-252 English

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Abstract

An agricultural experiment was carried out in the city of Ramadi. The experiment relied on two factors:
seed priming with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) at concentrations of (0, 10, 20, 40) mg.l-1
, indicated by (P0,
P1, P2, P3), and boron foliar nutrition (B) at concentrations of (0, 3, 5) mg.l-1 which indicated by (B0, B1
and B2) A formula for the boric acid H3BO3 (17.4% B) compound was used to spray plants. thus, number
of experimental units is 36 experimental units. The experiment was carried out according to the
randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The results showed that all
concentrations of seed priming with ascorbic acid and boron foliar nutrition and their interactions had a
significant increase in all of the studied traits, and this effect was found to be dose-dependent. The highest
significant differences were recorded at the concentration of 40 mg.l-1 of ascorbic acid and the
concentration of 5 mg.l-1 of boron (14,000 spikes. Plant-1
; 4.530 gm. Plant-1
; 91.00 grains. Spike-1
;
50.29gm) the spike number, weight of the spike, number of grains in a spike, and weight of 1000 grains
respectively.

Keywords

ascorbic acid boron foliar nutrition. seed priming wheat plant

19

Therapeutic Benefits of Whey Protein: a review

Pages: 20-27 English

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Abstract

Whey, a milk-based protein complex, is being promoted as a functional food with several health
advantages. Alpha-lactalbumin, betalactoglobulin, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, and
immunoglobulins are among the biological components of whey that exhibit a variety of immuneboosting characteristics. Whey can also function as a chelating agent, antiviral, antibacterial,
hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antioxidant. The conversion of the amino acid cysteine
into glutathione, a strong intracellular antioxidant, is believed to be the main way that whey works. Whey
has been successfully used in several clinical trials as an antibacterial agent and to treat cancer, HIV,
hepatitis B, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Additionally, whey protein has shown promise in
improving workout performance.

Keywords

protein Therapeutic

20

Understanding and Managing Gill Infections in Fish

Pages: 315-326 English

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Abstract

Gill diseases, including those associated with gill infections, are some of the most common and severe
health issues in farmed and wild fish. The occurrence of disease in the same location can result in fish
from different phylogenetic groups presenting with similar pathological changes, suggesting that the
disease is likely multifactorial. Gill diseases are therefore usually the result of complex interactions
between the infectious agent, the host, and the environment. While gill diseases are often associated with
microbial infections, they can also be exacerbated by environmental stress without microbial
involvement. Indeed, primary gill infections are rare in fish, while an immune response detected in gill
tissue of affected animals is common. This suggests that the environment plays a significant role in gill
disease outbreaks. The aim of this review is to contribute towards a better understanding of the factors
associated with gill infections in fish, as this is an important step in the management of gill diseases.
In wild and farmed fish, gill diseases are some of the most common and severe health issues. These
diseases are often associated with microbial infections and can be exacerbated by environmental stress.
Loss of osmoregulatory function, mechanical damage, and hypoxia are among the harmful effects these
diseases have on fish gills. Therefore, managing gill diseases is an important aspect of fish health
management. To do this, we need to develop an understanding of the factors that influence gill disease
outbreaks, including how the composition of the gill microbiome changes and what effect the wider
aquatic microbiome has on gill health. This knowledge can then be used to develop preventative
measures or treatments that help to mitigate gill disease in affected animals.

Keywords

gas exchange Gill Health Gill Infection

21

The effect of adding probiotics or prebiotic to the diet on the characteristics of local Iraqi goat carcasses and fat deposition

Pages: 265-269 English

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Abstract

The present study aimed to find out the effect of adding both the probiotics (3 g / kg feed) or the prebiotic (2 g / kg feed) to the local Iraqi kids diets on some characteristics of carcasses quantitative and qualitative traits. The study used 16 male kids who were evenly distributed over four treatments. The first treatment was fed 60% concentrated diet (included 20% wheat flour, 25% wheat bran, 20% corn, 7% soybeans, 3% salts and vitamins) with 40% alfalfa hay (control), while the remaining three groups were fed the same control diet in addition to 3 g probiotic/kg feed, 2 g prebiotic/kg feed or 1.5 probiotic + 1 gm prebiotic/ kg feed, respectively. The average weight of the kids was 18.90 kg at the start of the study and their average age was 4-5 months. The duration of the study was 105 days, including 15 days for adaptation. Diets were provided based on 3% of body weight. Kids were slaughtered and the carcasses cooled to 2 ° C for 24 hours. A range of measurements were made that included carcass characteristics, physical composition, muscle and bone distribution, and fat distribution pattern in the carcass. The results showed that the groups that were added to the probiotic diets significantly outperformed the control group in all measurements of carcass cuts. Both probiotic and prebiotic groups exceeded the control group in cold carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat layer thickness and eye muscle area. The three treatments also recorded the highest dressing compared to the control treatment.

Keywords

Carcass Characteristics Diet supplementation Fat deposition prebiotics Probiotics

22

Distribution of Antibacterial Resistance among Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates from Patient in Al-Shatrah General Hospital

Pages: 679-690 English

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Abstract

Nowadays antimicrobial resistance is a huge phenomenon worldwide. The current article aims to detect the most antibiotic resistant among different kinds of antibiotics that extensively use in Iraq, to reduce the antibiotic resistance phenomenon, detect the most effective antibiotic can eliminate or kill pathogenic isolates. Two hundred clinical specimens were collected from patients who are hospitalized Al-Shatrah General Hospital. All samples were directly inoculated in enrichment media after had been obtained from urine, blood, ear swabs, sputum, wound swabs and diagnosed depending on the biochemical tests and molecular investigation that were done. The isolated pathogens were examined against 35 kinds of antibiotic including 13 Beta-lactams, 4 Aminoglycosides, 4 Fluoroquinolones, 3 Macrolides, 2 Glycopeptides, 2 Polymyxins, and one for each of Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Linezolid, Tazobactam, and Bacitracin using Kirby disc diffusion method. The results classified isolated bacteria into 60 (40.8%) isolates Gram-positive and 87 (59.2%) were Gram-negative isolates. While 69 (47%) bacterial isolates were isolated from males; 78 (53%) bacterial isolates were isolated from females, the most common isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus sp. 40 (27%), Streptococcus sp. 20 (13.6%), Proteus sp. 24 (16%), Escherichia coli 29 (19.7%); whereas, the least isolated bacteria is Salmonella typhi 2 (1.4%). While, the highest isolates were 41 isolates (36%) within age group (36-45); the least isolates were 19 isolates (12.9%) within age group (56-65). Bacitracin and Oxacillin were resisted by 10 bacterial species in this study. Also, the results found Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem, Tazobactam, Imipenem are more effective in compare to other antibiotics.

Keywords

Antibiotic resistance MDR and Amoxicillin Pseudomonas Staphylococcus Streptococcus

23

Estimating the mineral content and analyzing the chemical composition and active groups of basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum), studying their antioxidant and incorporating them into healthy diets

Pages: 667-678 English

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Abstract

The chemical composition of basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum) was determined, chemical analyzes
showed that the percentage content of moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates on a dry weight basis
was 22.5, 2.57, 3.15, 0.364 and 71.416 % respectively. The concentrations of the mineral elements
represented by zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and copper were 28.3, 0.822, 0.0615, 3.643, 19.5 ppm
respectively. The significant tests for the aqueous extract showed that it’s contain the active compounds
represented by carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols and glycosides which
gave a positive result. As for the antioxidant activity, it was estimated by (2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)
method. The ability of the extract to capture free radicals increased with increasing concentration
reaching the lowest value70.3% at a concentration of 50 mg/ ml, and the highest value 90.5% at a
concentration 200 mg/ml as compared to the standard substance (butyl hydroxyl toluene), its
effectiveness was 95.4. The reducing power increased with increasing concentration, at a concentration
of 200 mg/ml it gave an effectiveness of 83.2% compared to ascorbic acid, which had an effectiveness
of 85.4%. It was used in food applications as a thickening material in the jam industry using different
ratios of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g. It was noted that the best concentration is Adding 2 gm.

Keywords

analyzing antioxidant basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum) Estimating

24

Impact of Different Concentrations of Aluminum Chloride on Callus Induction and Organogenesis in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. "Barhi"

Pages: 655-666 English

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Abstract

The present study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Date Palm Research Center,
University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq for the years 2023 and 2024. The investigation aims to test the effect of
adding different concentrations of aluminum chloride (0, 15, 30, and 45mg L-1
) to the MS medium prepared
to induce callus and indirect shoot regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Barhi) grown using
an in vitro culture technique. The results showed that the aluminum chloride treatment at a concentration of
45mg L-1
significantly outperformed the 15 mg L-1
treatment of aluminum chloride and the control treatment
in response to callus induction (%), fresh and dry weight (mg). The control treatment recorded the lowest
values in response to callus induction and fresh and dry callus weight. The results indicate that the aluminum
chloride treatment at a concentration of 45mg L-1
significantly outperformed the 15mg L-1
treatment of
aluminum chloride and the control treatment in response to shoot regeneration, number of shoots per culture,
shoot length, and number of leaves per shoot. The control treatment recorded the lowest values in these
characteristics

Keywords

callus in vitro Indirect shoot induction Organogenesis

25

Molecular Study of (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) in respiratory infections patients in thiqar province

Pages: 679-686 English

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Abstract

The high death and hospitalization rates caused by bacterial respiratory infections make them a major worldwide health problem.
Acute otitis media, bacterial rhinosinusitis, pharyngotonsillitis, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia are among the
common respiratory tract illnesses caused by common bacterial respiratory infections, which include Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella
pneumophila.
The study aimed to detect (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae that caused respiratory infections and
determined if it caused this infection. The study included 140 patients (67males and 73 females) who were suffering from
respiratory infections, ages ranging from 10-80 years, in a period from 1 September 2023 to 1 February 2024, all of the 140 samples
collected from Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital, Center for Chest Diseases and Respiratory Diseases in Nasiriyah, Souq Al-Shuyoukh
General Hospital, Alhussein Teaching Hospital, Private Clinics in Shatrah. Specimens included a sputum sample and oropharyngeal
swab for direct detecting by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) Diagnosis is based on the presence of the (16s rRNA) gene to detect
(Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) patients had with un-cultivated bacteria where 3\140(2.14%) of patients had
infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 6\140(4.28%) with Streptococcus pneumoniae
The present study was conducted that the most detected bacterial in female group 6 (75.0%), while in the male group 2 (25.0%),
in addition, the most isolated bacteria in female group were both M. pneumoniae 3 (50.0%), and S. pneumoniae 3 (50%),whil in age
groups in first group 3, while non-detected bacteria in both fourth and seventh age group 0,

Keywords

Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory Streptococcus pneumoniae

26

Isolation and molecular detection of Pasteurella multocida and Gallibacterium anatis in Poultry from Five Provinces in Iraq

Pages: 655-663 English

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Abstract

The current study aimed at isolation and identification with molecular detection of Pasteurella multocida and
Gallibacterium anatis from five provinces in Iraq. Samples were collected from 68-layer farms in different
provinces (Baghdad, Diyala, Babylon, Salahuddin, and Wasit). Out of 12 swabs of suspected chicken cases,
bacteriological diagnosis detected 5 isolates as Pasteurella multocida by using blood agar and biochemical
tests, and out of 21 samples, only 6 isolates were Gallibacterium anatis using the same blood agar and
biochemical tests. Additionally, the positive samples detected by RT- PCR technique was used to confirm
the isolates. To conclude, Pasteurella multocida and Gallibacterium anatis were isolated bacteria from
respiratory infections in layer poultry farms in Iraq.

Keywords

fowl cholera PCR poultry respiratory disease

27

Assessing the Effectiveness of Adding Various Plant Extracts in Extending the Shelf- Life of Soft Cheese

Pages: 691-697 English

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Abstract

The study aimed to prepare various plant extracts and estimate their effectiveness in improving certain chemical properties and prolonging the shelf life of soft cheese during a storage period of 14 days at a temperature ranging from 5-7°C. Three treatments (T1, T2, T3) were implemented by adding 5% volume/volume of oil extracts (fenugreek, cinnamon, black seed) respectively to the milk used in the enzymatic preparation of soft cheese, in addition to the control treatment (without addition).
The results showed the effectiveness of adding oil extracts in supporting the quality of soft cheese stored under refrigeration, which contributed to reducing the logarithmic growth in the number of bacteria types. The control treatment samples recorded a significant increase in the total number of bacteria (total bacteria, coliform bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, and fungi) compared to the samples from T1, T2, and T3 during the storage period. The T3 treatment samples obtained the best results, as they recorded the lowest increase in the total number of bacterial types under study.
Additionally, the results indicated the role of plant extracts in maintaining the quality characteristics of soft cheese during the storage period. The control treatment samples exhibited the lowest results compared to the other treatments, recording a significant decrease in the percentage of moisture, which reached 60.07%, while the T1 sample achieved the best results with a moisture content of 61.43%. The control sample also showed a significant increase in the percentage of total acidity, which reached 0.91%, while the T3 sample recorded an acidity percentage of 0.51%. There were no notable differences in the protein percentage at the end of all treatments

Keywords

Black Seed cinnamon Fenugreek plant extracts shelf life

28

EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS LEAVES ON SOME TYPES OF GERMS THAT CAUSE OF PERIODONTAL INFLAMMATION

Pages: 698-705 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in order to identify the bacterial species that cause gingivitis, where 25 swabs were taken from the gums of gingivitis patients who were visiting specialized dental clinics in the city of Babylon between November 2022 and March 2023. To identify and isolate the bacteria that cause gingivitis, some microscopic and biochemical studies were carried out. This study revealed the existence of several types of bacteria that cause gingivitis, including: Streptococcus salivarius (2.59%), Streptococcus angiosus (2.59%) Staphyl- ococcus aureus (7.78%),Escherichia coli (5.93%),Streptococcus mutans (9.25%), Streptococcus pyogens (4.44%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.33%) ,Pseudomonas monilli (1.85%) .The effect of the aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves was also tested on the bacterial isolates above. It was found through the test that this aqueous extract of eucalyptose leaves had an inhibitory effect on the isolated bacteria, and the concentration (100 mg / ml) showed the highest inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria. Knowing that the bacteria isolated from patients with gingivitis were sensitive to varying degrees to the antibiotics that were used in this study for the purpose of comparison, which included:ampicillin, tetracycline,Amikacin,amoxicillin,trimethoprim. The study also showed that there is a synergistic activity between the aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves with the antibiotic Amkasin for the growth of bacteria. The study concluded that the extracts of some medicinal plants should be used as an alternative to antibiotics.

Keywords

Amikacin Ampicillin bacteria Eucalyptus

29

First record of Paramyrothecium roridum as a causative agent of melon stem blight in Iraq

Pages: 637-647 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted in the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, during the period 2023-2024. The study aimed to isolate and identify the pathogen Paramyrothecium roridum associated with melon stem blight disease morphologically and molecularly, evaluate its pathogenicity, and test the effect of chitosan on fungal growth in vitro conditions and the effect of the Bioagent Trichoderma viride on the pathogenic fungus. The results of the morphological diagnosis showed that the fungus consists of fungal colonies in the form of concentric circles and an identification color. As the colony ages, the color becomes darker and the nature of the fungus growth is slow. It takes 10 days for the fungus to fill the entire plate. The results of the pathogenicity showed that the tested isolate caused the death of melon seedlings grown in pots. The germination rate and seedling death reached 56.66 and 36.33%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, which had a germination rate of 80.00 and seedling death of 4.00. The results showed The inhibition of chitosan at concentrations of 2%, 3% and 5% g/L the concentration of 5% excelled by achieving a high inhibition rate, as the inhibition rate of fungal growth reached 100.00%, while the results of the antagonism with the bio fungus T. viride in the dual cultivation experiment were that the bio fungus T. viride has a high antagonistic ability in the PDA culture medium against the pathogenic fungus, as the antagonism degree reached 1.

Keywords

melon Paramyrothecium fungus stem blight Trichoderma fungus

30

The effect of biological factors on Fusarium oxysporum inhibition causing Fusarium wilt disease on cowpea ( _Vigna unguiculata_ )

Pages: 620-635 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted for the agricultural season 2023-2024 with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of bio agent of Bacillus cereus, Trichoderma Longibrachiatum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Cowpea plants infected with Fusarium wilt disease in pots. Three isolates R2, R3 and R7 of Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from the roots of Cowpea plants that showed symptoms of wilt. The isolated fungi were diagnosed morphologically and partially. The results of molecular diagnosis of the fungi showed 100% matching of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on cowpea seeds in the laboratory using Petri dishes containing W.A medium as a pathogen for cowpea plants, as the germination percentage of cowpea seeds for all isolates reached 76.66, 66.66 and 63.66% compared to the control treatment which reached 100%. The results of the pot experiment showed that there were no significant differences in the infection severity by the pathogenic fungus in the three isolates, as R2 reached 82.00, R3 82.00 and R7 87.33% respectively compared to the control treatment which reached 0.00%. The results of the pot experiment indicated the effect of bio agent in increasing some plant growth indicators and reducing the infection severity which reached 0.00% in the T. Longibrachiatum, B. cereus and S. cerevisiae treatments. It was also noted from the results that the highest germination rate of cowpea seeds was in the yeast S. cerevisiae treatment, which reached 96.00% compared to the control treatment, which reached 100%. The results of chlorophyll estimation indicated that the treatment of the biological fungus T. Longibrachiatum and the yeast S. cerevisiae was similar to the control treatment, which reached 0.82 mg/g¯¹.

Keywords

cowpea ( _Vigna unguiculata_ ) Fusarium oxysporum

31

The effect of biological factors on Fusarium oxysporum inhibition causing Fusarium wilt disease on cowpea ( _Vigna unguiculata_ )

Pages: 620-635 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted for the agricultural season 2023-2024 with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of bio agent of Bacillus cereus, Trichoderma Longibrachiatum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Cowpea plants infected with Fusarium wilt disease in pots. Three isolates R2, R3 and R7 of Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from the roots of Cowpea plants that showed symptoms of wilt. The isolated fungi were diagnosed morphologically and partially. The results of molecular diagnosis of the fungi showed 100% matching of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on cowpea seeds in the laboratory using Petri dishes containing W.A medium as a pathogen for cowpea plants, as the germination percentage of cowpea seeds for all isolates reached 76.66, 66.66 and 63.66% compared to the control treatment which reached 100%. The results of the pot experiment showed that there were no significant differences in the infection severity by the pathogenic fungus in the three isolates, as R2 reached 82.00, R3 82.00 and R7 87.33% respectively compared to the control treatment which reached 0.00%. The results of the pot experiment indicated the effect of bio agent in increasing some plant growth indicators and reducing the infection severity which reached 0.00% in the T. Longibrachiatum, B. cereus and S. cerevisiae treatments. It was also noted from the results that the highest germination rate of cowpea seeds was in the yeast S. cerevisiae treatment, which reached 96.00% compared to the control treatment, which reached 100%. The results of chlorophyll estimation indicated that the treatment of the biological fungus T. Longibrachiatum and the yeast S. cerevisiae was similar to the control treatment, which reached 0.82 mg/g¯¹.

Keywords

cowpea ( _Vigna unguiculata_ ) Fusarium oxysporum

32

The effect of biological factors on Fusarium oxysporum inhibition causing Fusarium wilt disease on cowpea ( _Vigna unguiculata_ )

Pages: 620-636 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This study was conducted for the agricultural season 2023-2024 with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of bio agent of Bacillus cereus, Trichoderma Longibrachiatum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Cowpea plants infected with Fusarium wilt disease in pots. Three isolates R2, R3 and R7 of Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from the roots of Cowpea plants that showed symptoms of wilt. The isolated fungi were diagnosed morphologically and partially. The results of molecular diagnosis of the fungi showed 100% matching of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on cowpea seeds in the laboratory using Petri dishes containing W.A medium as a pathogen for cowpea plants, as the germination percentage of cowpea seeds for all isolates reached 76.66, 66.66 and 63.66% compared to the control treatment which reached 100%. The results of the pot experiment showed that there were no significant differences in the infection severity by the pathogenic fungus in the three isolates, as R2 reached 82.00, R3 82.00 and R7 87.33% respectively compared to the control treatment which reached 0.00%. The results of the pot experiment indicated the effect of bio agent in increasing some plant growth indicators and reducing the infection severity which reached 0.00% in the T. Longibrachiatum, B. cereus and S. cerevisiae treatments. It was also noted from the results that the highest germination rate of cowpea seeds was in the yeast S. cerevisiae treatment, which reached 96.00% compared to the control treatment, which reached 100%. The results of chlorophyll estimation indicated that the treatment of the biological fungus T. Longibrachiatum and the yeast S. cerevisiae was similar to the control treatment, which reached 0.82 mg/g¯¹.

Keywords

cowpea ( _Vigna unguiculata_ ) Fusarium oxysporum

33

The effect of feed transportation distance and feeding management (cylindrical feeder vs. automatic feeder) on the durability and length of broiler pellets.

Pages: 612-619 English

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Abstract

Pellets have advantages over mash, but the amount lost due to disintegration into small, fine particles exceeds 10% of the amount provided in the feed meal, which is undesirable from an economic standpoint. Therefore, the aim of the study. Finding the effect of the distances of transporting feed pellets from factories to fields (443 km, 463 km, and 595 km) and The effect of eating the feed offered to chickens (cylindrical feeders and automatic feeding lines) on the durability and length of the pellets and evaluate the performance of the locally manufactured durability testing device. The results show that is an effect of the transportation distance on the durability of the pellets, which does not exceed 2.5% if the distance exceeds 150 km and 50% of the full length can be retained. The line of feeding is superior to traditional methods. The method of providing feed using the cylindrical feeder recorded a high percentage of dust and broken particles, less than 3 mm.

Keywords

chicken’s feeder durability fine particles . Pellets

34

Manufacturing and evaluating a machine for cutting and raking alfalfa and barley harvest into rows

Pages: 598-611 English

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Abstract

A machine was manufactured to belt -rake the fodder harvest with a moving finger bar . The harvest collecting machine was installed with a two-wheeled sickle mower, thus the machine group becomes a four-wheeled vehicle that performs two functions at the same time (cutting and harvesting the harvest). The study aims to reduce the effort, time, and fuel consumption required to cut the fodder crop and assemble it into rows in preparation for its subsequent transportation or treatment with silage making machines or hay. A two-factor factorial experiment with a completely randomized block design was conducted to evaluate the combined instrument. The forward speed of the compound machine has three levels: 1.19, 2.67, and 3.42 km/h, and the type of crop has two levels: barley and alfalfa. The results showed a direct relationship between the forward speed and the productivity of the machine, as it reached 0.215 ha/h with the third speed. The efficiency of harvesting and collecting the harvest reached 100% in the barley crop for all forward speeds, while the third speed failed to rake the alfalfa harvest. The cutting efficiency of the sickle mower was not affected, which was 99% when the combined machine was connected to it in cutting barley and jet crops, and the level of cutting height remained stable, as the cutting deviation reached only 1 cm, while the combine machine affected the increase in the slip rate of the combined machine.

Keywords

Belt- rake sickle mower tedder.

35

Review About The Hormonal Additives In Cow Feeding And Their Harmful Effects

Pages: 575-579 English

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Abstract

Hormones, are chemical messengers which are secreted by glands and transmits various stimuli between a tissues throughout your bloodstream. Robert Sapolsky explains that hormones control and regulate the activities of living organisms, or literally everything we do including digestion, metabolism, respiration, sensory perception, sleep stress. To meet the need of this increasing population, higher food production is required in today's digital age. To do this, they are injected with synthetic hormones that enable them to produce more milk and the meat on their bodies. Here, in this review article, we discuss the hormone-treated cows and their negative consequences of hormones to humans. Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) belongs to steroids it is a transgenic substance injected into dairy cows to increase milk yield, it is considered an urgent problem because it causes cancer, U.S. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved estradiol, progesterone and testosterone, for commercial use . It was found to fortify milk and meat in animals, but adverse effects seen in users, leading to cancer and premature puberty in children Hormone supplements in dairy cattle are many adverse effects in animal health, reproduction, environment and food safety are associated However , these benefits must be weighed against the potential risks associated with the use of these chemicals, so it was urged wisdom to develop several effective alternatives for targeting dairy cows with hormone supplementation for welfare, milk quality or human health

Keywords

cow Harmful Effects. Hormonal Additives

36

Response A Trees Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. For salt stress conditions

Pages: 563-574 English

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Abstract

Degradation of agricultural land due to soil salinity and irrigation water is one of the major soil constraints that greatly hinders agricultural production and food security in any country and is one of the most difficult challenges at present, in addition to climate change and increasing frequency lonliness Phenomena Climate Extreme Especially Recurring droughts have attracted the attention of researchers to address them and develop possible solutions to address them by relying on the research aspect, which is of utmost importance, with the aim of improving soil resource capabilities and irrigation management by improving the quality and productivity of irrigation water in order to maintain the sustainability of the agricultural sector. The current review summarizes an explanation of how salt stress affects growth indicators in palm trees, which negatively and significantly affects the ability and production. Agricultural and thus disturbance and imbalance in providing the growing global demand, especially with the steady increase in population growth. Discusses the effect of soil salinity and irrigation water on plant pigments and some growth indicators and characteristics Physics For the fruits The result Furthermore, the article deals with determining the effect of salt stress on the mineral content of leaves and fruits. As significant indicators for assessing the severity and intensity of salt stress, it is therefore recommended to conduct more comprehensive studies on a larger scale, which will contribute to understanding these effects in developing strategies to reduce and minimize salt stress and its harmful effects on date palm cultivation.

Keywords

Carbohydrates Chlorophyll fruit weight. Salt Stress total sugars

37

Response of onion plant (Allium cepa) to the addition of Bio-humic fertilizer and planting date on the productivity characteristics of bulb yield

Pages: 563-574 English

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Abstract

Degradation of agricultural land due to soil salinity and irrigation water is one of the major soil constraints that greatly hinders agricultural production and food security in any country and is one of the most difficult challenges at present, in addition to climate change and increasing frequency lonliness Phenomena Climate Extreme Especially Recurring droughts have attracted the attention of researchers to address them and develop possible solutions to address them by relying on the research aspect, which is of utmost importance, with the aim of improving soil resource capabilities and irrigation management by improving the quality and productivity of irrigation water in order to maintain the sustainability of the agricultural sector. The current review summarizes an explanation of how salt stress affects growth indicators in palm trees, which negatively and significantly affects the ability and production. Agricultural and thus disturbance and imbalance in providing the growing global demand, especially with the steady increase in population growth. Discusses the effect of soil salinity and irrigation water on plant pigments and some growth indicators and characteristics Physics For the fruits The result Furthermore, the article deals with determining the effect of salt stress on the mineral content of leaves and fruits. As significant indicators for assessing the severity and intensity of salt stress, it is therefore recommended to conduct more comprehensive studies on a larger scale, which will contribute to understanding these effects in developing strategies to reduce and minimize salt stress and its harmful effects on date palm cultivation.

Keywords

Carbohydrates Chlorophyll fruit weight. Salt Stress total sugars

38

Effect of Melatonin on Some Indicators of Vegetative and Biochemical Growth in Washingtonia filifera Trees Under Salinity Stress

Pages: 543-553 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture,
University of Basrah, during the 2023-2024 growing season. The objective was to study the effect of
different levels of irrigation water salinity (2, 6, and 12 dS.m-1) and melatonin treatment (0, 50, and 100
mg.L-1) on the vegetative and biochemical growth indicators of Washingtonia filifera seedlings. The
experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment with three replicates, following the Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results were analyzed using the GenStat program, and means were
compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 0.05 probability level. The results
showed a significant decrease in growth with increasing salinity levels, with the 2 dS.m-1 treatment
outperforming in most traits, including plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and chlorophyll and
carbohydrate content, and a significant decrease in proline content. Additionally, the results indicated
that plants sprayed with 100 mg.L-1 of melatonin outperformed those with other treatments in most of
the studied traits. Regarding the interaction effect between the study factors, there was a significant
impact on most of the studied traits.

Keywords

Biochemical Melatonin Salinity Washingtonia filifera

39

SettingsStudy the Effect of Genetic Polymorphism in the Estrogen Receptor Gene (ESR) On the Meat Characteristics and Some Production Traits of Japanese Quail

Pages: 43-49 English

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Abstract

Study was Procedure in the poultry field of the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture
and marshes / Thi- Qar University for the period from 10/10/2023 to 3/15/2024, the period of field and
laboratory work, as 150 Japanese quail birds were raised from the age of one day to 35 days.
Birds were numbered with plastic numbers, and the weights were taken weekly to calculate the weekly
weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. After the end of the breeding period, the birds were
slaughtered and the relative weight of the edible internal organs (heart, liver, gizzard), tenderness, and
juiciness were calculated. Genetic analyzes were conducted in the laboratory of the Marshes Research
Center/ Thi- Qar University. With the aim of extracting the genetic material and determining the
phenotypic structures as well as performing electrophoresis of the studied samples, the amplification
product was then sent to the KCM, for the purpose of determining the sequence of the nitrogenous bases
of the studied part of the gene, determining the genotype of the ESR gene and studying its relationship
with some productive and sensory traits. Which included (the rate of weekly weight gain, the efficiency
of food conversion, the relative weight of the eaten parts, freshness and juiciness), where the location of
the variation in the nitrogenous bases of the studied gene was diagnosed, and the genotypes resulting
from this variation were determined, with the studied piece registered in the Gene Bank LC816736, and
the results were as follows:
1- The possibility of amplifying the studied segment of the ESR gene, which is 301 base pairs, and
confirming it through electrophoresis examination.
2- Knowing the location of the mutation in segment 100.T>C, as it did not change the amino acids of the
ESR gene.
3- Determine Three genotypes as : CC, CT, and TT. The percentages were 12%, 74%, and 14%, and the
frequency of the C allele was 0.49, while the frequency of the T allele was 0.51.
4-The results did not show significant differences in the weekly weight gain and food conversion
efficiency for the resulting three genotypes.
5- There were no significant differences between the three genotypes of the studied gene for the weights
of each of the eaten offal (heart, liver, and gizzard).
6-The results did not show significant differences between the three genotypes of the studied gene for
tenderness and juiciness.

Keywords

estrogen receptor Gene (ESR) Japanese quail

40

Study of the productive characteristics of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella V. cultured in floating cages in the Euphrates River / Dhi-Qar Governorate

Pages: 523-535 English

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Abstract

The current study was conducted in the city of Nasiriyah / Dhi Qar Governorate, the Muhammadiyah region, with longitude and latitude coordinates 310041N" 461811E." It included measuring the environmental characteristics of the water in the study area, such as measuring temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and dissolved oxygen. Samples were analyzed periodically every month and fish muscle tissues were analyzed. Grass carp at the beginning and end of culture. The study used young grass carp. 1765 fish with an average starting weight of 20-35 grams. They were distributed into three treatments with a culture density of 45, 52, and 50 fish/m3. Three floating cages made of galvanized iron were used. Dimensions of one cage (2). ,2,3) m3, An Iranian-made, floating type diet containing 32-38% protein was used for feeding. The study continued for six months, starting in October 2023 until March 2024. Fish samples were weighed every 15 days for the purpose of calculating the amount of feed provided on the basis of the weight gain, 5% of the weight. In the neighborhood, water temperatures during the study months ranged from 17-22°C, dissolved oxygen recorded between 9.33-4.3 mg/l, water electrical conductivity between 1.93-1.11 ppt, total dissolved solids between 2920-2101 mg/l, and pH value of 8.2- 7.3, The results of the study were evaluated according to growth indicators (total weight gain, daily weight gain, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, feed conversion rate, and protein efficiency ratio) and showed that the best results for these indicators were in the treatment with the lowest culture density. We conclude that the lower density gives the best growth indicators when adopting the culture of grass carp fish in floating cages and adopting artificial feeding with the addition of jet and aquatic plants.

Keywords

floating cages grass carp fish growth indicators water characteristics of the Euphrates River

41

The effect of plant density and spraying with salicylic acid on the development, harvest, and chemical components of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds

Pages: 514-522 English

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Abstract

The investigation was carried out through the 2023-2024 growing season in one of the fields of Abi
Al-Khasib District, Basrah Governorate, Iraq. The experiment aimed to study the effect of three plant
densities on growing the fenugreek cv. local (61111, 81481, and 122222 ha-1
) and spraying fenugreek
plants with three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 20, and 40 mg L-1
) on the growth, yield, and
chemical components of the seeds. The factorial investigation was taken out according to the complete
randomized block design, with three replications for each treatment. The data were analyzed using the
variance analysis and compared between the treatments means according to the least significant
difference test at the probability level of 5%. The most important results obtained can be summarized
as follows: The density of 61,111 plants ha-1 was significantly superior to the total number of leaves,
the number of branches, the fresh weight of the plant, the dry weight of the plant, the total number of
flowers, the number of seeds per pod, the total number of seeds, the weight of one thousand seeds, the
seed yield per plant, the concentration of total soluble carbohydrates, the percentage of protein, a fat
and volatile oil in the leaves reached 314.4 leaves, 17.72 branches, 48,089 g, 7.942 g, 115.22 flowers,
15.55 pod seed-1
, 1430.1 seed-1
, 10,694 g seed-1
, 15.296 g plant-1
, 76.69 mg.g-1
, 10.596.41 %, %,
3.592%, respectively. This treatment showed a significant decrease in height of the plant, the day
numbers to flower opening, and total seed productivity of 61.34 cm, 69.0 days, and 0.934 tons ha-1
,
respectively. The high density of 122,222 ha-1
plants led to a significant increase in the total seed yield,
which amounted to 1.732 tons ha-1
. The plants sprayed with salicylic acid at 40 mg L-1
led to
significantly increased plant height, several leaves, and branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, the
total number of flowers and pods, the weight of a thousand seeds, the concentration of total soluble
carbohydrates, protein, fat and volatile oil in The seeds amounted to 64.87 cm, 334.8 leaves, 17.57
branches, 48.429 g, 7.942 g, 114.67 flowers 92.22 pods, 10.55 g, 74.14 mg g-1
, 23.91%, 10.529%,
3.528 %, respectively. The same concentration of salicylic acid reduced the number of days for flowers
to open by 68.0 days. Whilst, the 20 mg L-1
concentration showed a significant increase in yield per
plant and total productivity of 15.14 g, 1.320 tons ha-1
. The relations between the two investigation
factors had a significant impact on most of the recorded characteristics.

Keywords

Dry weight; Plant density; Productivity; Soluble carbohydrates; Volatile oil.

42

The effect of adding dried egg whites and the enzyme lysozyme on improving some chemical properties of fresh and cold preservation sausages

Pages: 506-513 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The current study aimed to use dried egg whites at concentrations of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2% in preserving beef sausage by cooling at a
temperature of 4°C. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the values of peroxide (TBA) and the percentage of
free fatty acids for the meat samples treated with dried egg whites compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 3.74
mEq/kg, fat, 1.24 mg, malondialdehyde /kg, 0.58%, and on the seventh day of preservation, they were excluded due to their microbial
contamination, While the addition samples continued within standard limits until day 21 of cryopreservation.
The results also showed a significant decrease in cholesterol concentration in beef sausages treated with dried egg whites compared to
the group treated with the lysozyme enzyme. The averages in the fifth treatment reached 0.89 mg/g on day 21 of storage, while in the
sixth treatment (adding the enzyme lysozyme) they reached 0.91 mg/g.

Keywords

Egg whites fatty acids Iysozyme enzyme meat quality Sausages

43

SettingsHistological, Histometrical and Hormonal Assay ComparativeStudy of Thyroid Glands between Suckling and Adult Local Male Cats (Felis catus)

Pages: 486-505 English

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Abstract

The present study was amid to describe on histological, histometric and hormonal assay
characteristics of the thyroid glands in suckling and adult local male cats(Felis
catus)appeared the healthy. The study was conducted on ten suckling (5) and adult (5)
local male cats. The histological structural of thyroid gland in suckling and adult cats
was similarstatistical all histological measurements of left lobe in suckling and adult
cats were higher significantly than those of the right one. The thickness of capsule,
diameter of large, medium, small follicle and height of epithelium histological
measurements of right and left thyroid lobes in adult cats were higher significantly then
those in suckling at p <0.05. these variations in may be due to the differences of studied
cats

Keywords

Histological Histometrical thyroid gland Thyroid Hormones

44

The effect of nano-Macro elements (NPK) and Amino Spray on some Physical and Chemical Characteristics of date palm fruits ( Phoenix dactylifera L. ) Al-Sayer cultivar

Pages: 478-485 English

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Abstract

This experiment was carried out during the growing season (2023 AD) in one of the private orchards in Thi Qar Governorate, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying fruits with concentrations of the nano-macro elements NPK (0, 75, and 150) mg L-1 and Amino Spray with concentrations (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1 and their interactions in some physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits of the Al-Sayer cultivar at the Rutab stage.
The results showed the significant superiority of the nano-macro elements NPK at a concentration of (150 mg L-1), recording the highest averages in both the weight of the fruit and the core (9.322 and 8.453) g, respectively , and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (2.60, 0.40 and 2.783). ) % respectively .
The spraying treatment with Amino Spray at a concentration of(4 ml L-1) was significantly superior in increasing the averages of both the weight of the fruit and the core (8.483 and 7.678 ) g , respectively, and the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (2.76, 0.43, and 963.3) % , respectively .

Keywords

Nano NPK - Amino spray - date palm – Core

45

Measurement of pollution of water and sediment of the Gharraf River for some heavy elements

Pages: 471-477 English

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Abstract

Study was conducted to determine, at the beginning of this month, the environmental factors and the
original sweat levels of the water and sediments of the Al-Sariq River in Dhi- Qar Governorate,
approaching the Al-Jarifik River located within the city of Al-Rifai along the river from November 2023
AD to April 2024 AD. The current study concludes by measuring some physical and chemical gains. Air
and water temperature, turbidity, sponge, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and element
concentrations: lead, Pb, zinc, Zn, and copper, Cu, in river water and sediments. The following depiction
is that the element concentrations follow the following order: zinc < copper < lead, their concentrations
in the sediments and their accumulation in them are the following types: zinc < copper < lead. The results
showed that the water of the Gharraf River is suitable for human consumption, but the sediment levels
were high .

Keywords

Gharraf River Pollution Sediment

46

Effect of spraying levels of nano fertilizer (NPK) and biochar on the growth and yield of wheat

Pages: 453-460 English

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Abstract

The study was carried out at the second research station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna
University. The purpose was to investigate the impact of different amounts of nano-NPK fertilizer and
biochar on the availability and concentration of NPK in wheat plants, as well as their growth and yield.
The experiment was conducted using a mixed soil. The experiment involved the application of five
different concentrations of nano-NPK fertilizer, which were labeled as follows: (A0) Control
treatment,(A1) Full recommendation of traditional agrarian NPK, (A2) 2/1 recommendation of
traditional agrarian NPK + 2/1 recommendation of nano-NPK, (A3) Full recommendation of nano-NPK
+ 2/1 recommendation of traditional agrarian NPK, (A4) Double recommendation of nano-NPK + 2/1
recommendation of traditional agrarian NPK. There are four levels of biochar represented by the symbols
(B0:0%), (B1:1%), (B2: 2%), and (B3: 3%). The addition was based on the measurement of the volume
of dry soil. A factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with three repetitions. The averages were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D) test.
With a significance threshold of 0.05. The findings demonstrated substantial variations in the effects of
incorporating different amounts of spraying with nano-NPK fertilizer and biochar, as well as their
interaction, on p

Keywords

Biochar NPK nano wheat crop

47

Effect of Treated Water with Aquatic Plant Residues on the Growth Parameters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Two Different Soil Textures

Pages: 706-720 English

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Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted using Triticum aestivum L. to study the effect of water treated with organic waste from aquatic plants (Azolla, Spirodela, and Lemna) on the growth parameters of wheat. Two types of soil were used: clay loam and sandy loam, within a factorial experiment involving three factors (water treatment type, filter type, and soil texture) with three replicates. Wheat seeds were planted, and the soil was fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at a uniform level according to the recommended fertilization guidelines for wheat. The pots were irrigated according to the treatments, and after 60 days, the plants were harvested. Dry weight was recorded, and the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and chloride content in the plant foliage was determined after digesting the plant samples. The results showed that clay loam soil irrigated with water filtered through Azolla had significantly better outcomes compared to sandy loam soil in all studied traits (dry weight, N, P, and K concentrations) and exhibited lower concentrations of sodium and chloride in the plants.

Keywords

Saline Water water treatment with aquatic plant filters wheat growth parameters

48

The inhibitory effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Lavandula Officinalis L. on Some type of Pathogenic

Pages: 440-452 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to know the inhibitory ability of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of lavender
leaves Lavandula Officinalis L. to the growth of some human pathogenic organisms represented by two
types of bacteria, Candida Albicans and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumonia (Kleb).
Ethanol and distilled water were used as solvents for extraction at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100
mg ml-1
for each. The alcoholic and aqueous extracts showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of the
three species at a concentration of 100 mg ml-1, and the aqueous extract showed an inhibitory effect on
Candida and Kleb at concentrations of 25 or 50 mg mL
-1
. The concentrations showed variation in their
inhibitory effect on pathogenic organisms, as the alcoholic extract at a concentration of 100 mg ml-1
inhibited the growth of Candida and E. coli with a larger inhibitory diameter than the aqueous extract,
and the aqueous extract at a concentration of 100 mg ml-1
inhibited the growth of Kleb with a larger
diameter than the alcoholic extract. GC-MAS analysis of the volatile oil sample of lavender leaves
showed the appearance of some compounds with an important effect on the inhibitory activity, such as
1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, Camphor, and Terpineol.

Keywords

Candida albicans Escherichia coli (E. coli) Extract type GC-MAS inhibitory activity Klebsiella pneumoniae Lavender plant

49

Assessment of soil degradation in northern Basrah governorate using geospatial techniques and spectral Indices

Pages: 434-439 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the degradation of soils in northern Basra Governorate
using remote sensing techniques, geographic information systems and some spectral indicators. The soils of
the region are characterized by being of calcareous sedimentary origin, belonging to the Entisols rank. The
study area is located north of Basra Governorate, southern Iraq, within the administrative borders of AlQurna District, extending south to Al-Deir District. It is bordered to the east by the Shatt Al-Arab River and
lies between longitudes 47°22\'10\" - 47°39\'8\" east and latitudes 30°44\'41\" - 31°3\'49\" north, with an area of
429.681 km2
. The results of the physical analysis showed that there was a difference in the distribution
pattern of soil particles (sand, silt and clay) within a single soil site or between different soil sites. This is
due to the variation in the sedimentary environment of the studied sites. It was noted that the content of clay
and silt was high in general depths of the sites compared to the small amount of sand in some sites. The
dominance of silt particles was in most sites, ranging between 206.90 - 703.20 g kg-1
, then clay, ranging
between 202.80 - 659.20 g kg-1
, while sand ranged between 16.40 - 425.30 g kg-1
. The results of the
chemical analysis showed that the organic matter content of the sites ranged between 2.1 - 16.6 g kg-1
. The
highest values appeared in the surface depths, especially at site 6, and the soil salinity ranged between nonsaline soils and highly saline soils, ranging from 3.33 to 90.82 dsm-1
. The lowest salinity appeared at site 4,
reaching 3.33 dsm-1
, which is affiliated with the Kutuf Al-Anhar section located east of Shatt Al-Arab

Keywords

geographic information system Remote sensing Soil degradation

50

The Effect of Biochar Levels on the Efficiency of Nitrogen Absorption and some Growth Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum .L (

Pages: 427-433 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out at the second research station of the College of
Agriculture , Al-Muthanna University in the agricultural season 2022/2023 to study the effect of adding
biochar levels on the efficiency of nitrogen (N) absorption and some growth characteristics of the
wheat crop. Biochar was added at four levels (0, 1.5, 2, 2.5) percentage (%) by volume to the soil
before planting. Planting took place on 11/23/2022. An experiment was applied in a completely
randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. The means were compared according to the
Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the probability level of >= 0.05. The percentage of
chlorophyll in the plant, the efficiency of nitrogen absorption at the flowering and harvesting stages,
the height of the plant, the biological yield, and the concentration of nitrogen in the plant at the
flowering and harvesting stages were studied. The results of the study showed that there were
significant differences when adding biochar in plant height ( A3, 107.73 Cm ) and chlorophyll content
in the leaves ( A2 , 48.80 spad and A1 , 48.15 spad ) , as all treatments were superior to the control
treatment. There were significant differences for adding biochar in the amount of nitrogen in the plant
at the flowering ( A3 , 395 kg ha-1
) and harvesting stage ( A3 , 250 kg ha-1
), as all treatments
outperformed on the control treatment. The results also showed that there were significant differences
for adding biochar in flag leaf area ( A2 ,71.62 cm2
and A3 , 70.26 cm2
) and the efficiency of nitrogen
absorption at the flowering ( A3 , 64.4 % ) and harvesting stage ( A3 , 50 % ).

Keywords

Biochar nitrogen efficiency wheat yield

51

The effect of spraying Basfoliar Kelp SL and calcium on some physiological and physical characteristics of date palm fruits, Phoenix dactylifera L, Al-Shwaithi cultivar

Pages: 416-426 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted during the 2023 growing season in one of the private orchards in Thi Qar
Governorate, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying fruits with concentrations of Basfoliar Kelp
SL (0, 2 and 4) ml L-1
and calcium (0, 2.5 and 5) ml L-1
and their interactions in Some physiological and
physical characteristics of date palm fruits, Al-Shwaithi variety, at the Rubab stage.
The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment according to a completely randomized block
design with five replications to calculate the studied characteristics. Concentrations of Basfoliar Kelp SL
and calcium were sprayed 21 days after pollination and upon completion of fruit set, and 6 sprays
between one another (15 days) and until fruit growth was completed and the coloring phase began. The
results can be summarized as follows.
The concentration of seaweed extract Basfoliar Kelp SL (4 ml L-1
) showed a significant increase in most
of the physiological and physical traits studied, and the highest rates were recorded for: maturity rate
(87.68%), fruit length (3.76 cm), fruit diameter (2.41 cm), and fruit weight. (10.38 cm) and shoot weight
(8.28 kg), in addition to the concentration (4 ml L-1
) recorded the lowest rates, with a significant
difference in the percentage of fruit drop (12.94%). The calcium concentration (5 ml L-1
) showed a
significant increase in most of the physiological and physical traits studied, and the highest rates were
recorded in the maturity rate (86.38%), fruit length (3.68 cm), fruit diameter (2.38 cm), fruit weight
(10.15 g), and bunch weight ( 7.61 kg) for the Rubab stage, in addition to recording the lowest rates with
a significant difference in the percentage of fruit drop (10.66%).
As for the effect of the interaction parameters between Basfoliar Kelp SL (4 ml L-1
) and Calcium (5 ml
L
-1
), it was significa

Keywords

Al-Shwaithi cultivar Basfoliar Kelp palm fruits Phoenix dactylifera L SL

52

The effect of irrigation management with saline and fresh water on some soil properties and wheat crop growth (Triticum aestivum L.)

Pages: 380-396 English

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Abstract

Arid and semi-arid regions suffer from a sharp decline in rainfall and scarcity of good fresh water. This
forces them to use saline water for irrigation, which can affect the growth and productivity of plants in
terms of quantity and quality. So, good management and specific methods are required in the use of
irrigation water. A factorial experiment was conducted with three factors in a silty clay soil, including
irrigation water salinity 3, 5 and 7 dS m-1
(S1, S2, and S3) respectively. Saline irrigation water level 100
and 66% of field capacity (W1 and W2) respectively. Fresh water (0.8≃1.1) 0, 50, and 100% of field
capacity (F1, F2 and F3) respectively after tow rinses with saline water and its effect on wheat cultivation.
Soil salinity and moisture content were estimated in the middle and end of the growing season at two
depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm. The weight of 1000 grains and water productivity were calculated. The results
showed an increase in soil salinity and moisture content with increasing irrigation water salinity for both
depths. A decrease in soil salinity and moisture content with increasing irrigation water level and
increasing fresh water level, for both depths. There was an increase in grain weight and water
productivity with increasing saline irrigation water level, increasing fresh water level and decreasing
irrigation water salinity. The triple interaction treatment when irrigated with water salinity 3 dSm-1
, 100%
saline irrigation water level and 100% fresh water level of field capacity achieved the highest grain
weight and water productivity of 45.17 g and 3.85 kg m-3 water respectively.

Keywords

irrigation water salinity level - fresh water level - grain weight- water productivity.

53

Study of saline effects in Azospirillum spp isolated from agricultural soils : south of Thi Qar governorate

Pages: 373-379 English

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Abstract

Biofertilizers, containing microorganisms, colonize plant roots or interiors, increasing nutrient supply
and stimulating growth. High salinity in agricultural soils reduces water absorption, growth rate, and
photosynthetic activity, leading to physiological dehydration and growth inhibition. To develop
biofertilizers, Azospirillum spp isolates were used, which are symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria that
promote plant growth, absorb minerals, and absorb water. The study aimed the impact of varying NaCl
concentrations on the growth and effectiveness of Azospirillum spp isolates from five agricultural areas
in the Fadliya district south of Thi Qar governorate. The isolates, all Gram-negative, were motile and
responded to the requirements of biotin and pectin did not decompose during this study, except for the
AZOST.3 isolate, they did not need decomposed biotin and pectin. The results of the current study
showed the growth of Azospirillum spp at various levels of NaCl at a field capacity of 28% . All isolates
recorded good growth at a minimum concentration of 3% NaCl, and growth gradually decreases with
increasing salt concentration until reaching a concentration of 5% NaCl, which shows the extent of the
portability of these isolates to grow at high concentrations of salt and its interference with humidity
within the field capacity of 28%, as these isolates recorded more growth and tolerability of high salt
concentrations compared to the low growth recorded by the AZO ST.1, AZO ST.2, and AZO ST.3
through a concentration of 4% NaCl at a field capacity of 14% .The study of the growth of Azospirillum
spp at different pH levels also showed a variation in the growth intensity within the isolated strains of
Azospirillum, as all five isolates recorded a gradual growth from the lowest level at pH 5.5 to pH 8.5 . It
was also found that they can grow at high pH levels, which proves their potential as successful vaccines
for cultivation in saline and alkaline soils.

Keywords

Azospirillum spp Biofertilizer Nitrogen-Fixing Soil salinity

54

Risks of zoonotic diseases from livestock and health literacy in Thiqar/Al rifai

Pages: 358-363 English

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Abstract

The understanding, beliefs, and behaviors will be determined by this investigation regarding diseases that humans contract from animals. In this , 77 people functioning ( reproducers, obese animals, vendors) of cattle .wide open The Region of Al Rifai, ThiQar, Iraq. Those individuals addressed a sociodemographic inquiry notwithstanding one more three sorts of inquiries (information perspectives, methods), the information's grade rating has been determined by emphasizing each question. Members have all been 72, they were 45 years old on average.. Approximately %87.6% of the participants had already recently contaminated, and %58.6 were unaware of this Just 12.6% of the participants got prepared about creature farming. %37.6 of the members used to have farming training 96% of the people that used to drink unsterilized milk of them will be aware that it can cause infections, and.%65 of aware of this. According to this research, the prevalence rate of attracting a disease from an animal was 5.6%. Gloves were worn by 36.2% of the participants, whereas veils were worn by only 28%. %13 did not use any private defensive hardware. The use of crude dairy was typical those that were unaware that it would be tainted (p =.) 0.02% The participants knew a great deal about the diseases that animals could transmit, but they were less aware that poultry could also be a source of contamination (P <0.001).). Members don't behave in an apparent defensive manner. the need for safety clothing or help getting ready, particularly when itcomes to using it.

Keywords

cattle producers contaminated zoonotic diseases

55

Growth and Yield Performances of Five Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Varieties Grown Under Sulaimani Condition

Pages: 335-345 English

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Abstract

Hibiscus is a large genus of more than 200 species of shrubs, trees, annuals, and perennials from warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical areas are grown around the world. Seeds of five kenaf varieties were cultivated from Sulaimani, Kurdistan for the first time at spring season in two consecutive years (2022-2023). Which was to investigate their growth and yield performances and to adaptation these varieties with Sulaimani climatic conditions. Results showed that, 4383 var. superior on other varieties by having the best growth parameters such leaf number, plant height and stem diameter (239.28 LN Plant-1, 314.48 cm and 24.77 mm), respectively. Additionally, the maximum values of total fresh yield, fresh and dry core and bast fibers were also found in the same variety (454.27, 114.70, 43.43, 55.17 and 19.10 t ha-1), respectively. Generally, the first year of plant growing was better compared to the second year. The best results of both growth and yield parameters were indicated in the interaction treatment 4383 var. in the first year (4383×year1). While, the maximum days for flowering was noted in HC95 var. (119.83). In the interaction treatments HC95 and HC2 varieties both in the second year (HC95×year2) and (HC2×year2), needed to (124.33 days) for flowering, which was the highest number of days. That's while, other varieties also performed well, not only about photoperiodism/day of flowering but also for yield and yield components, which were affected by growing seasons. Finally, could concluded that kenaf plants can be cultivated and developed very well in Sulaimani conditions.

Keywords

environmental factors Fiber dry matter. Growth and Yield improvement Sowing time Varieties

56

The impact of feed type and water quality on the edible viscera and dressing percentage of male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens

Pages: 296-305 English

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Abstract

During the period of October 20, 2023, to November 25, 2023, a study was conducted in a local
field in Nasiriya District/ Dhi Qar Governorate to ascertain how the kind of diet and the water quality
affect the dressing percentage and the relative weights of the edible internal organs (heart, liver, and
gizzard). In broiler chickens, both male and female. The following six treatments, each consisting of
three replicates, were randomly assigned to 300 sexed one-day-old chicks, with an average weight of 40
grams, for a period of 35 days:
Drinking tap water and using mash feed for control constitute the first therapy. Providing drinking water
(tap water) and pellet feed (control) is the second treatment. The third treatment involves giving out
magnetized drinking water and mash meal. Providing magnetized drinking water and pellet feed is the
fourth treatment. Providing drinking water (RO) and mash feed is the fifth treatment. The sixth treatment
is providing pellet feed and drinking water (RO).
The treatment of RO water and magnetized water was superior in the percentage of filtration and the
relative weight of the heart, liver, and gizzard over the liquefaction water treatment, as demonstrated by
the findings, which indicated a substantial superiority (p0.05) for the quality of drinking water. Regarding
fodder, the findings indicated a noteworthy rise in the heart's relative weight, but had no impact on the
liver's or gizzards relative weight or the clearance rate.

Keywords

Edible viscera Feed form Female broilers. Male broilers Water quality

57

Sensitivity and Antibiotic Resistance of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Some Fish ‎Farms in Basrah, Iraq

Pages: 242-252 English

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Abstract

An agricultural experiment was carried out in the city of Ramadi. The experiment relied on two factors:
seed priming with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) at concentrations of (0, 10, 20, 40) mg.l-1, indicated by (P0,
P1, P2, P3), and boron foliar nutrition (B) at concentrations of (0, 3, 5) mg.l-1 which indicated by (B0, B1
and B2) A formula for the boric acid H3BO3 (17.4% B) compound was used to spray plants. thus, number
of experimental units is 36 experimental units. The experiment was carried out according to the
randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The results showed that all
concentrations of seed priming with ascorbic acid and boron foliar nutrition and their interactions had a
significant increase in all of the studied traits, and this effect was found to be dose-dependent. The highest
significant differences were recorded at the concentration of 40 mg.l-1 of ascorbic acid and the
concentration of 5 mg.l-1 of boron (14,000 spikes. Plant-1; 4.530 gm. Plant-1; 91.00 grains. Spike-1;
50.29gm) the spike number, weight of the spike, number of grains in a spike, and weight of 1000 grains
respectively.

Keywords

Ascorbic acid Boron foliar nutrition. Seed priming wheat plant

58

SettingsSome Physical and Pasting Properties of Starch Isolated from Some Corn Genotypes Cultivated Under Sulaimani Governorate Condition

Pages: 208-216 English

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Abstract

This research was carried out on ten corn genotypes by cultivated all of genotypes in the year 2020 in
Qlyasan research station location of College of Agriculture Engineering Science in Sulaimani University
to produce seeds. The seeds were cleaned and ground to extract the starch from corn genotypes with
purifications starch by Proteinase-K enzyme to purify the extracted starch from the residues protein that
are still present in the starch. All corn genotypes' physical and pasting characteristics has been studied in
the lab, and statistically analyzed showed that there were substantial differences between all cornstarch
genotypes. The physical properties included study these traits; starch granules distribution which
maximum value recorded to medium as a percentage for all genotypes, maximum pH was 5.470, bulk
density was 0.725 g/cm3
, and maximum value of phosphate was 0.0235 %. Also, a study includes
syneresis % which increase gradually in values for all genotypes by storage time, turbidity characteristic
which decrease gradually for all corn starch genotypes with period of storage and the elements of pasting
properties which includes; past temperature record 85 C˚, Peak Viscosity which was 584667 AU, peak
temperature more than 95 C˚, cool paste viscosity (CPV) recorded 1220.000 AU and final element which
was setback viscosity which record 735.00 AU.

Keywords

cornstarch granule size distribution light transmittance pasting properties and syneresis

59

Effect of Organic Fertilizer (Compost) Prepared from Canocarpus Crus-galli on the Characteristics of Wheat Plant Grown in Sandy Loam Soil

Pages: 196-201 English

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Abstract

Organic fertilization is the cornerstone that raises the productive value of agricultural lands and
reduces the environmental pollution resulting from the excessive use of mineral fertilizers. Organic
fertilizers can behave like slow-release fertilizers in the continuous and slow supply of available and
absorbable nutrients for the plant. Organic fertilizers can effectively increase plant nutrients and their
release into the soil, improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, and actually
have an impact on improving the growth and productivity of the crops grown, Naimish, (2020) and Abu
Rayan, (2010). Since wheat is one of the world's strategic cereals, accounting for one-third of the cereal
planting area in countries around the world, its importance makes it indispensable to humans at all times
and in all places. Therefore, it is necessary to find modern means and methods that encourage the increase
in the production of this crop. The area planted with wheat in the Arab world reached (11,787,67)
thousand hectares with a growth yield of (27,629,88) thousand tons and an average yield of (2,343,091)
kg/hectare (Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, 2017). Given the importance of adding
organic fertilizers to the soil and improving its properties, their additions have been studied in most of
the world's soils that suffer from organic deficiency and tested on all different vegetable crops and fruit
trees, which led to an increase in the absorption of nutrients by the different plants and an increase in
their morphological growth characteristics and chemical properties in response to these fertilizer
additions, as they support the soil with important mineral elements for the plant and improve the physical
and biological properties of the soil, and consequently this response is reflected in the increase in the
growth and development of the fertilized plants with these compounds (Ati and Al-Sahaf, 2007).
Therefore, the research aims to know the effect of different levels of locally prepared compost organic
fertilizer from the Canocarpus plant and added to the poor sandy loam soil cultivated with the wheat
plant and its effect on the growth of these plants in the soil.

Keywords

(Compost) Canocarpus Crus-galli Wheat

60

Potency of the Endophytic Fungi Cheatomum globosum and Trichoderma harzianum in Resisting the Pathogenic Fungus Alternaria solani That Causes Leaf Spot in Tomato Plants

Pages: 189-195 English

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Abstract

Alternaria solani , responsible for leaf spot in tomatoes, is widespread, notably in Iraq. The use of
biological control agents represents the best alternative and eco-friendly approach. Two soil-borne
fungi (C.globosum and Trichoderma harzianum) were assessed for their efficacy against A.solani. It
was demonstrated that two isolates of the pathogenic fungus A.solani could infect tomato seeds on
water agar media. Isolate No. 1 was the most successful, with an infection rate of 63%, while isolate
No. 2 achieved an infection rate of 56%. When employed in concentrations of (10%, 20%, or 30%)
with PDA culture medium, the bio-resistant fungus filtrate demonstrated suppression of the pathogenic
fungus A.solani, with the inhibition increasing with the concentration used. Chemical compounds with
the ability to inhibit fungi were discovered via GC-MS analysis of the fungal filtrates of C.globosum
and T. harzianum. The bio-resistant fungi significantly lessened the severity of the infection caused by
A.solani, reaching a reduction of 33.81% during the treatment with T. harzianum as opposed to a
reduction of 6.855% during treatment with the pathogenic fungus. The tomato leaves treated with
C.globosum produced the maximum phenolic content (0.56 mg/g).

Keywords

Alternaria C.globosum pathogenicity Phenols Trichoderma

61

Ergasilus luteusi Al-Sahlany, Adday et Ali, 2024 (CYCLOPOIDA: ERGASILIDAE) parasite of two fishes and effect of length groups, gender and season in Al-Gharraf River, Southern Iraq

Pages: 176-188 English

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Abstract

The copepod Ergasilus Nordman, 1832 common ectoparasite of both freshwater and marine fishes;
however the present work aim to study ecological aspect of new parasite Ergasilus luteusi Al-Sahlany,
Adday et Ali, 2024 parasite of two freshwater cyprinid (Planiliza abu and Carasobarbus lutues) occurred
in Al-Gharraf River, Thi Qar Province, Southern Iraq. The seasonal prevalence by E. luteusi with C.
luteus differ little from that from P. abu; while the higher prevalence with the crustacean is found in the
median group length of both fish species. The results are discussed according to the variation in
environmental factor between seasons, physiological aspect between males and females and the
correspondence between second antenna of the parasite and size of gill filaments.

Keywords

ecology Ectoparasite Fish fresh water Gills Thi Qar.

62

Expression of Newcastle disease virus genes and inflammatory biomarkers in Newcastle disease infected chicks

Pages: 165-175 English

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Abstract

In poultry, the devastating effect of Newcastle disease (ND) has been addressed; however, the
inflammatory response of infected birds has received less attention. Therefore, the study was designed
to detect the ND virus and find changes in the gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers in birds
infected naturally with ND using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The expression of the matrix (M)
gene of NDV and inflammatory biomarkers like creative reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6,
interleukin-1 beta (IL-6, IL-1β), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) genes was analyzed. Despite the fact that
flocks were vaccinated against NDV using the LaSota vaccine, various clinical signs were observed in
many flocks, and 60 suspected and 30 control samples were collected from 3 to 5 weeks old. Blood, liver,
and tracheal swaps were sampled from suspected and control birds. However, the infected birds showed
respiratory, digestive, and nervous signs. Further, typical postmortem symptoms such as mottled spleen,
periventricular gland-tip hemorrhages, and cecal hemorrhages were seen. The NDV infection was
initially confirmed using the NDV rapid test, which showed positive results in 52 out of 60 suspected
samples (86.66%). To confirm the infection with NDV, RT-PCR was utilized to examine the expression
of the M gene in the samples and revealed that only 27 (51.92%) out of 52 samples were positive.
Thereafter, the mean antibody levels of ND-infected birds were significantly lower than those of
uninfected birds. In contrast, inflammatory biomarkers’ gene expression exhibited an increase in their
mRNA levels, indicating that the birds were infected with a viral infection and that there is inflammation
in the body. To sum up, data suggest that the M gene could be used as a marker for identifying NDV in
infected birds. Similarly, the NDV infection leads to a decrease in AB titers, which is associated with an
increase in the gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers in infected birds. Therefore, serological tests
as well as the molecular approach should always be considered in epidemic regions.

Keywords

inflammatory biomarkers Matrix gene RT-PCR

63

The effect of Conocarpus lancifolius silage on blood characteristics and mineral in the blood serum of calves and an economic return

Pages: 158-163 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Conocarpus lancifolius silage on the mineral elements and blood features in calves' serum, as well as the financial benefits. The study included 12 Friesian calves purchased from the local markets of Dhi Qar/Shatrah Governorate at the age of 6-8 months, with an average weight of 109.33 kg. Calves were randomly divided into three treatments (4 calves per treatment). The treatments were the control (50% concentrate: 50% alfalfa hay), treatment two 50% concentrate: 25% alfalfa hay: 25% conocarpus silage, and the third treatment 50% concentrate:50% conocarpus silage. The feeding period was 105 days including 15 days of adaptation. The results showed that there were no significant differences in blood characteristics (RBC, PCV, and hemoglobin) in all conocarpus silage addition treatments compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in the average concentration of serum calcium and phosphorus among the experimental treatments. However, there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in the sodium concentration of the control and the third treatment (144.33, 139.68) mmol/L, respectively, compared with the second treatment, (136.00 mmol/L). The net profits from using conocarpus silage was 393, 533, and 593 thousand Iraqi dinars for the control and the addition of 25% and 50% of the silage, respectively. Adding silage led to an increase in profits equal to 1.5 times the profits generated from control with no negative impact on animal health

Keywords

blood characteristics Conocarpus lancifolius Silage economic return Holstein calves

64

Study Effect of Breed on Milk Production Traits and their Regression on Weight in Local and Cypriot Goats

Pages: 153-158 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted on a group of goats in the Ruminant Research Station of the Agricultural
Research Department. It aimed to study the effect of breed on milk production and its components, which
include (daily milk production, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, milk lactose percentage and
non-fat solids percentage) in both local and Cypriot goats, and to study correlation and regression
coefficient between studied traits, for effect of goat breed (local and Cypriot) on milk production traits
and its components. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between two breeds
with respect to trait (total milk production, number of milking days, peak production, fat percentage and
protein percentage). Also noted that local goats superiority Cypriot goats in trait of total milk production,
number of milking days, peak production and protein percentage. As for trait of fat, and noted that
Cypriot goats superiority local goats. The results indicated that there were highly significant differences
(P≤0.01) with respect to the lactose trait, with local goats superiority Cypriot goats. There were also
significant differences (P≤0.05) between two breeds for non-fat solids trait with superiority of local goats
over Cypriot goats, most of correlations between studied traits were significant and medium to highly
correlated and regression coefficient of these traits on birth weights, weaning and current weights were
not significant at all levels of significance studied.

Keywords

Breed - Local and Cypriot goats - Milk components

65

Assessment of spray characteristics by studying the effect of nozzle sizes, air-assisted speed and their interactio

Pages: 143-152 English

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Abstract

The efficiency of spray applications in agricultural fields is directly affected by nozzle characteristics
and sprayer operating parameters. This work investigates the optimization of a comment spray nozzle
characteristics in laboratory conditions by testing the effect of different nozzle sizes and air-assisted
speeds on the spray pattern including spray width, spray angle, and accumulated amount of spray
deposited on the target zone. Four flat fan nozzle sizes (0.3, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8) and three air-assisted
speeds (3.5, 6.5, and 9.5 m s-1) were used. All measurements were performed at the working pressure of
2 bar and a spraying height of 25 cm. Collected data were analyzed using factorial experiments using a
completely randomized block design. To test the significance differences between the treatments studied,
the least significant difference (L.S.D.) test at the 0.01 probability level was used. Preliminary results
showed a significant difference of nozzle size, air-assisted speed, and their interactions on spray
characteristics. A larger flat fan nozzle size (0.8) generally produces wider spray patterns. Whereas, the
air-assisted speed increases by 9.5 m.s-1 enhances the dispersion of spray droplets, resulting in wider
coverage, affected by the result of accumulated spraying, and reducing the deposition efficiency on the
grooves of the accumulated liquid collection device. However, the optimal spray width (0.65m) and spray
angle (52°) for maximum spray volume (1.6 L.min-1) are achieved when these factors are carefully
balanced at nozzle size (0.6) and air assistance speed (6.5 m.s-1). The results of this study provide a
comprehensive analysis of how varying these factors affect the spray features and provide practical
guidance for optimizing spray characteristics to achieve desired results in different spray applications.
The results underscore the importance of selecting nozzle size and air-assisted speed settings for the
specific operating conditions to enhance spray effectiveness and efficiency .

Keywords

accumulated spray deposition lat fan nozzle patternator device spray angle spray width

66

The physiological relationship between the Nano-organic fertilizer Optimus plus and growth and yield of wheat (Ibaa 99)

Pages: 135-142 English

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Abstract

To face the challenges of wheat crop production using modern technologies and to raise the rate of
the production unit produced by using nanoparticles (Optimus plus fertilizer), know the focus, and choose
its best spray date, which can improve the growth and total yield, a potting experiment was carried out
during the agricultural season 2023-2024 using design RCBD by three replications. The amounts of
nano-organic fertilizer were one of the primary factors (C) (1 (C1), 2 (C2), 3 (C3)) ml. L-1, while The
application of the nano-organic fertilizer was the second component (S) at the plant growth stages
(Seedling (S1), Tillering (S2), Anthesis (S3)). The study's findings demonstrated significant
physiological relationship of the amounts (C3) and the spray stage (S2) to wheat's development and yield
(Ibaa 99), giving them the highest averages for most of the studied traits. The concentration (C3) supplied
the greatest averages (plant height, chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, number of tillers, total grain yield)
(104.67cm, 0.7544, 55.99cm2, 429.0 tiller.m-2, 8.171ton.ha-1) respectively, while concentration (C1) gave
the highest average weight of 1000 grains amounting to 45.81 g. Spraying stage (S2) was superior in the
studied of the most traits (they were not significantly different from the spraying stage (S3)) (109.00 cm,
0.7656, 59.40 cm2, 412.0 tiller.m-2, 44.71 - 44.70 g, 7.911 - 7.502 ton.ha-1), respectively, spraying stage
(S1) produced the most grains per spike, which didn't much change from the spraying stage (S2) (67.1 -
66.0) grain.spike-1. Interaction treatment (C3S2) excelled in giving it the highest average grain yield of
8.847, which was superior to the total grain yield of the study agents individually, which confirms the
importance of the physiological relationship of nanoparticles (Optimus plus fertilizer) for the wheat
growth and yield.

Keywords

amino acids Concentration nano-organic fertilizer Spraying stage

67

Physiological impact of water deficit during growth stages of the wheat crop

Pages: 127-134 English

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Abstract

To know the physiological impact of water deficit during the growth stages of the wheat crop, this
study was conducted using plastic pots through the growing season 2023-2024. A split plot design was
used. The primary lot comprised water deficit periods (ID) (26/11–25/12 ID1), (26/12–24/1 ID2), (25/1
24/2 ID3), and (25/2–25/3 ID4)) while the sub plots included five wheat varieties (C) (Al-Rashid (C1),
Bohouth 22 (C2), Ibaa 99 (C3), Abu Ghraib (C4), and Bora (C5)) on three replicates. The deficit period
(ID2) produced the lowest averages for height of plant, amount of chlorophyll, area of flag leaves, tillers
number, grain spike number, and the total grain yield (96.07 cm, 0.6780, 44.62 cm2, 320.9 tiller.m2, 61.80
grain.spike-1, 5.757 ton.ha-1) respectively. The water deficit period (ID4) gave the lowest average weight
of 1000 grains, which amounted to 39.09 g. Al-Rasheed variety achieved greatness by providing the
highest average height of plant, content of chlorophyll , and flag leaf area (108.50 cm, 0.7475, 58.32
cm2), respectively. Bohouth variety gave the highest averages for the number of tillers, the number of
grains per spike, and grain yield (406.2 tiller.m2, 66.58 grain.spike-1, 7.464 ton.ha-1). The Ibaa variety
provided the greatest average weight of 1000 grains (44.17 g). The interaction treatment ID2C4 provided
the least mean of grain yield 5,100 ton.ha-1, while ID1C2 provided the greatest average, this was not very
different from ID1C1 (8.847 - 8.463) ton.ha-1. Attention must be paid to the growth periods of the wheat
crop that are most affected by water deficit (ID2, ID4) and try to provide water needs for them compared
to the periods (ID1, ID3) because they have a significant impact on the overall production.

Keywords

physiological impact production Varieties water deficit

68

Heavy Metals Residues in Fish Meat

Pages: 115-126 English

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Abstract

Metals with a high density are known as heavy metals in the food chain that has gradually accumulated.
To sustain various physiological acts, certain metals (Fe, I, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se) are essential and then
are commonly added into animal feed as dietary additives. Metals such as (As, Cd, F, Pb, Hg) are not
necessary have been connected with the most serious heavy metal risks to human health. Fish eating is
recommended because fish is a simple and safe food and contains omega-3 fatty acids can protect from
cardiovascular diseases. It may also contain unnecessary elements, such as heavy metals. However,
there are certain toxic effects that may result from the high amounts of heavy metals. Some heavy
metals, such as cadmium, lead, mercury is not vital to animals, and their concentration in the body over
a long period of time may cause significant disease or death, also may be affect the human health. Both
natural and human causes, such as industrial processes, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides used in
agriculture, can lead to heavy metal poisoning of food. In addition to the rapid growth due to their
nutritional values, the consumption of fish has increased worldwide. Since it accumulates, fish muscle
absorbs significant quantities of heavy metals and then transfers by bioaccumulation and
biomagnifications. That explains why fish are frequently employed as markers of heavy metal
contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Many techniques have been used for the detection of heavy metal
concentration the most used is the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-OES). This review reveals the definition of heavy metals in fish and
the effect of toxic metals on human health condition.

Keywords

fish meat heavy metals human health. risk

69

The effect of three levels of potassium and the dates of planting seedlings in the field on the yield, growth and quality of the stevia crop

Pages: 101-114 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in an organic fertilizer preparation project located in Shatra District,
which is 45 km north of Dhi Qar Governorate, during the 2022-2023 agricultural season, to study the
effect of seedling planting dates (the first date is 1/12, the second date is 12/15, the third date is 12/30,
the fourth date is 1/15, and the fifth date is 1/30), and levels of potassium fertilization (0, 25, 50 and 75
kg K ha-1). As for the interaction between them in terms of the growth, yield, and quality of the stevia
crop, the experiment was carried out in accordance with a randomized complete block design (RCBD),
with a split plot design, and with three replications. In the primary panels, the dates for planting seedlings
were determined, and the levels of potassium fertilization in the secondary plots were determined. The
results showed that the first date (1/12) recorded a significant increase in the leaf area , the total yield of
dry leaves of the plant and plant height compared to the comparison treatment, as their averages reached
97.0 and 217.4 plant -1 dc for the two mowing , 25.81 megagrams ha-1 and 104.72 cm, in the sequence.
While the increase in potassium levels led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits, compared
to the control treatment, the K3 fertilizer level (75 kg potassium ha-1) recorded a noticeable increase in
both the leaf area trait of the plant , the chlorophyll index, plant height and number of main branches, the
average of which reached 194.9 plant dc-1. And 21.42 spad,92.76 cm and 8.61branches per plant-1 for
the second mowing in the sequence, the above fertilizer level also gave a significant increase in
Rebaudioside A, which averaged 136.65 and 132.35, in the sequence, for both mowings. as for the effect
of the interaction between potassium levels and dates, the combination treatment was superior to D1K1
(25 kg. Potassium h-1 with the first date D1 1/12), D5K2 (50 kg. Potassium ha-1 and the fifth date D5
30/1) and D4K3 (75 Kg. Potassium H-1 and the fourth date D4 15/1) in leaf area, chlorophyll index,
potassium content of leaves, and total yield of dry leaves, which amounted to 111.5 plant fat-1, 31.79
spores, 20.12 µg/g, and 28.94 µg/h. -1 for the first mowing in the sequence.

Keywords

Date of planting growing condition Potassium Fertilizer Stevia rebaudiana

70

Measurement of pollution of water and sediment of the Al-Hammar Marsh for some heavy elements

Pages: 100-106 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted to determine the monthly changes that occur in environmental factors and
pollution levels occurring in the water and sediments of the Al-Hammar marsh in Dhi-Qar Governorate.
Samples were collected from the Al-Hammar marsh from November 2023 AD to April 2024 AD. The
current study included measuring some physical and chemical characteristics, air temperature and...
Water, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and estimation of the concentrations of
the heavy elements cadmium (Cu), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the water and sediments of the Hammar
marsh. It turned out that the concentrations of the heavy elements follow the following order: Copper <
zinc < cadmium, their concentrations in sediments and bioaccumulation in them follow the following
order: zinc < copper < cadmium. The results showed that the Al-Hammar marsh water was suitable for
human consumption, but the sediment levels were high.

Keywords

Heavy Elements Sediment water

71

Serological study of Crimean – Congo haemorrhagic fever in Sheep in Thi – Qar province.

Pages: 94-100 English

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Abstract

Crimean – Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a lethal tick – borne zoonotic disease with
severe clinical manifestation in humans but it does not produce symptomatic disease in wild or domestic
animals. It is endemic in a large region of the world. One of the main indicators that the disease is endemic
in a region is the presence of antibodies specific to CCHFV in animal populations. The factors
contributing to differential outcomes of infection between species are not understood. Serological studies
have shown that sheep are important to the survival of CCHFV in nature. Nevertheless, need for more
studies on this subject in Iraq.
A total of 186 samples were tested for anti-CCHFV IgG using ELISA, while only 100 samples were
used for physiological tests. The study revealed a high seropositive rate of 78.53% (144 samples), while
21.46% (42 samples) were negative. Regions such as Al-Eakihah, Al-Rifai, and Al-Garma recorded high
infection rates of 92.85%, 90%, and 90%, respectively, compared to lower rates in Al-Fadhliya (75%),
Al-Tar (50%), and Al-Manar (60.71%).
Hematological analysis showed significant differences between positive and negative samples in WBC
and RBC, while no significant differences were observed in PLT, HGB, and HCT. A significant
difference was found in hematological parameters between male and female samples, except for RBC
and HGB in females. In pregnant ewes, significant differences were observed in WBC, RBC, and HGB,
whereas PLT and HCT showed no differences. In non-pregnant ewes, all parameters showed significant
differences except HGB. Age also played a role, with significant differences observed in WBC, PLT,
HGB, and HCT in sheep younger than one year, while RBC remained unchanged.
Liver and kidney functions were also analyzed, showing significant differences in urea, AST, and
ALP between positive and negative carriers, while creatinine, UA, and ALP showed no differences.
Gender-based analysis revealed significant differences in urea, creatinine, ALT, and ALP, while UA and
AST remained unchanged except for UA in females. Pregnant ewes showed differences in urea, ALP,
creatinine, and ALT, while AST and ALT in non-pregnant ewes showed no significance.
These findings suggest that sheep may play a crucial role as a reservoir in the epidemiology of CCHFV.

Keywords

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Physiological Sheep

72

Mathematical models to predict fuel consumption criteria under different operating conditions

Pages: 1-11 English

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Abstract

Estimating the fuel consumption of the tractor when performing various agricultural operations helps
improve the productivity of agricultural equipment, so the aim of this research is to design an electronic
system to measure fuel consumption as well as evaluate energy requirements under different operating
conditions. The field work included many experimental factors, represented by the use of two types of
tractors, the first with four-wheel drive and the other with two-wheel drive. Different plowing depths
(10, 15, 20, 25 cm) and different engine speeds (1200, 1500, 1800 rpm) were used, as this was applied
with three forward speeds of the tractor (Gear1, Gear2, Gear3). The results showed that increasing the
engine speed from 1200 to 1800 rpm led to an increase in quantitative fuel consumption (QFC) in each
gear (G1, G2, G3) by (24%, 27%, 33%), respectively. Increasing the plowing depth from 10 to 30 cm
leads to an increase in quantitative fuel consumption by (10%, 16%, 17%) for (G1, G2, G3), respectively.
Increasing the engine speed from 1200 to 1800 rpm increased fuel consumption per unit plowed area
(FCPA) by 28%, 11%, and 7%, while increasing the plowing depth from 10 to 30 cm increased fuel
consumption by 33%, 21%, and 16% for G1, G2, G3 respectively. The results also showed that changing
the type of drive from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive increased QFC and FCPA by 5% and 25%.
The validation of the models were satisfactory, and it demonstrated an accuracy of approximately 95%
for predicting QFC rates and 97% for predicting FCPA

Keywords

2WD 4WD Fuel consumption per unit plowed area Quantitative fuel consumption

73

Study of the effect of adding different proportions of clove extract on some chemical and physical properties of cold-stored buffalo meat burgers

Pages: 67-74 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted at Dhi Qar University / College of Agriculture and Marshlands - Laboratories
of the Animal Production Department for the period from 11/25/2023 to 12/25/2023, in which the
alcoholic clove extract was extracted and added in different proportions to Burgers tablets of buffalo
meat preserved by refrigeration at a temperature of 4°C. To find out the extent of its effect on the
qualitative characteristics of the burger, meat samples were obtained from local markets and the
experimental treatments were divided into four groups. The first treatment (T1) was free of the additive,
while the second treatments (T2), the third (T3) and the fourth (T4) were treated with proportions of
clove extract. 1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. The physical and chemical characteristics of Burgers meat
discs were measured for all samples of cryopreserved treatments.
The results of the statistical analysis of the study treatments showed that there was a significant
improvement for the treatments to which clove extract was added in different proportions compared to
the control treatment (T1) in the qualitative characteristics studied, and the decrease was clear in the
values of oxidation indicators such as (PV, FFA, PH) and the volume of liberated liquid.

Keywords

Buffalo burger Chemical clove extraction physicalparameters

74

Detection of active compounds in ginger and coriander extract using HPLC technique and studying their effect on improving the properties of frozen meat slices

Pages: 75-87

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Abstract

The study included the possibility of using local plants that are inexpensive and rich in active compounds,
namely ginger and coriander, to improve meat qualities. The yield percentage of ginger extract was
higher than that of coriander extract, reaching 12.40%, while it was 7.10% in coriander extract. When
separating and characterizing the extracts using HPLC technology, it was found that the ginger extract
contained the active compounds Gallic Acid, Qurcetine, Caffeic Acid, Pyrogallol, P-Coumaric,
Hydrobenzoic acid, Ferulic Acid, while the coriander extract contained some compounds and lacked
others. Among the compounds found in the extract are Caffeic Acid, P-Coumaric, Gallic Acid, Ferulic
Acid. The results also showed when estimating the value of peroxide PV, thiobarbituric acid TBA, free
fatty acids FFA, and total volatile nitrogen TVN, that each of them decreased by using plant extracts
compared to the control sample, while it increased slightly with the continued storage period up to 30
days.

Keywords

ginger – coriander - HPLC technique - frozen meat slices

75

USE OF NANO-FERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCING NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY AND AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTIVITY

Pages: 88-93 English

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Abstract

The continuous increase in the world population requires the provision of high rates of agricultural crop
production to fulfill the mass need for more food for people, and this must be done using intensive
agriculture systems that depend on adding large amounts of chemical fertilizers per unit area without
caring for natural resources and ecosystems, this has led to many problems, including a decrease of
fertilizer use efficiency and increased production costs. Using nanofertilizers in agriculture is one of the
options available to enhance agricultural production, provide enough food for the rapidly growing world
population, solve environmental problems, and protect natural resources, due to the unique properties
possessed by these nanotechnology fertilizers, it can improve nutrient use efficiency, reduce its loss by
various pathways and the degree of impact on environmental pollution, which increases the efficiency of
growth and productivity of crops. also using nano-fertilizers are cheaper than traditional chemicals.

Keywords

absorption Nanofertilizer nanoparticles production use efficiency